How cities are detoxing transportation | Monica Araya

Transcriber: TED Translators Admin Reviewer: Rhonda Jacobs

譯者: Jennifer Yan 審譯者: Amanda Zhu

We have known for a long time that air pollution kills people.

我們早已知道空氣污染足以危及生命。

We also know that a climate emergency is happening.

我們也知道，我們正面臨氣候危機。

These are hardly motivating facts to start a conversation,

這不是激勵人心的開場白。

but I'm actually here to share good news.

但其實我要分享一些好消息。

For the first time in our lifetimes,

在我們的一生裡，

a big detox of transportation is possible,

首次出現為交通污染 「排毒」的可能性，

despite the many problems we have,

儘管我們正面臨很多問題，

or perhaps because of them.

但也或許是這些問題 促成了這個可能性。

The lockdowns of 2020 have been tough,

2020 年，疫情導致的封鎖措施 給生活帶來了很多不便，

but they also give us a glimpse of life

但我們也因此看到了

without the usual noise, congestion and pollution,

沒有噪音、擁擠和污染的生活，

confronting us with questions about the way we live.

讓我們正視生活方式的問題。

The tailpipe is a symbol of our worst habits --

汽車的排氣管是我們陋習的象徵，

habits that we have normalized for too long:

我們早已把這些陋習正常化了：

the burning of 100 million barrels of oil every 24 hours

每 24 小時燒掉的一億桶石油

and the extraction behind that oil,

和這背後的石油開採，

the fumes choking our cities,

令我們城市在瀰漫的煙霧中窒息，

the greenhouse gases going up in the atmosphere

溫室氣體逸散到大氣層，

and overheating our planet.

導致我們的星球不斷升溫。

None of that is normal,

這一切都不正常，

nor is air pollution,

空氣污染也不正常。

which can shorten life expectancy by up to 10 years,

空氣污染能縮短人的壽命高達十年，

depending on where you live.

縮短幾年跟居住的地區有關。

This is also a matter of environmental justice

這也是一個環境正義的問題：

because air pollution hurts everyone,

空氣污染傷害到每個人，

but it hurts the poor and minorities disproportionately.

但對窮人和少數族群的傷害特別大。

The good news is that things are changing.

好消息是事情正在變化。

Take cities.

以城市為例。

First, people around the world are demanding clean air

首先，世界各地的人們 都在要求呼吸乾淨的空氣，

and cities are responding

而有些城市正在頒布法令，

by banning petrol and diesel cars,

全面禁止汽油和柴油車輛，

mostly by 2030 and 2040;

其中多數都要在 2030 或 2040 年之前達成。

over 30 cities and regions are already doing this.

有 30 多個城市和地區 已著手朝者這個目標努力。

Second, the city space is going through an overhaul.

其次，城市空間 也正在經歷一場大變革。

Too much space was given to cars,

我們給車輛的空間太多了，

and cities are reversing this by blocking traffic from certain streets,

有些城市正以各種措施扭轉這種局面：

禁止機動車輛在某些街道通行、

by giving the streets back to pedestrians,

把街道還給行人，

by making the streets greener and safer,

綠化街道，並讓街道更安全，

especially for children.

特別是對於兒童。

And third, cities are also prioritizing active mobility,

第三、市政府也優先推動 活動力高的交通方式，

such as biking and walking.

比如騎自行車和步行。

And the pandemic accelerated many of these decisions.

疫情的大流行加速了許多這樣的決策。

From Barcelona to Bogotá,

從巴塞隆納到波哥大，

cities are opening spaces for bike lanes, for commuters.

城市正在將更多空間 讓給自行車道和通勤者。

Sales of bikes and e-bikes are booming in many places.

許多地方的自行車 和電動自行車的銷售激增。

Paris is pioneering the 15-minute city

巴黎率先實踐 「15 分鐘城市」的理念，

to put essentials within a walk or a bike ride,

把生活必需的服務 都設置在走路或騎車

all within 15 minutes.

15 分鐘路程以內的地方。

I live in Amsterdam, where a profound transformation is underway.

我住在阿姆斯特丹， 這裡正在經歷深刻的轉變。

Amsterdam already promotes biking, public transit, walking.

阿姆斯特丹早已倡導 騎車、公共交通、步行，

So you might be surprised to hear that even in Amsterdam

所以當你聽到阿姆斯特丹

也有道路交通的空氣污染問題時，

there is a problem with air pollution because of road transportation.

可能會很吃驚。

That is why the city of Amsterdam has a plan

這也正是為什麼阿姆斯特丹市

計畫在 2030 年之前實現零排放。

to go emissions-free by 2030.

And the plan builds on the idea of an expanding zero-emission zone

這個計畫分三階段

將市中心設定為零排放區， 然後逐步向外擴展。

going from the center outwards in three phases.

By 2022, all buses and coaches circulating in the city center must be emissions-free.

到 2022 年，

所有在市中心行駛的 公車和長途巴士都必須是零排放。

By 2025, the zone expands

到 2025 年，該計畫的覆蓋區域將擴大，

and all public and commercial traffic must be emissions-free.

所有公共和營業車輛都必須是零排放，

Public buses, coaches, taxis, vans,

包括公共汽車、長途汽車、 出租車、廂型車、

small, medium and large trucks.

各種卡車，

That also includes mopeds, ferries and boats.

還包括摩托車、 渡輪和遊艇。

By 2030, the zone expands further,

到 2030 年，這個區域將進一步擴大，

and by then all transportation must be emissions-free,

屆時所有交通都必須是零排放，

including personal cars and motorcycles.

包括私人汽車和機車。

No more tailpipes.

不再有排氣管。

And that is just nine years away.

而達成這一切只要九年的時間。

Living here and witnessing firsthand

生活在這裡並親眼見證

how Amsterdam becomes a front-runner of electric mobility

阿姆斯特丹如何變身為 電動化交通的先鋒

is a powerful reminder

嚴正地提醒了我，

that the big societal imperative of halving carbon emissions

2030 年實現碳排放量 減半的重大社會使命

by 2030

絕非只是輕描淡寫地

goes beyond nudging people away from personal cars.

勸人們不要開私家車，

The systemic change we need

我們需要的是系統化的改革，

requires that all modes of transportation go emissions-free

不但要所有的交通方式

powered by renewables,

都使用再生能源來達到零排放，

and we have to achieve that while making sure

我們還必須在實現這一切的同時，

that our needs are met as citizens and as business.

滿足民眾和企業的需求。

And to do this, we need to electrify pretty much everything.

要達到這樣的目標， 我們需要全面電動化。

Cities cannot do this alone,

城市無法獨力完成這項使命，

so we need national governments to play a fundamental role too.

所以我們需要中央政府 也發揮其基本的作用。

The European Union, for example,

比如，歐盟已針對汽車製造商

has CO2 emission standards for vehicle manufacturers,

制定二氧化碳排放標準，

and over a dozen of European countries have set up plans

十幾個歐洲國家也已規劃

to phase out petrol and diesel cars --

逐步淘汰汽油和柴油汽車 ──

France by 2040,

法國計畫於 2040 年之前達成目標，

the United Kingdom by 2035.

英國則是在 2035 年之前。

China and California have mandates

中國和加州都已經頒布

to accelerate the manufacturing of zero-emission models.

加速製造零排放車型的規定。

California just passed a rule

加州剛通過一項規定，

that requires that 50 percent of the sales of trucks in the state

要求在該州內銷售的卡車中，

are zero-emissions by 2035

必須有 50% 在 2035年達到零排放，

and all of them must be zero-emission by 2045.

並在 2045 年必須全數都是零排放。

This is a game changer for the trucking industry.

這對於卡車行業來說 是一個顛覆性的變化。

Vehicle manufacturing is shifting towards electrification.

汽車製造業正朝向電動化轉型。

Look at some of the milestones,

看看這些里程碑，

which were unthinkable a few years back.

在幾年前是連想都不敢想的。

Volkswagen has converted a traditional plant

福斯汽車已經把一個傳統的工廠

into one that will produce only electric vehicles.

改造成只生產電動汽車的工廠；

Daimler is halting all the development of internal combustion engines.

戴姆勒正在全面終止內燃機的開發；

And Tesla is more valuable today than ExxonMobil.

今天，特斯拉比埃克森美孚身價更高。

This year, public charging plugs hit the one million mark

今年，全球的公共充電插座

達到了100 萬個。

around the world.

Fleet owners are shifting towards zero-emission models.

運輸車隊的業主也 逐漸改用零排放車型。

Amazon alone has ordered 100,000 electric delivery vans

僅亞馬遜一家就訂購了 10 萬輛電動送貨車，

and nearly 90 global companies have joined EV100,

近 90 家國際企業已加入 EV100，

an international initiative

EV100 是一項國際的行動計劃，

to electrify fleets by 2030 starting now.

目標是要將運輸車隊 在 2030 年達成全面電動化。

These are still small steps

與我們對石油的依賴相比

compared to the scale of our oil addiction,

這些都是微小的進步，

but they signal a new direction of travel.

但它們象徵運輸的新趨勢。

What's really exciting

真正令人興奮的是

is that the technologies we need for this transformation are here today,

我們實行這些改變所需的技術

今天已經在市場上出現了，

commercially available,

getting cheaper and getting better.

而且越來越物美價廉。

Look at batteries.

拿電池來說，

Their cost went down 90 percent in 10 years,

成本 10 年內下降了 90%。

and there are new opportunities to repurpose these batteries

它們也出現了新的用途，

for energy storage

比如用作能量存儲；

or to recycle them once they wear down.

耗損時也可以回收。

The race to zero needs capital.

快速實現零排放需要資金。

So we need more urgency and directionality

所以我們需要金融業

in the financial industry

有更強的危機感和方向性，

because it is heavily invested in fossil fuels.

因為金融業現在 大量投資化石燃料

To reach scale and speed,

要大規模推動並加快速度，

we will need clever combinations of finance and policy.

我們需要金融和政策互相結合。

Look at what's going on with electric buses.

看看電動公車的現況：

China has a fleet

中國的公交車車隊

of 420,000 electric buses

有 42 萬輛電動車，

compared to 600 in the entire United States.

全美國只有 600 輛。

To put that into perspective,

如果你不知道這個數字有多小，

Santiago de Chile alone has 455 electric buses, and growing,

光是智利的聖地亞哥城 就有 455 輛電動公車，

而且還在增加。

thanks to an ingenious financial arrangement.

這要歸功於巧妙的財務運用。

Africa now has its first manufacturing plant of electric buses.

非洲現在也有了第一個 生產電動公車的工廠。

And P4G, a global initiative,

P4G 是一項全球性的行動計畫，

is working with emerging economies

正在與想擴大公車電動化規模的

that want to scale up the electrification of buses.

新興經濟體進行合作。

Colombia is first in line,

哥倫比亞率先

designing a fund of 2.2 billion dollars

設立了一項 22 億美元的基金，

to electrify 6,000 buses over time.

用於六千輛公車的逐步電動化。

There is, and there will be, resistance to change.

然而，無論現在或將來， 變化都會面臨阻力。

There is even an inability to imagine that change is possible.

有些人甚至還無法想像 這種變化是有可能的。

In reality, change happens exponentially.

實際上，變化正急遽發生，

Look at what happened to solar energy.

太陽能就是其中的一例。

Exponential change can bring turmoil

如果對老舊工業的衰退不加以管理，

if the decline of old industries is not managed.

急遽的變化會導致動盪，

It can bring economic dislocation and job disruption.

造成經濟失調和就業中斷。

So wouldn't it be wiser to prepare

所以現在就為這樣的轉型做準備和設計，

and design just transitions now rather than later?

而不再延宕，是不是更明智呢？

Here's the bottom line.

現實情況是，

The end of internal combustion engine is within sight.

內燃機的淘汰勢在必行。

The question is no longer whether this will happen,

問題不再是這會不會發生，

but when.

而是什麼時候發生。

Ten years?

是 10 年内？

Twenty years?

還是 20 年内？

It depends on us and the choices that we make this decade.

這取決於我們在這十年中做的選擇。

So now is the time to go bigger and faster

所以，現在是更快速、 更大規模行動的時候了，

towards a future without a tailpipe,

朝著一個沒有排氣管的未來前進，

a future where we can meet our transportation needs

在這個未來當中，

and have people-friendly streets,

街道既能滿足交通需求又人性化，

a future with a thriving economy and clean air,

一個經濟繁榮、空氣清淨的未來，

a future we choose for the climate and for our health.

一個我們為了氣候和健康 所選擇的未來。

Thank you.

謝謝大家。