Ma Jun: An interactive map to track (and end) pollution in China | TED

49,286 views ・ 2021-08-20

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Chasen Chen 校对人员: Lipeng Chen
00:12
Choking smog, polluted waters, climate change.
0
12997
3962
窒息的烟雾、污染的水域、气候变化。
00:16
This has been the environmental cost
1
16959
2211
这就是过去 40 年来
00:19
of the tremendous growth in China over the past 40 years.
2
19211
3337
中国惊人增长的环境成本。
00:23
At the same time,
3
23466
1167
在同一时间,
00:24
hundreds of millions of people have put themselves out of poverty.
4
24633
3337
数亿人摆脱了贫困。
00:28
As an environmentalist in China, I have witnessed all of this firsthand.
5
28012
4254
作为中国的环保主义者,我亲眼目睹了这一切。
00:33
The challenge we're facing is:
6
33350
1877
我们面临的挑战是:
00:35
Can we clean up as fast and as broadly
7
35227
2795
我们能否像大规模的开发 造成对空气、水和气候的破坏一样
00:38
as the massive development degrading our air, water and climate?
8
38064
4254
快速和广泛地进行清理?
00:42
China has one point four billion people,
9
42943
3003
中国有 14 亿人口,
00:45
still a fast-growing economy,
10
45988
2044
仍然是一个快速增长的经济体,
00:48
and is responsible for the biggest share of the current greenhouse gas emissions.
11
48074
4713
在目前的温室气体排放中占最大份额。
00:53
China knows its global responsibility
12
53829
2253
中国深知自己的全球责任,
00:56
and has pledged to be carbon-neutral by 2060.
13
56123
4004
并承诺到 2060 年实现碳中和。
01:00
It means more than 10 billion metric tons of carbon emissions
14
60711
4546
这意味着必须停止或中和
01:05
must be stopped or be neutralized.
15
65299
2711
超过 100 亿吨的碳排放。
01:08
How can we possibly do it?
16
68052
1585
我们怎么能做到呢?
01:11
The pressing global climate situation requires each of us not just to do it,
17
71222
5005
紧迫的全球气候形势 要求我们每个人不仅要去做,
01:16
but to do it faster.
18
76268
2419
而且要做得更快。
01:18
I believe there's a chance for us to succeed,
19
78729
2419
我相信我们有机会成功,
01:21
as I know it too,
20
81190
1209
我也知道,
01:22
now that I have seen work to help reduce the enormous environmental pollution.
21
82441
3962
现在我已经看到了帮助减少巨大环境污染的工作。
01:27
It is the power of transparency,
22
87071
2419
这正是透明度的力量,
01:29
pollution information made public using mobile internet and other IT technologies
23
89532
5589
使用移动互联网和其他 IT 技术公开的污染信息
01:36
may empower millions of citizens to speed change
24
96038
3378
可以让数百万公民通过
01:39
by holding corporations and government agencies accountable.
25
99458
3253
追究公司和政府机构的责任来加速变革。
01:43
I personally got involved in the transparency drive
26
103587
3212
我个人参与了控制水污染
01:46
for water pollution control.
27
106841
2502
的透明度运动。
01:49
Years ago, beside Lake Tai,
28
109385
1918
多年前,在中国
01:51
the third largest freshwater lake in China,
29
111345
2503
第三大淡水湖太湖旁,
01:53
I saw a group of fishermen using long ladles to scoop out the algae bloom.
30
113889
4296
我看到一群渔民用长柄勺子舀出蓝藻。
01:58
One fisherman said to me, "When I was young, on a hot day like this,
31
118978
4171
一位渔民对我说:“小时候,这么热的天,
02:03
I would have jumped into the lake for a [swim].”
32
123190
2336
我会跳进湖里[游泳]。”
02:06
"But now," he said, "the fish are gone and we're paid to scoop out the algae."
33
126443
4797
“但是现在,”他说,“鱼都不见了, 别人付我们钱去舀出蓝藻。”
02:12
Pointing to those factories not far from the shoreline,
34
132158
3878
他指着离湖岸线不远的那些工厂说,
02:16
he said the lake would not be clean until they stop dumping.
35
136078
4129
除非他们停止排污,否则湖水不会干净。
02:20
Years of research made me understand how hard it is to check the dumping.
36
140833
5005
多年的调查让我明白检查排污有多么困难。
02:25
With weak enforcement,
37
145880
1459
由于执法不力,
02:27
the cost of violations was often too low,
38
147381
1960
违规成本往往过低,
02:29
and those who cut corners became more competitive in the market.
39
149341
3546
偷工减料的企业在市场上更具竞争力。
02:33
This region happens to be one of the biggest centers
40
153429
4629
该地区恰好是全球电子产品
02:38
of the global supply chain for electronic gadgets and for clothes.
41
158100
3587
和服装供应链的最大中心之一。
02:42
But those multinational brands sourcing locally
42
162563
2377
但那些在当地采购的跨国品牌
02:44
were not very helpful at the beginning.
43
164982
2502
在一开始并没有多大帮助。
02:47
Many would argue, "In China, I don't know who is polluting,
44
167526
3587
很多人会争辩说,“在中国,我不知道谁在污染,
02:51
so I would buy from the cheapest."
45
171155
1752
所以我会从最便宜的地方购买。”
02:54
This is going to add further pressure on those local suppliers
46
174408
5172
这将进一步增加当地供应商的压力,
02:59
to race down to the bottom for their contracts.
47
179622
2711
要求他们竞相争取合同。
03:03
But I told them I have a map
48
183334
2878
但我告诉他们我有一张地图
03:06
that can help them figure out who is polluting.
49
186212
2877
可以帮助他们找出谁在污染。
03:10
From 2006,
50
190132
1293
从 2006 年开始,
03:11
we began to compile corporate monitoring data
51
191467
3170
我们开始将企业监控数据
03:14
data into a database known as the Blue Map.
52
194637
3545
编入名为“蔚蓝地图”的数据库。
03:18
We started with only two thousand records of violations,
53
198182
3170
我们开始时只有 2000 条违规记录,
03:21
but through years of promotion of enforcement and transparency,
54
201393
5047
但通过多年的执法和透明度推广,
03:26
that number has topped two million.
55
206482
2502
这个数字达到了两百万。
03:29
The missing dots
56
209818
1168
当一些电子和服装品牌
03:30
in the global supply chain's environmental management
57
210986
3671
开始将他们的供应商名单和 我们的违法者名单比较时,
03:34
began to be connected when a group of [electronic] and textile brands
58
214657
4754
03:39
started comparing their list of suppliers with our list of violators.
59
219453
5130
全球供应链的环境管理中 那些遗漏的点
就被连接起来了。
03:45
Let me explain how it works.
60
225542
1836
让我解释一下这是如何运作的。
03:48
This is the Blue Map for the Yangtze River Delta,
61
228295
3212
这是长江三角洲的“蔚蓝地图”,
03:51
which covers the Lake Tai region.
62
231507
2002
它涵盖了太湖地区。
03:55
Each individual factory --
63
235678
1585
每个单独的工厂——
03:57
and there are tens of thousands of them --
64
237263
2085
有数以万计这样的工厂——
03:59
is color coded.
65
239348
1251
通过颜色编码。
04:01
Blue and green for "good," red and yellow for "bad."
66
241141
3170
蓝色和绿色代表“好”,红色和黄色代表“坏”。
04:05
The color codes are derived from the violations on record
67
245562
4338
颜色编码来自记录的违规
04:09
and the confirmed public reporting.
68
249900
2711
和确认的公开报告。
04:12
And we have put more than four million of such dots
69
252653
2919
我们已经在数字地图上放置了超过
04:15
on the digital map,
70
255614
1210
400 万个这样的点,
04:16
all color coded.
71
256824
1668
所有这些点都是颜色编码的。
04:18
Still, how can a map make change?
72
258534
2043
不过,地图如何促成改变?
04:21
This is one of the largest dyehouse suppliers.
73
261829
2836
这是最大的染厂之一。
04:25
It used to have multiple violation records,
74
265916
2461
曾经有多次违规记录,
04:28
but insisted if they treat the waste but now they are neighbors,
75
268419
3712
坚称如果他们进行了污水处理, 而与他们相邻的厂没有的话,
04:32
they would lose their business.
76
272172
2795
他们就会失去生意。
04:34
But then five brands, starting from Gap,
77
274967
3795
但随后有五个品牌,从 Gap 开始,
04:38
all told this company it would lose their business
78
278804
4254
都告诉这家公司,如果不妥善处理废物,
04:43
if it would not treat the waste properly.
79
283100
3337
它将失去业务。
04:46
Realizing that the sourcing code has changed,
80
286478
2545
意识到采购规则发生了变化,
04:49
the company spent millions of dollars
81
289064
2711
该公司斥资数百万美元
04:51
to bring more than 12 million metric tons
82
291775
2920
将超过 1200 万吨
04:54
of textile wastewater contaminated by dyes and chemicals
83
294737
4504
被染料和化学品污染的纺织废水
04:59
up to standards,
84
299283
1251
达到标准,
05:00
and then made further investments to cut the volume of wastewater.
85
300534
4213
然后进一步投资以减少废水量。
05:05
We did the same thing,
86
305456
1501
我们做了同样的事,
05:07
along with our local partners, such as Green Jiangnan,
87
307875
3253
与绿江南等当地合作伙伴一起,
05:12
with the electronic industry suppliers
88
312421
2794
针对为苹果、戴尔、华为和其他主要品牌
05:16
that manufacture parts for Apple, Dell, Huawei and other major brands.
89
316508
5089
制造零件的电子行业供应商做了同样的事。
05:22
Here is one of the largest [electronic] suppliers,
90
322598
3253
这是最大的 [电子] 供应商之一,
05:27
dredging the local canal to remove the heavy metals dumped in it.
91
327269
3962
正在抽干当地运河以清除倾倒其中的重金属。
05:32
Victories like this build upon each other
92
332649
2336
这样的胜利是相辅相成的,
05:35
to enable the supply chain management to reach further upstream
93
335027
4838
使供应链管理能够通过供应链
05:39
through the supply chain,
94
339907
1501
一下子延伸到上游,
05:41
from garment factories to fabric mills to dyehouses to the dye manufacturers.
95
341450
6048
从服装厂到织物厂在从染厂到染料制造商。
05:48
Today, the color codes can mean the difference
96
348707
2211
今天,颜色代码可能意味着
05:50
between a company that secures a loan from a major bank,
97
350959
3295
从中国邮政银行等主要银行
05:54
like the Postal Bank of China,
98
354296
1502
获得贷款的公司与没有获得贷款的公司
05:55
and one that does not.
99
355798
1793
之间的区别。
05:57
The application of the Blue Map data, in green supply chain and green finance,
100
357633
4713
“蔚蓝地图”数据在绿色供应链和 绿色金融等领域的应用,
06:02
has motivated more than fourteen thousand companies
101
362346
4963
已带动一万四千多家企业
06:07
to address their violations or make disclosure.
102
367351
3086
进行违规处理或披露。
06:11
The scope of environmental transparency got further extended in China
103
371397
4337
在中国与严重的雾霾进行前所未有的斗争中,
06:15
during its epic fighting against the severe smog,
104
375776
3503
环境透明度的范围进一步扩大,
06:20
which used to expose hundreds of millions of people to health hazards.
105
380531
4546
而雾霾曾让数亿人面临着健康危害。
06:25
In response to the public demand for disclosure,
106
385077
2919
为了响应公众的公开诉求,
06:28
corporate online monitoring data were made open every hour or every two hours.
107
388038
5839
企业在线监测数据每小时或每两小时 就会更新一次。
06:35
The first of its kind in the world.
108
395295
2920
这是世界首创。
06:39
At the same time, people were acquiring cell phones across China,
109
399675
3587
与此同时,中国各地的人们都在购买手机,
06:43
so we developed a cell phone app
110
403762
2878
因此我们开发了一款手机应用,
06:46
to enable people to access the air and water quality data.
111
406640
4171
让人们可以访问空气和水质数据。
06:50
But the most unique function of the Blue Map app
112
410811
3962
但是“蔚蓝地图”应用程序最独特的功能
06:54
is for our users to access the records of emitters,
113
414773
4630
是我们的用户可以访问排污点的记录,
06:59
then share through social media, tagging the official account.
114
419445
4462
然后通过社交媒体分享,标记官方账号。
07:04
Such kind of a microreporting
115
424741
2545
这种微观报告
07:07
has motivated some of the largest emitters to change behavior.
116
427327
5256
促使一些最大的排放污染的企业改变了行为。
07:12
This is one of them,
117
432624
1168
这就是其中之一,
07:14
a listed steel plant which used to breach the standards repeatedly.
118
434543
4630
曾经屡次违规的上市钢厂。
07:20
The microreporting filed by the local Blue Map users and NGOs
119
440340
4755
当地“蔚蓝地图”用户和非政府组织提交的微观报道
07:25
has got a local agency to weigh in and require this company to clean up.
120
445095
5255
已得到当地政府的注意,并要求该公司进行清理。
07:30
Eventually, the steel plant spent more than one billion dollars
121
450392
3796
最终,这家钢铁厂花费了超过 10 亿美元
07:34
to make a very deep cut in its air emissions,
122
454229
4088
来大幅减少空气排放,
07:38
a contribution to the significant improvement of air quality
123
458358
4296
为包括我所在城市北京在内的广大空域
07:42
in a vast airshed, which includes my city, Beijing.
124
462654
4547
的空气质量显着改善做出了贡献。
07:48
Despite all the successes,
125
468160
1793
尽管取得了所有这些成功,
07:49
I have to acknowledge our mission is far from being accomplished.
126
469995
3712
但我必须承认,我们的使命远未完成。
07:54
There are still more than two million records of violations in the Blue Map.
127
474082
3671
“蔚蓝地图”中还有超过 200 万条违规记录。
07:57
Today, we face massive tension
128
477794
2128
今天,由于 COVID-19 大流行以及
07:59
between environmental protection and economic recovery,
129
479963
5047
迫在眉睫的气候灾难,
08:06
brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic
130
486220
3378
我们面临着环境保护与
08:09
as well as the looming climate catastrophe.
131
489640
3712
经济复苏之间的巨大紧张关系。
08:13
There's a strong temptation, In local regions and cities,
132
493393
4839
在地方和城市,放宽环境法规的诱惑很大,
08:18
to relax environmental regulations,
133
498273
3045
这已经导致
08:21
which has resulted already in a rather big rebound of the carbon emissions.
134
501318
4838
碳排放量出现了较大的反弹。
08:28
So China's 2060 carbon neutrality pledge came at a critical moment.
135
508200
5922
因此,中国 2060 年的碳中和承诺来得正是时候。
08:35
But the implementation of it wouldn't be easy.
136
515332
2711
但实施起来并不容易。
08:39
Remember the steel plant that already spent one billion dollars to clean up?
137
519253
5839
还记得已经花费 10 亿美元清理的钢铁厂吗?
08:45
Now the new task is for us to review with it how to tackle
138
525634
3879
现在新的任务是我们用它来审视
08:49
the 10 million metric tons of carbon emission.
139
529555
2752
如何解决 1000 万吨的碳排放。
08:53
And this is just zero point one percent
140
533225
4463
这只占到我们需要在中国停止
08:57
of the carbon emissions that we need to stop or neutralize in China.
141
537688
4462
或中和的碳排放量的百分之零点一。
09:03
Again, we must tap into the power of transparency.
142
543402
3170
同样,我们必须利用透明度的力量。
09:07
My team and I have launched a Blue Map for Zero Carbon,
143
547739
3546
我和我的团队推出了“零碳蔚蓝地图”,
09:11
a database that needs to bring China's long-term national commitment
144
551326
4505
这个数据库将中国的长期国家目标
09:15
down to where that 10 billion tons of carbon are actually emitted.
145
555831
4463
细分到那 100 亿吨碳真正被排放的地方。
09:21
This is how a zero-carbon map looks like.
146
561712
3336
这就是“零碳地图”的样子。
09:25
Each province and city is color-coded based on its level of emission.
147
565048
4463
每个省和城市都根据其排放水平进行颜色编码。
09:29
With trend analysis,
148
569553
1293
通过趋势分析,
09:30
tracking when and at what level the carbon will peak and stop growing.
149
570887
4547
跟踪碳将达到峰值并停止增长的时间和水平。
09:36
As you can see, the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, are on track,
150
576810
3837
如图所见,北京、上海等城市已步入正轨,
09:41
while others like Tangshan, like Yinchuan, still have a long way to go.
151
581857
4880
而唐山、银川等其他城市还有很长的路要走。
09:48
To generate peer pressure and incentives, we're working with our partner,
152
588530
4338
为了产生同行压力和激励, 我们正在与我们的合作伙伴
09:52
the Chinese Academy of Environmental Science,
153
592909
2461
中国环境科学院合作,
09:55
in assessing the local climate ambition,
154
595370
2836
评估主要省市以及能源
09:58
performance and carbon-decoupling trends of major provinces,
155
598248
4713
和原材料公司的当地气候目标、
10:03
cities and energy and raw-material companies.
156
603003
3503
绩效和碳脱钩趋势。
10:07
One clear gap we identified
157
607507
1627
我们发现的一个明显差距
10:09
is the lack of capacity in measuring and reporting.
158
609176
3503
是缺乏衡量和报告的能力。
10:13
Along with other partners,
159
613972
2044
我们与其他合作伙伴
10:16
we developed a digital carbon accounting platform.
160
616058
4254
一起开发了一个数字碳核算平台。
10:20
So far, more than five thousand companies have been motivated by brands and banks
161
620354
6047
迄今为止,已有五千多家企业受到品牌和银行的推动,
10:27
to calculate and report their carbon emissions or local emissions.
162
627527
4296
计算并报告其碳排放量或当地排放量。
10:32
But my dream is to empower millions of more businesses,
163
632658
4212
但我的梦想是促使数以百万计的企业
10:36
to measure and to report and to reduce their emissions.
164
636912
3211
衡量和报告并减少他们的排放。
10:41
Bear in mind many of them are part of this global supply chain.
165
641166
3879
请记住,其中许多是这个全球供应链的一部分。
10:45
If you know the product you consume day in and day out,
166
645879
3337
如果你知道你每天消费的产品的碳足迹
10:49
often has 70 percent or more,
167
649257
2628
在供应链中,
10:51
and sometimes to up to 90 percent, of their carbon footprint
168
651927
4337
通常占到 70% 或更多,
10:57
in the supply chain,
169
657349
1626
有时甚至高达 90%,
10:58
would you join our efforts in motivating the big brands
170
658975
2962
你是否愿意与我们一起努力推动
11:01
and banks and investors
171
661978
2586
大品牌、银行和投资者
11:04
to green their global sourcing and investment?
172
664564
2545
去绿色化他们的全球采购和投资?
11:08
And it's not just carbon.
173
668694
2377
这不仅仅是碳。
11:12
Today, we further expand the Blue Map
174
672239
3044
今天,我们进一步扩展了“蔚蓝地图”,
11:15
to cover waste and plastics and even biodiversity
175
675283
3754
以涵盖废物和塑料甚至生物多样性,
11:19
so as to empower more people to join
176
679079
2878
以便让更多人能够加入
11:21
this unprecedented global race to zero.
177
681998
4380
这场史无前例的全球零排放竞赛。
11:27
The prize for winning this ongoing race is nothing less than a better world
178
687963
5839
赢得这场正在进行的比赛的奖品无异于为
11:33
for this generation and for the generations to come.
179
693844
3795
这一代和后代创造一个更美好的世界。
11:38
For mankind and for all the plants and animals
180
698598
5005
为了人类以及
11:43
that call this planet their home.
181
703645
3003
所有以这个星球为家的植物和动物。
11:47
Thank you.
182
707941
1168
谢谢。
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7