How cities are detoxing transportation | Monica Araya

Transcriber: TED Translators Admin Reviewer: Rhonda Jacobs

翻译人员: TED Translators Admin 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang

We have known for a long time that air pollution kills people.

我们早就知道， 空气污染会危及生命。

We also know that a climate emergency is happening.

我们也知道，气候危机已迫在眉睫。

These are hardly motivating facts to start a conversation,

这样负面的陈述 通常不适合开启一场对话，

but I'm actually here to share good news.

但我其实有一些好消息要分享。

For the first time in our lifetimes,

这是我们有生以来，

a big detox of transportation is possible,

第一次有可能 对交通进行大规模的排污，

despite the many problems we have,

尽管我们还面临着很多问题，

or perhaps because of them.

或者也正因为这些问题的存在。

The lockdowns of 2020 have been tough,

2020 年的各种疫情封锁措施 为所有人带来了不便，

but they also give us a glimpse of life

但也让我们看到了

without the usual noise, congestion and pollution,

没有噪音、拥堵和污染的生活，

confronting us with questions about the way we live.

让我们得以直面 关于我们生活方式的问题。

The tailpipe is a symbol of our worst habits --

排气管代表了我们最不堪，

habits that we have normalized for too long:

却早已习以为常的习惯之一：

the burning of 100 million barrels of oil every 24 hours

每 24 小时烧掉1 亿桶石油，

and the extraction behind that oil,

以及石油背后的提炼过程——

the fumes choking our cities,

产生的烟雾让我们的城市窒息了，

the greenhouse gases going up in the atmosphere

温室气体不断上升进入大气中，

and overheating our planet.

导致我们的星球不断升温。

None of that is normal,

这些都不正常，

nor is air pollution,

空气污染也不应该成为常态，

which can shorten life expectancy by up to 10 years,

它会导致预期寿命缩短长达 10 年，

depending on where you live.

这取决于你住在哪里。

This is also a matter of environmental justice

这同时也是一个环境正义的问题，

because air pollution hurts everyone,

因为空气污染会伤害每个人，

but it hurts the poor and minorities disproportionately.

尤其是穷人和少数族裔。

The good news is that things are changing.

好消息是，事情正在发生变化。

Take cities.

以城市为例。

First, people around the world are demanding clean air

首先，世界各地的人们 都在要求清洁的空气，

and cities are responding

各大城市也纷纷采取措施，

by banning petrol and diesel cars,

要求到 2030 年或 2040 年

mostly by 2030 and 2040;

禁止使用汽油和柴油汽车，

over 30 cities and regions are already doing this.

30 多个城市和地区已经在这么做了。

Second, the city space is going through an overhaul.

第二，城市空间 正在经历一场大变革。

Too much space was given to cars,

我们给了汽车太多的空间，

and cities are reversing this by blocking traffic from certain streets,

很多城市正在扭转这种局面—— 在某些街道禁止机动车通行，

by giving the streets back to pedestrians,

把道路还给行人，

by making the streets greener and safer,

让街道更加绿色和安全，

especially for children.

尤其为了我们的孩子。

And third, cities are also prioritizing active mobility,

第三，城市也更加重视 积极的流动性，

such as biking and walking.

如骑自行车和步行。

And the pandemic accelerated many of these decisions.

疫情大流行催生了许多这样的政策。

From Barcelona to Bogotá,

从巴塞罗那到波哥大，

cities are opening spaces for bike lanes, for commuters.

城市正在为通勤者和自行车爱好者 开辟更多空间。

Sales of bikes and e-bikes are booming in many places.

自行车和电动自行车的销售 在许多地方如雨后春笋般增长。

Paris is pioneering the 15-minute city

巴黎开创了“15分钟城市”的理念，

to put essentials within a walk or a bike ride,

所有关键的服务只需要 步行或骑车 15 分钟

all within 15 minutes.

都可以获得。

I live in Amsterdam, where a profound transformation is underway.

我住在阿姆斯特丹， 那里正在发生深刻的变革。

Amsterdam already promotes biking, public transit, walking.

阿姆斯特丹早就开始 提倡骑自行车、公共交通和步行。

So you might be surprised to hear that even in Amsterdam

所以，听到下面的话你可能会感到惊讶—— 即使在阿姆斯特丹，由于道路运输，

there is a problem with air pollution because of road transportation.

空气污染也同样是 一个无可避免的问题，

That is why the city of Amsterdam has a plan

这就是为什么阿姆斯特丹市计划

to go emissions-free by 2030.

到 2030 年实现零排放。

And the plan builds on the idea of an expanding zero-emission zone

这个计划建立在 从中心向外扩张零排放区的想法上，

going from the center outwards in three phases.

并分为三个阶段。

By 2022, all buses and coaches circulating in the city center must be emissions-free.

到 2022 年，所有在市中心行驶的 公共汽车和长途汽车都必须实现零排放。

By 2025, the zone expands

到 2025 年， 该计划的覆盖范围将会扩大，

and all public and commercial traffic must be emissions-free.

所有的公共和商业交通 都必须做到零排放——

Public buses, coaches, taxis, vans,

公共汽车、长途汽车、出租车、货车、

small, medium and large trucks.

小型、中型和大型卡车，

That also includes mopeds, ferries and boats.

其中也包括 轻便摩托车、渡船和船只。

By 2030, the zone expands further,

到 2030 年， 这个范围还会进一步扩大，

and by then all transportation must be emissions-free,

届时，所有交通工具都将实现零排放，

including personal cars and motorcycles.

包括个人汽车和摩托车。

No more tailpipes.

没有排气管了，

And that is just nine years away.

只需要九年的时间。

Living here and witnessing firsthand

住在这里，亲眼目睹

how Amsterdam becomes a front-runner of electric mobility

阿姆斯特丹如何成为 交通工具电动化的领跑者，

is a powerful reminder

有力的提醒了我们，

that the big societal imperative of halving carbon emissions

到 2030 年

实现碳排放减半的重大社会使命

by 2030

goes beyond nudging people away from personal cars.

不仅仅是促使人们远离私人汽车。

The systemic change we need

我们需要的系统性变革

requires that all modes of transportation go emissions-free

要求所有交通方式都实现零排放。

powered by renewables,

以可再生能源为动力，

and we have to achieve that while making sure

我们必须实现这一目标，同时确保

that our needs are met as citizens and as business.

我们作为公民和企业的需求 也能得到满足。

And to do this, we need to electrify pretty much everything.

要做到这一点， 我们需要实现全面电动化。

Cities cannot do this alone,

城市无法单独做到这一点，

so we need national governments to play a fundamental role too.

我们也需要国家政府 发挥一些最基本的作用。

The European Union, for example,

例如，欧盟为汽车制造商

has CO2 emission standards for vehicle manufacturers,

制定了二氧化碳排放标准，

and over a dozen of European countries have set up plans

十几个欧洲国家也已经制定了

to phase out petrol and diesel cars --

逐步淘汰汽油和柴油汽车的计划——

France by 2040,

法国，到 2040 年；

the United Kingdom by 2035.

英国， 到 2035 年；

China and California have mandates

中国和加州已要求

to accelerate the manufacturing of zero-emission models.

加快零排放车型的制造。

California just passed a rule

加州刚刚通过了一项规定，

that requires that 50 percent of the sales of trucks in the state

要求到 2035 年， 在州内新投入使用的卡车中，

are zero-emissions by 2035

50% 要能够实现零排放，

and all of them must be zero-emission by 2045.

到 2045 年， 所有卡车都必须实现零排放。

This is a game changer for the trucking industry.

这对卡车运输行业来说 是一个颠覆性的变革。

Vehicle manufacturing is shifting towards electrification.

汽车制造业正转向电动化。

Look at some of the milestones,

很多标志性的里程碑

which were unthinkable a few years back.

在几年前甚至还是不可想象的。

Volkswagen has converted a traditional plant

大众已经将一家传统工厂

into one that will produce only electric vehicles.

改造成一家只生产电动汽车的工厂。

Daimler is halting all the development of internal combustion engines.

戴姆勒停止了内燃机的所有开发工作。

And Tesla is more valuable today than ExxonMobil.

而在今天，特斯拉 比埃克森美孚更有价值。

This year, public charging plugs hit the one million mark

今年，全球公共充电插头

around the world.

达到了 100 万个。

Fleet owners are shifting towards zero-emission models.

车队的拥有者也开始 更加青睐零排放车型。

Amazon alone has ordered 100,000 electric delivery vans

仅亚马逊就订购了 10 万辆电动送货车，

and nearly 90 global companies have joined EV100,

近 90 家全球公司加入了 EV100——

an international initiative

一项从现在开始到 2030 年，

to electrify fleets by 2030 starting now.

使车队逐步实现电动化的国际倡议。

These are still small steps

与我们对石油的依赖程度相比，

compared to the scale of our oil addiction,

这些进步可能显得微不足道，

but they signal a new direction of travel.

但它们标志着一个新的趋势。

What's really exciting

真正令人兴奋的是，

is that the technologies we need for this transformation are here today,

我们进行这一转变所需的技术

commercially available,

如今已经出现在了市场上，

getting cheaper and getting better.

而且正在变得更加优质、廉价。

Look at batteries.

比如，

Their cost went down 90 percent in 10 years,

电池的成本在 10 年内下降了 90%，

and there are new opportunities to repurpose these batteries

并且出现了新的用途，

for energy storage

比如能量存储，

or to recycle them once they wear down.

或者能够在它们的性能下降时 进行安全回收。

The race to zero needs capital.

快速全面的实现零排放 需要大量资本的支持。

So we need more urgency and directionality

因此，金融行业需要认识到

in the financial industry

其紧迫性和方向性，

because it is heavily invested in fossil fuels.

因为该行业一直 大量投资于化石燃料。

To reach scale and speed,

为了达到足够的规模和速度，

we will need clever combinations of finance and policy.

我们需要金融和政策的巧妙结合。

Look at what's going on with electric buses.

我们来看一下电动公交车。

China has a fleet

中国有 42 万辆

of 420,000 electric buses

电动公交车，

compared to 600 in the entire United States.

而整个美国只有 600 辆。

To put that into perspective,

对比之下， 由于巧妙的金融扶持，

Santiago de Chile alone has 455 electric buses, and growing,

仅智利的圣地亚哥 就有 455 辆电动公交车，

thanks to an ingenious financial arrangement.

并且这个数字还在增长。

Africa now has its first manufacturing plant of electric buses.

而非洲现在也已经有了第一家 电动公交车制造厂。

And P4G, a global initiative,

P4G，另一项全球倡议，

is working with emerging economies

正在与希望扩大

that want to scale up the electrification of buses.

公车电动化规模的新兴经济体合作。

Colombia is first in line,

哥伦比亚率先设计了

designing a fund of 2.2 billion dollars

一项 22 亿美元的基金，

to electrify 6,000 buses over time.

用于逐步实现 6000 台公车的电动化转型。

There is, and there will be, resistance to change.

然而同时，改变的阻力始终都会存在。

There is even an inability to imagine that change is possible.

很多人甚至无法想象改变是可能的。

In reality, change happens exponentially.

事实上，变化可以是指数级的。

Look at what happened to solar energy.

可以参考太阳能技术的进展。

Exponential change can bring turmoil

如果无法管理好各个行业潜在的衰退，

if the decline of old industries is not managed.

指数变化则可能带来动荡，

It can bring economic dislocation and job disruption.

比如经济失调和就业困难。

So wouldn't it be wiser to prepare

那么，是不是应该

and design just transitions now rather than later?

提早准备和设计这种过渡呢？

Here's the bottom line.

最低要求应该是这样的：

The end of internal combustion engine is within sight.

内燃机的淘汰之日就在眼前。

The question is no longer whether this will happen,

问题不再是这会不会发生，

but when.

而是什么时候发生。

Ten years?

10 年后？

Twenty years?

20 年后？

It depends on us and the choices that we make this decade.

这取决于我们和 我们在这十年中做出的选择。

So now is the time to go bigger and faster

因此，现在是时候

更快速、更大规模的朝着一个 没有排气管的未来前进了，

towards a future without a tailpipe,

a future where we can meet our transportation needs

一个我们可以满足交通需求、

and have people-friendly streets,

拥有人性化街道的未来，

a future with a thriving economy and clean air,

一个经济繁荣、空气清洁的未来，

a future we choose for the climate and for our health.

一个我们为气候和人类健康 所选择的未来。

谢谢大家。

Thank you.