Ma Jun: An interactive map to track (and end) pollution in China | TED

翻译人员: Chasen Chen 校对人员: Lipeng Chen

Choking smog, polluted waters, climate change.

窒息的烟雾、污染的水域、气候变化。

This has been the environmental cost

这就是过去 40 年来

of the tremendous growth in China over the past 40 years.

中国惊人增长的环境成本。

At the same time,

在同一时间，

hundreds of millions of people have put themselves out of poverty.

数亿人摆脱了贫困。

As an environmentalist in China, I have witnessed all of this firsthand.

作为中国的环保主义者，我亲眼目睹了这一切。

The challenge we're facing is:

我们面临的挑战是：

Can we clean up as fast and as broadly

我们能否像大规模的开发 造成对空气、水和气候的破坏一样

as the massive development degrading our air, water and climate?

快速和广泛地进行清理？

China has one point four billion people,

中国有 14 亿人口，

still a fast-growing economy,

仍然是一个快速增长的经济体，

and is responsible for the biggest share of the current greenhouse gas emissions.

在目前的温室气体排放中占最大份额。

China knows its global responsibility

中国深知自己的全球责任，

and has pledged to be carbon-neutral by 2060.

并承诺到 2060 年实现碳中和。

It means more than 10 billion metric tons of carbon emissions

这意味着必须停止或中和

must be stopped or be neutralized.

超过 100 亿吨的碳排放。

How can we possibly do it?

我们怎么能做到呢？

The pressing global climate situation requires each of us not just to do it,

紧迫的全球气候形势 要求我们每个人不仅要去做，

but to do it faster.

而且要做得更快。

I believe there's a chance for us to succeed,

我相信我们有机会成功，

as I know it too,

我也知道，

now that I have seen work to help reduce the enormous environmental pollution.

现在我已经看到了帮助减少巨大环境污染的工作。

It is the power of transparency,

这正是透明度的力量，

pollution information made public using mobile internet and other IT technologies

使用移动互联网和其他 IT 技术公开的污染信息

may empower millions of citizens to speed change

可以让数百万公民通过

by holding corporations and government agencies accountable.

追究公司和政府机构的责任来加速变革。

I personally got involved in the transparency drive

我个人参与了控制水污染

for water pollution control.

的透明度运动。

Years ago, beside Lake Tai,

多年前，在中国

the third largest freshwater lake in China,

第三大淡水湖太湖旁，

I saw a group of fishermen using long ladles to scoop out the algae bloom.

我看到一群渔民用长柄勺子舀出蓝藻。

One fisherman said to me, "When I was young, on a hot day like this,

一位渔民对我说：“小时候，这么热的天，

I would have jumped into the lake for a [swim].”

我会跳进湖里[游泳]。”

"But now," he said, "the fish are gone and we're paid to scoop out the algae."

“但是现在，”他说，“鱼都不见了， 别人付我们钱去舀出蓝藻。”

Pointing to those factories not far from the shoreline,

他指着离湖岸线不远的那些工厂说，

he said the lake would not be clean until they stop dumping.

除非他们停止排污，否则湖水不会干净。

Years of research made me understand how hard it is to check the dumping.

多年的调查让我明白检查排污有多么困难。

With weak enforcement,

由于执法不力，

the cost of violations was often too low,

违规成本往往过低，

and those who cut corners became more competitive in the market.

偷工减料的企业在市场上更具竞争力。

This region happens to be one of the biggest centers

该地区恰好是全球电子产品

of the global supply chain for electronic gadgets and for clothes.

和服装供应链的最大中心之一。

But those multinational brands sourcing locally

但那些在当地采购的跨国品牌

were not very helpful at the beginning.

在一开始并没有多大帮助。

Many would argue, "In China, I don't know who is polluting,

很多人会争辩说，“在中国，我不知道谁在污染，

so I would buy from the cheapest."

所以我会从最便宜的地方购买。”

This is going to add further pressure on those local suppliers

这将进一步增加当地供应商的压力，

to race down to the bottom for their contracts.

要求他们竞相争取合同。

But I told them I have a map

但我告诉他们我有一张地图

that can help them figure out who is polluting.

可以帮助他们找出谁在污染。

From 2006,

从 2006 年开始，

we began to compile corporate monitoring data

我们开始将企业监控数据

data into a database known as the Blue Map.

编入名为“蔚蓝地图”的数据库。

We started with only two thousand records of violations,

我们开始时只有 2000 条违规记录，

but through years of promotion of enforcement and transparency,

但通过多年的执法和透明度推广，

that number has topped two million.

这个数字达到了两百万。

The missing dots

当一些电子和服装品牌

in the global supply chain's environmental management

开始将他们的供应商名单和 我们的违法者名单比较时，

began to be connected when a group of [electronic] and textile brands

started comparing their list of suppliers with our list of violators.

全球供应链的环境管理中 那些遗漏的点

就被连接起来了。

Let me explain how it works.

让我解释一下这是如何运作的。

This is the Blue Map for the Yangtze River Delta,

这是长江三角洲的“蔚蓝地图”，

which covers the Lake Tai region.

它涵盖了太湖地区。

Each individual factory --

每个单独的工厂——

and there are tens of thousands of them --

有数以万计这样的工厂——

is color coded.

通过颜色编码。

Blue and green for "good," red and yellow for "bad."

蓝色和绿色代表“好”，红色和黄色代表“坏”。

The color codes are derived from the violations on record

颜色编码来自记录的违规

and the confirmed public reporting.

和确认的公开报告。

And we have put more than four million of such dots

我们已经在数字地图上放置了超过

on the digital map,

400 万个这样的点，

all color coded.

所有这些点都是颜色编码的。

Still, how can a map make change?

不过，地图如何促成改变？

This is one of the largest dyehouse suppliers.

这是最大的染厂之一。

It used to have multiple violation records,

曾经有多次违规记录，

but insisted if they treat the waste but now they are neighbors,

坚称如果他们进行了污水处理， 而与他们相邻的厂没有的话，

they would lose their business.

他们就会失去生意。

But then five brands, starting from Gap,

但随后有五个品牌，从 Gap 开始，

all told this company it would lose their business

都告诉这家公司，如果不妥善处理废物，

if it would not treat the waste properly.

它将失去业务。

Realizing that the sourcing code has changed,

意识到采购规则发生了变化，

the company spent millions of dollars

该公司斥资数百万美元

to bring more than 12 million metric tons

将超过 1200 万吨

of textile wastewater contaminated by dyes and chemicals

被染料和化学品污染的纺织废水

up to standards,

达到标准，

and then made further investments to cut the volume of wastewater.

然后进一步投资以减少废水量。

We did the same thing,

我们做了同样的事，

along with our local partners, such as Green Jiangnan,

与绿江南等当地合作伙伴一起，

with the electronic industry suppliers

针对为苹果、戴尔、华为和其他主要品牌

that manufacture parts for Apple, Dell, Huawei and other major brands.

制造零件的电子行业供应商做了同样的事。

Here is one of the largest [electronic] suppliers,

这是最大的 [电子] 供应商之一，

dredging the local canal to remove the heavy metals dumped in it.

正在抽干当地运河以清除倾倒其中的重金属。

Victories like this build upon each other

这样的胜利是相辅相成的，

to enable the supply chain management to reach further upstream

使供应链管理能够通过供应链

through the supply chain,

一下子延伸到上游，

from garment factories to fabric mills to dyehouses to the dye manufacturers.

从服装厂到织物厂在从染厂到染料制造商。

Today, the color codes can mean the difference

今天，颜色代码可能意味着

between a company that secures a loan from a major bank,

从中国邮政银行等主要银行

like the Postal Bank of China,

获得贷款的公司与没有获得贷款的公司

and one that does not.

之间的区别。

The application of the Blue Map data, in green supply chain and green finance,

“蔚蓝地图”数据在绿色供应链和 绿色金融等领域的应用，

has motivated more than fourteen thousand companies

已带动一万四千多家企业

to address their violations or make disclosure.

进行违规处理或披露。

The scope of environmental transparency got further extended in China

在中国与严重的雾霾进行前所未有的斗争中，

during its epic fighting against the severe smog,

环境透明度的范围进一步扩大，

which used to expose hundreds of millions of people to health hazards.

而雾霾曾让数亿人面临着健康危害。

In response to the public demand for disclosure,

为了响应公众的公开诉求，

corporate online monitoring data were made open every hour or every two hours.

企业在线监测数据每小时或每两小时 就会更新一次。

The first of its kind in the world.

这是世界首创。

At the same time, people were acquiring cell phones across China,

与此同时，中国各地的人们都在购买手机，

so we developed a cell phone app

因此我们开发了一款手机应用，

to enable people to access the air and water quality data.

让人们可以访问空气和水质数据。

But the most unique function of the Blue Map app

但是“蔚蓝地图”应用程序最独特的功能

is for our users to access the records of emitters,

是我们的用户可以访问排污点的记录，

then share through social media, tagging the official account.

然后通过社交媒体分享，标记官方账号。

Such kind of a microreporting

这种微观报告

has motivated some of the largest emitters to change behavior.

促使一些最大的排放污染的企业改变了行为。

This is one of them,

这就是其中之一，

a listed steel plant which used to breach the standards repeatedly.

曾经屡次违规的上市钢厂。

The microreporting filed by the local Blue Map users and NGOs

当地“蔚蓝地图”用户和非政府组织提交的微观报道

has got a local agency to weigh in and require this company to clean up.

已得到当地政府的注意，并要求该公司进行清理。

Eventually, the steel plant spent more than one billion dollars

最终，这家钢铁厂花费了超过 10 亿美元

to make a very deep cut in its air emissions,

来大幅减少空气排放，

a contribution to the significant improvement of air quality

为包括我所在城市北京在内的广大空域

in a vast airshed, which includes my city, Beijing.

的空气质量显着改善做出了贡献。

Despite all the successes,

尽管取得了所有这些成功，

I have to acknowledge our mission is far from being accomplished.

但我必须承认，我们的使命远未完成。

There are still more than two million records of violations in the Blue Map.

“蔚蓝地图”中还有超过 200 万条违规记录。

Today, we face massive tension

今天，由于 COVID-19 大流行以及

between environmental protection and economic recovery,

迫在眉睫的气候灾难，

brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic

我们面临着环境保护与

as well as the looming climate catastrophe.

经济复苏之间的巨大紧张关系。

There's a strong temptation, In local regions and cities,

在地方和城市，放宽环境法规的诱惑很大，

to relax environmental regulations,

这已经导致

which has resulted already in a rather big rebound of the carbon emissions.

碳排放量出现了较大的反弹。

So China's 2060 carbon neutrality pledge came at a critical moment.

因此，中国 2060 年的碳中和承诺来得正是时候。

But the implementation of it wouldn't be easy.

但实施起来并不容易。

Remember the steel plant that already spent one billion dollars to clean up?

还记得已经花费 10 亿美元清理的钢铁厂吗？

Now the new task is for us to review with it how to tackle

现在新的任务是我们用它来审视

the 10 million metric tons of carbon emission.

如何解决 1000 万吨的碳排放。

And this is just zero point one percent

这只占到我们需要在中国停止

of the carbon emissions that we need to stop or neutralize in China.

或中和的碳排放量的百分之零点一。

Again, we must tap into the power of transparency.

同样，我们必须利用透明度的力量。

My team and I have launched a Blue Map for Zero Carbon,

我和我的团队推出了“零碳蔚蓝地图”，

a database that needs to bring China's long-term national commitment

这个数据库将中国的长期国家目标

down to where that 10 billion tons of carbon are actually emitted.

细分到那 100 亿吨碳真正被排放的地方。

This is how a zero-carbon map looks like.

这就是“零碳地图”的样子。

Each province and city is color-coded based on its level of emission.

每个省和城市都根据其排放水平进行颜色编码。

With trend analysis,

通过趋势分析，

tracking when and at what level the carbon will peak and stop growing.

跟踪碳将达到峰值并停止增长的时间和水平。

As you can see, the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, are on track,

如图所见，北京、上海等城市已步入正轨，

while others like Tangshan, like Yinchuan, still have a long way to go.

而唐山、银川等其他城市还有很长的路要走。

To generate peer pressure and incentives, we're working with our partner,

为了产生同行压力和激励， 我们正在与我们的合作伙伴

the Chinese Academy of Environmental Science,

中国环境科学院合作，

in assessing the local climate ambition,

评估主要省市以及能源

performance and carbon-decoupling trends of major provinces,

和原材料公司的当地气候目标、

cities and energy and raw-material companies.

绩效和碳脱钩趋势。

One clear gap we identified

我们发现的一个明显差距

is the lack of capacity in measuring and reporting.

是缺乏衡量和报告的能力。

Along with other partners,

我们与其他合作伙伴

we developed a digital carbon accounting platform.

一起开发了一个数字碳核算平台。

So far, more than five thousand companies have been motivated by brands and banks

迄今为止，已有五千多家企业受到品牌和银行的推动，

to calculate and report their carbon emissions or local emissions.

计算并报告其碳排放量或当地排放量。

But my dream is to empower millions of more businesses,

但我的梦想是促使数以百万计的企业

to measure and to report and to reduce their emissions.

衡量和报告并减少他们的排放。

Bear in mind many of them are part of this global supply chain.

请记住，其中许多是这个全球供应链的一部分。

If you know the product you consume day in and day out,

如果你知道你每天消费的产品的碳足迹

often has 70 percent or more,

在供应链中，

and sometimes to up to 90 percent, of their carbon footprint

通常占到 70% 或更多，

in the supply chain,

有时甚至高达 90%，

would you join our efforts in motivating the big brands

你是否愿意与我们一起努力推动

and banks and investors

大品牌、银行和投资者

to green their global sourcing and investment?

去绿色化他们的全球采购和投资？

And it's not just carbon.

这不仅仅是碳。

Today, we further expand the Blue Map

今天，我们进一步扩展了“蔚蓝地图”，

to cover waste and plastics and even biodiversity

以涵盖废物和塑料甚至生物多样性，

so as to empower more people to join

以便让更多人能够加入

this unprecedented global race to zero.

这场史无前例的全球零排放竞赛。

The prize for winning this ongoing race is nothing less than a better world

赢得这场正在进行的比赛的奖品无异于为

for this generation and for the generations to come.

这一代和后代创造一个更美好的世界。

For mankind and for all the plants and animals

为了人类以及

that call this planet their home.

所有以这个星球为家的植物和动物。

Thank you.

谢谢。