Ma Jun: An interactive map to track (and end) pollution in China | TED

譯者: Jingyi Niu 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

嗆人的霧霾，汙染的水域，全球暖化。

這些是中國過去四十年的急速發展 造成的環境損失。

Choking smog, polluted waters, climate change.

與此同時， 數以千萬計的人民脫離了貧困。

This has been the environmental cost

of the tremendous growth in China over the past 40 years.

作爲一名中國環境學家，

我親眼目睹了這一切。

At the same time,

hundreds of millions of people have put themselves out of poverty.

我們現在面臨的問題是：

我們清理的速度和範圍是否能趕得上

As an environmentalist in China, I have witnessed all of this firsthand.

正在危害我們空氣、水源、 以及氣候的大規模發展？

The challenge we're facing is:

中國有十四億人口，

Can we clean up as fast and as broadly

有仍在快速增長的經濟，

as the massive development degrading our air, water and climate?

也有著全球最大的溫室氣體排放量。

China has one point four billion people,

still a fast-growing economy,

中國明白自己所擔負的國際責任，

並已經承諾要在2060年達到碳中和。

and is responsible for the biggest share of the current greenhouse gas emissions.

這意味著中國必須減少，或是抵消 超過100億噸的碳排放量。

China knows its global responsibility

and has pledged to be carbon-neutral by 2060.

我們怎樣才能達成這個目標？

It means more than 10 billion metric tons of carbon emissions

全球環境局勢的緊迫性

must be stopped or be neutralized.

要求我們每一個人 不僅要做到，而且必須要儘快。

How can we possibly do it?

我不僅相信， 也知道我們有成功的機會，

The pressing global climate situation requires each of us not just to do it,

因爲我已經看到了 人們為減少環境污染開展的工作。

but to do it faster.

I believe there's a chance for us to succeed,

這是信息透明化的力量。

借由移動網絡、以及其它信息技術 公開的環境污染數據

as I know it too,

now that I have seen work to help reduce the enormous environmental pollution.

可以起到對企業 及政府部門監管的作用，

It is the power of transparency,

pollution information made public using mobile internet and other IT technologies

從而賦予數百萬公民督促變革的能力。

我個人參與了對水污染控制 的透明化推進。

may empower millions of citizens to speed change

by holding corporations and government agencies accountable.

多年前，在中國第三大淡水湖-- 太湖岸邊，

I personally got involved in the transparency drive

我遇見一群正在用長勺 打撈水藻的漁民。

for water pollution control.

Years ago, beside Lake Tai,

其中一個漁民對我説： “我年輕的時候 天氣這麽熱，

the third largest freshwater lake in China,

I saw a group of fishermen using long ladles to scoop out the algae bloom.

我一定會跳進湖裏游個泳。”

“現在湖裏已經沒有魚了， 我們的工作就是撈水藻。”

One fisherman said to me, "When I was young, on a hot day like this,

I would have jumped into the lake for a [swim].”

他指向離岸邊不遠處的一片工廠，

"But now," he said, "the fish are gone and we're paid to scoop out the algae."

表示只有他們停止排污， 湖水才有可能變乾净。

Pointing to those factories not far from the shoreline,

多年的研究經驗告訴我， 控制工廠排污十分困難。

he said the lake would not be clean until they stop dumping.

由於相關管制并不嚴格， 違反規定的成本普遍過低，

Years of research made me understand how hard it is to check the dumping.

這反而使那些投機取巧者 獲得了更高的市場競爭力。

該地區恰好是全球電子產品供應鏈中、

With weak enforcement,

the cost of violations was often too low,

以及服裝類產品供應鏈中 最大的中樞之一。

and those who cut corners became more competitive in the market.

This region happens to be one of the biggest centers

然而，那些選擇在本地采購的跨國集團

往往在起步時， 就使得局勢進一步惡化。

of the global supply chain for electronic gadgets and for clothes.

他們中有許多會説：“我不知道 在中國造成污染的是哪些工廠，

But those multinational brands sourcing locally

所以我會從最優惠的廠家采購。”

were not very helpful at the beginning.

這會向當地供應商增加進一步的壓力，

Many would argue, "In China, I don't know who is polluting,

迫使他們爲了拿到生意 而開展逐底競爭。

so I would buy from the cheapest."

This is going to add further pressure on those local suppliers

但是我告訴他們，我有一張 可以幫他們找出污染的源頭。

to race down to the bottom for their contracts.

自2006年， 我們便開始將企業監控數據

But I told them I have a map

that can help them figure out who is polluting.

收錄進名叫“蔚藍地圖”的數據庫。

起初， 我們只記錄了兩千起違規事件，

From 2006,

we began to compile corporate monitoring data

但通過多年對加强管理機制 以及對信息公開化的促進，

data into a database known as the Blue Map.

我們記載的案例已經達到了兩百萬起。

We started with only two thousand records of violations,

but through years of promotion of enforcement and transparency,

從有一批電子及服裝企業

開始將他們的供應商名單 與我們的違規名單進行比對的那一刻起，

that number has topped two million.

全球供應鏈上 環境管理的部分中缺失的環節

The missing dots

in the global supply chain's environmental management

就逐漸地被補全了。

began to be connected when a group of [electronic] and textile brands

請讓我來説明這是如何運作的。

started comparing their list of suppliers with our list of violators.

這是長江三角洲的蔚藍地圖，

這其中也包括太湖區域。

Let me explain how it works.

這個區域上有上萬家工廠， 其中的每一家

This is the Blue Map for the Yangtze River Delta,

都配有一個顔色代碼。

which covers the Lake Tai region.

藍色和綠色代表“良好”， 紅色和黃色代表“不及格”。

Each individual factory --

and there are tens of thousands of them --

顔色代碼的分配

是根據數據庫中記錄的違規事件，

is color coded.

Blue and green for "good," red and yellow for "bad."

以及經過證實的公開報告來進行的。

我們已經在整張地圖上放置了

The color codes are derived from the violations on record

超過四百萬個像這樣 按顔色評級的標記。

and the confirmed public reporting.

盡管如此，一張地圖能帶來什麽變化？

And we have put more than four million of such dots

這裏是規模最大的印染廠之一。

on the digital map,

all color coded.

儘管這家工廠 已經有多條違規記錄在案，

Still, how can a map make change?

可廠家依舊堅持，

This is one of the largest dyehouse suppliers.

如果自己按照規章處理廢水的話， 他們將會失去生意。

It used to have multiple violation records,

但隨後，以Gap爲首的五家企業

but insisted if they treat the waste but now they are neighbors,

通知這家工廠， 如果他們不規範排污，

they would lose their business.

企業就會終止和他們的業務。

But then five brands, starting from Gap,

意識到采購準則已經發生變化，

all told this company it would lose their business

廠家花費數百萬元

if it would not treat the waste properly.

合規處理了超過1200公噸

Realizing that the sourcing code has changed,

被染料、化學物質污染的紡織品廢水，

the company spent millions of dollars

to bring more than 12 million metric tons

其後又為減少污水排放量 而進一步投入了資金。

of textile wastewater contaminated by dyes and chemicals

我們采取了相同的做法，

up to standards,

和像綠色江南這樣的 當地合作夥伴聯手

and then made further investments to cut the volume of wastewater.

我們對一批為蘋果、 戴爾、以及華爲等大型企業

We did the same thing,

along with our local partners, such as Green Jiangnan,

提供零件的電子行業供應商 進行了制約。

with the electronic industry suppliers

這是最具規模的一家電子供應商

that manufacture parts for Apple, Dell, Huawei and other major brands.

疏通運河， 清除傾倒在其中的重金屬的場面。

Here is one of the largest [electronic] suppliers,

例如這樣的勝利能夠相互作用，

讓供應鏈的管理工作 可以一路追本溯源，

dredging the local canal to remove the heavy metals dumped in it.

Victories like this build upon each other

完成從服裝廠, 到紡織廠、印染廠、 再到染料製造商的全流程監管。

to enable the supply chain management to reach further upstream

through the supply chain,

在今天，廠家在顔色評級上的差別

from garment factories to fabric mills to dyehouses to the dye manufacturers.

甚至可以決定一家工廠是否能夠

從像是中國郵政儲蓄銀行的大型銀行 獲得貸款。

Today, the color codes can mean the difference

蔚藍地圖中的數據 在綠色供應鏈和綠色經濟中的應用

between a company that secures a loan from a major bank,

已經鼓勵了超過一萬四千家公司

like the Postal Bank of China,

and one that does not.

The application of the Blue Map data, in green supply chain and green finance,

去公開地處理其違規行爲。

has motivated more than fourteen thousand companies

在中國對於 曾經危害數億人健康的嚴重霧霾

to address their violations or make disclosure.

所開展的史詩級治理的過程當中，

The scope of environmental transparency got further extended in China

環境透明化的力度也得到了進一步增進。

during its epic fighting against the severe smog,

響應公衆對信息公開的要求，

網絡上的企業監控數據 每一到兩個小時就會更新一次。

which used to expose hundreds of millions of people to health hazards.

In response to the public demand for disclosure,

這在全世界開創了新河。

corporate online monitoring data were made open every hour or every two hours.

同時，因爲手機在全國範圍開始普及，

The first of its kind in the world.

我們又開發了一款手機應用，

使人們能夠查閲空氣以及水質量信息。

At the same time, people were acquiring cell phones across China,

而這款蔚藍地圖應用上最特別的功能，

so we developed a cell phone app

to enable people to access the air and water quality data.

是它支持用戶在訪問排放者記錄后，

But the most unique function of the Blue Map app

將其分享到社交媒體， 並提及廠家官方賬號。

is for our users to access the records of emitters,

正是這種微型舉報機制

促進了一批規模最大的排放者 改變他們的行爲。

then share through social media, tagging the official account.

Such kind of a microreporting

這是其中之一，

一個曾經多次違反標準的煉鋼廠。

has motivated some of the largest emitters to change behavior.

來自當地蔚藍地圖應用用戶 以及非政府組織的檢舉

This is one of them,

a listed steel plant which used to breach the standards repeatedly.

促使了地方機關的介入， 要求廠家進行清理。

The microreporting filed by the local Blue Map users and NGOs

最後，這家煉鋼廠花費超過十億元

has got a local agency to weigh in and require this company to clean up.

大幅削減了其氣體排放量，

該舉動大大改善了

Eventually, the steel plant spent more than one billion dollars

包括我的城市-- 北京在内的一片廣袤空域的空氣質量。

to make a very deep cut in its air emissions,

a contribution to the significant improvement of air quality

儘管已經取得了種種成功，

我必須承認， 我們的使命還遠未實現。

in a vast airshed, which includes my city, Beijing.

在蔚藍地圖中， 仍存在超過200萬條違規記錄。

Despite all the successes,

I have to acknowledge our mission is far from being accomplished.

眼下，COVID-19全球疫情 和迫在眉睫的氣候災難

There are still more than two million records of violations in the Blue Map.

使我們陷入了一個 要在保護環境

Today, we face massive tension

和復蘇經濟之間做出選擇的兩難境地。

between environmental protection and economic recovery,

各個地區、城市都面臨著極大的

brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic

as well as the looming climate catastrophe.

放鬆環境管制的誘惑，

而這也已經導致了一次 相當大幅的碳排放量反彈。

There's a strong temptation, In local regions and cities,

to relax environmental regulations,

中國在關鍵時刻做出了 在2060年達到碳中和的承諾，

which has resulted already in a rather big rebound of the carbon emissions.

但要實現這一目標並不簡單。

So China's 2060 carbon neutrality pledge came at a critical moment.

還記得那家斥資十億元 用於清理的煉鋼廠嗎？

But the implementation of it wouldn't be easy.

我們現在的新任務 就是要和該廠家一起回顧

Remember the steel plant that already spent one billion dollars to clean up?

處理一千萬噸碳排放量的方法。

而這僅是中國需要削減，或是抵消的

Now the new task is for us to review with it how to tackle

the 10 million metric tons of carbon emission.

總碳排放量中的百分之0.1而已。

And this is just zero point one percent

我們依舊需要善用信息透明化的力量。

of the carbon emissions that we need to stop or neutralize in China.

我與我的團隊推出了 零碳蔚藍地圖，

這是一個旨在 通過追蹤全國一百億噸碳排放量，

Again, we must tap into the power of transparency.

My team and I have launched a Blue Map for Zero Carbon,

來幫助中國實現其長遠目標的數據庫。

a database that needs to bring China's long-term national commitment

這就是零碳地圖的樣子。

down to where that 10 billion tons of carbon are actually emitted.

各省市在地圖上的顏色 代表著他們的排放水平。

This is how a zero-carbon map looks like.

通過趨勢分析，我們能夠追蹤

碳排放量在何時以及在何水平 會達到峰值，停止增長。

Each province and city is color-coded based on its level of emission.

如你所見， 北京和上海已經步入正軌。

With trend analysis,

tracking when and at what level the carbon will peak and stop growing.

可是例如唐山、銀川的其他城市 還有很長的路要走。

As you can see, the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, are on track,

為了促進同儕壓力和建立獎勵制度，

while others like Tangshan, like Yinchuan, still have a long way to go.

我們與中國環境研究院合作，

對各大省市， 能源以及原材料廠商的本土環境目標，

To generate peer pressure and incentives, we're working with our partner,

相關業績，以及其碳排放脫鉤趨勢 進行了評估。

the Chinese Academy of Environmental Science,

in assessing the local climate ambition,

performance and carbon-decoupling trends of major provinces,

我們發現，這些單位在測量能力 以及報導能力上

还存有明显缺口。

cities and energy and raw-material companies.

我們又與其他合作夥伴

One clear gap we identified

一同開發了一個數字碳排放核算平台。

is the lack of capacity in measuring and reporting.

迄今已有超過五千家廠商

Along with other partners,

因受到來自品牌和銀行的激勵，

we developed a digital carbon accounting platform.

計算並且報導了他們的碳排放、 以及其他排放量。

So far, more than five thousand companies have been motivated by brands and banks

然而，我的夢想是 讓數百萬家企業都來測量、

to calculate and report their carbon emissions or local emissions.

公开、並且減少它們的排放量。

But my dream is to empower millions of more businesses,

要知道，他們其中很多都是 全球供應鏈的一部分。

to measure and to report and to reduce their emissions.

如果你得知你每日消費的商品

超過百分之七十， 甚至有時高達百分之九十的碳足跡

Bear in mind many of them are part of this global supply chain.

If you know the product you consume day in and day out,

都發生在供應鏈內，

often has 70 percent or more,

你是否願意加入我們的行列， 來鼓勵大型企業、

and sometimes to up to 90 percent, of their carbon footprint

銀行、以及投资者，

促使他们將全球采购 以及投资项目绿色化？

in the supply chain,

would you join our efforts in motivating the big brands

碳排放並不是唯一的課題。

and banks and investors

目前，我們還在進一步擴大 蔚藍地圖的監管範疇，

to green their global sourcing and investment?

使其能夠涵蓋垃圾，塑料污染， 甚至生物多樣性等等方面，

And it's not just carbon.

從而鼓勵更多人加入這場

Today, we further expand the Blue Map

史無前例的全球碳歸零賽跑。

to cover waste and plastics and even biodiversity

so as to empower more people to join

而這場賽跑的優勝獎品 不過是對我們現代以及後代，

this unprecedented global race to zero.

以及對所有 生存在這顆星球的動植物來說

The prize for winning this ongoing race is nothing less than a better world

都更加美好的一個世界罷了。

for this generation and for the generations to come.

For mankind and for all the plants and animals

謝謝。

that call this planet their home.

Thank you.