What If Buildings Created Energy Instead of Consuming It? | Ksenia Petrichenko | TED

翻译人员: Yip Yan Yeung 校对人员: Helen Chang

Buildings are not only what they seem.

建筑物的外表 不是它们的全部。

They aren't just inert structures to live and work in.

它们不仅仅是供人居住 和工作的惰性结构体。

They're connected to the energy system.

它们还连接着能源系统。

And this makes buildings an essential element

这让建筑物成为了

使世界脱碳 不可忽视的一环。

of the efforts to decarbonize our world.

Today, I want to talk about changing our thinking

今天我想谈一谈

从另一个角度看待建筑物 在能源系统里的角色，

around the role of buildings in the energy system

and how they can transform to bring us closer to our climate targets.

它们又会做出什么样的改变， 让我们向着气候目标更进一步。

But first, I want to take you to where I grew up,

但是首先，我想带大家 去往我长大的地方——

in this building in a mid-sized city in Russia.

这栋位于俄罗斯 一座中等城市里的大楼。

To me, it looked [like] just a great concrete box,

对我来说，它就是个 巨大的水泥盒子，

like many others.

和其他的楼都一样。

There are indeed numerous buildings like this across Europe and Central Asia,

像这样的大楼 在欧洲和中亚屡见不鲜，

inherited from Soviet times.

自苏联时期沿袭下来。

They were built quickly to house as many people as possible,

它们的工程仓促， 尽可能地容纳更多的人，

without much consideration for their design,

也不怎么考虑设计、

comfort and energy usage.

舒适度或能耗。

This is true of many, many buildings across the world.

世界各地的大量建筑物 都存在同样的问题。

Nondescript housing and office boxes,

一个模子刻出来的住房、办公楼，

built fast and cheap, and all connected to the energy system.

仓促、廉价的建设， 且都与能源系统相连。

I live in Paris now,

我现在住在巴黎，

and though buildings there look much nicer,

虽然这里的建筑看起来 要精美得多，

from the perspective of energy, issues are similar.

但从能源的角度来看， 毛病也差不多。

High energy consumption,

能耗高，

reliance on fossil fuels

对化石燃料的依赖，

and high energy costs,

能源费用高昂，

driven even higher by the current energy crisis.

随着如今的能源危机 水涨船高。

In Paris, I work with International Energy Agency,

我在巴黎与国际能源署合作，

and we advise governments across the world on various energy issues.

我们为世界各地的政府 提供各种能源问题上的建议。

And for that, we look at data a lot.

这些建议源自 我们对数据的大量研究。

And our data shows that at the global scale,

我们的数据显示 从全球范围看，

buildings are responsible for about one third of total energy consumption

建筑物约占能耗总量

以及与能源及制造相关的 碳排放的三分之一。

and energy- and process-related carbon dioxide emissions.

In Europe, for example, 90 percent of buildings that exist today

比如在欧洲， 现存 90% 的建筑物

will still be standing and in use by 2050.

在 2050 年仍将矗立并被使用。

We are also building more new buildings.

而且我们还在建造更多的楼宇。

Our data shows that the global floor area

我们的数据表明全球建筑面积

is expected to increase by 75 percent by mid-century.

将在 2050 年之前 上涨 75%。

This is equivalent to adding an area the size of Paris every week

这相当于在接下来的 30 年内，

for the next 30 years.

每周增加一个巴黎的面积。

If this happens with energy consumption patterns of today,

如果我们依旧 采用如今的能耗模式，

this alone will make it very difficult to achieve our climate targets.

单单这一点就会让我们 更难以达成我们的气候目标。

Fortunately, we do have solutions available

所幸我们手上还有一些解决方案

to reduce direct emissions from buildings

让我们得以在 2050 年之前

by more than 95 percent by 2050.

减少 95% 的 建筑物直接碳排量。

And for this, we need three things:

为了达成这一点， 我们需要做到三件事：

efficiency,

能效、

electrification and decarbonization.

电气化和脱碳。

Energy efficiency must come first.

能效必须是第一件要考虑的事。

And in buildings, it should be improved in two ways.

就建筑物而言， 有两个提高能效的方式。

First, through improving energy efficiency of the building envelope

首先，可以提高建筑外墙的能效，

with better materials, design solutions,

采用更好的建材、设计方案、

insulation of walls, roofs, basements,

墙体、屋顶、地下室的隔热层

energy-efficient windows.

及高能效门窗。

Second, through improving energy efficiency

第二，可以提高

of all appliances and equipment used in building --

建筑物内使用的 所有电器和设备的能效，

for space heating and cooling, water heating,

可能用于供暖、制冷、热水系统、

lighting, cooking, working and entertainment.

照明、烹饪、工作和娱乐。

However, energy efficiency, as they say, takes a village.

但是能效问题牵涉甚广。

Many forces and interests interact

建筑物的建设和翻新过程

during construction and renovation of a building.

牵扯了多方势力和利益。

The developers, the owners, the regulators, the architects,

开发商、业主、 监管机构、建筑师、

the suppliers of technologies,

技术供应商、

the market itself exerting price pressure.

市场本身都在施加价格压力。

All these need to be aligned.

这些都得达成一致。

And it all starts with the governments mandating

第一步可以是政府通过法律法规

minimum energy efficiency requirements through their regulation,

要求达到最低能效标准，

putting the right incentives in place and providing clear information tools.

采取合适的激励措施， 提供清晰的信息获取工具。

Building energy codes,

为电器和设备制定能源法规、

standards and labeling for appliances and equipment, as well as buildings,

标准和标签， 同样也适用于建筑物，

are among the most effective instruments at our disposal --

这就是我们手边最有效的工具之一，

if they're enforced well and together with other supporting mechanisms.

前提是高效地推行了这样的举措， 再配合上其他机制的支持。

Energy efficiency in buildings also depends on us as consumers,

建筑物的能效还取决于 作为消费者的我们，

the choices we make,

我们做的选择、

buildings we decide to live in,

我们要居住的楼宇、

appliances and devices we buy

我们购买的电器和设备

and the way we use them at home or our workplaces.

和我们在家里或工作场所 使用它们的方式。

So what is the result of improving energy efficiency?

提高能效能带来什么结果呢？

Significant energy savings,

节省大量能源、

reduced CO2 emissions,

减少碳排、

lower energy bills

降低电费、

and improved comfort, productivity

提高居民的舒适度、 生产力，改善健康。

and health of people living in them.

The second thing we need is a massive shift towards electricity.

我们需要做的第二件事是 为电力的使用做出巨大改变。

And of course I mean clean, decarbonized electricity

我指的当然是 清洁、脱碳的电力，

produced from solar, wind and other low-carbon sources.

由太阳、风力或其他低碳来源 产生的电力。

If we look at Europe, for instance,

我们以欧洲为例，

more than 40 percent of households

超过 40% 的家庭

rely on natural gas for space heating and cooking.

依靠天然气供暖和做饭。

To complicate matters,

更复杂的是，

40 percent of all gas consumed in Europe last year was imported from Russia.

去年欧洲天然气总消耗的 40% 进口自俄罗斯。

So there is a climate imperative,

这不仅是个气候问题上的要务，

but also a strong geopolitical and energy security imperative

还是个地缘政治 和能源安全问题上的要务，

to electrify and decarbonize our buildings

让我们的建筑物 电气化、脱碳，

and make them as efficient as possible.

尽可能地达到高效。

This doesn't only mean replacing energy supply from a gas pipeline

这不仅仅意味着 不再通过天然气管道供应能源，

with energy supply from an electric line.

而是使用输电线供应能源。

And here I reach back to my opening point.

我现在要说回我一开场的观点。

We need to look at buildings differently.

我们得以不同的视角 看待建筑物。

Not only as great concrete boxes, as I used to do,

不仅是从前我眼中的 巨大水泥盒子，

but as potential active players in the energy system.

还是能源系统里 潜在的重要一环。

So how can we make buildings active?

那我们该如何让建筑物 发挥作用呢？

Through installing efficient and low-carbon technologies

我们可以通过安装 高效、低碳的科技，

such as solar panels,

如太阳能板、

heat pumps, energy storage,

热泵、储能系统，

making use of smart and digital tools.

利用智能、数字化的工具。

All technologies we already have,

我们现有的各种科技，

and in many cases their costs are decreasing.

在很多场景下， 它们的成本都在降低。

Let me introduce a word we don’t often hear:

我要介绍一个不常听说的词语：

“prosumer.”

“产消者（prosumer）”。

Think of a building not only as a consumer of energy,

想象一下一栋楼 不仅是能源的消耗者，

but as prosumer,

还是“产消者”，

both consuming and producing.

又消耗又生产。

Most buildings can produce at least part of the energy they need.

大多数建筑物至少可以产生 它们所需能量的其中一部分。

In many cases, they can produce more.

很有可能还能产生更多。

Such buildings already exist in many parts of the world.

世界上很多地方 已经有了这样的建筑物。

In Switzerland, for example,

比如瑞士，

there is even a single family house

一个家庭住房甚至可以产生

that produces 800 percent of the energy it needs.

它自身所需能量的 800%。

But still, we have a long way to go to make them a common practice.

但是要普及这个模式 仍有很长的路要走。

Besides challenges with improving energy efficiency

除了提高能效

and installing low-carbon technologies,

和采用低碳技术的挑战，

another obstacle is that our electricity networks,

还有一个阻碍 是我们的电力网络，

or grids, as we call them,

即所谓的“电网”，

were designed to operate

是配合大型中央发电源， 如发电厂使用的。

with large centralized sources of generation, like power plants.

And their design hasn't changed much over the past century.

它们的设计在过去百年里 没有发生过什么变化。

So increasing decentralized

如果可以增加去中心化

or distributed, smaller-scale generation,

或分布式、小规模的发电，

especially from variable renewable sources like solar and wind,

尤其是来自可变可再生能源， 如太阳能和风能，

can really put pressure on existing electricity grids

就真的可以给现有电网施压，

and challenge their stability.

质疑它们的稳定性。

So we also need to rethink the way our entire electricity system is designed.

我们还需要重新考虑 我们整个电力系统的设计方式。

Smart grids can communicate to a building

智能电网可以通过

through software algorithms and smart controls,

软件算法和智能控制 与建筑物交流，

and, for example, send a signal to a connected device,

比如，向已连接的设备发送信号，

such as your heating system,

比如让你的供暖系统

to temporarily stop or reduce energy use,

暂停或减少能耗，

or, if possible, shift it to the time

或者如果可能的话，

when electricity is more available, cleaner or cheaper.

在可用电量更多， 电力更清洁或低价时启动。

This can really improve the robustness of the electricity network

这样做可以真正 改善电力网络的稳定性，

and help to avoid, for example, rolling blackouts,

有助于避免例如滚动停电等

which are becoming more common,

越来越常见的问题，

while consumers can get paid for it.

同时消费者还能够因此获得报酬。

If you have an electric car

如果你有电动汽车，

and you keep it plugged in for a prolonged period of time,

长时间一直插着电，

a smart charger can help to find the best time to charge it,

那智能充电器就能 找到充电的最佳时机，

depending on the information from the grid.

基于电网提供的信息。

This can help save you money and support the electricity system.

这可以帮你省钱， 又支持了电力系统。

It gets even more interesting.

还有更有趣的。

Electric cars are essentially batteries on wheels,

电动汽车说白了就是带轮子的电池，

so they can also be used as energy storage

所以它们可以作为储能器，

and dispatch electricity to the home or to the grid

在需要时为房屋或电网输送电力。

at the time of need.

A building itself can be used to store energy for some time,

建筑物本身有时可以用来储能，

but you need to make it energy-efficient first.

但首先你得保证它的高效节能。

Potentially you can also get paid

你也有潜在的赚钱机会，

for making your energy storage available

通过把你的储能器

for electricity system to store renewable electricity

贡献给电力系统，

在可再生能源过剩时储存电力。

when there is too much of it,

for example, when there is a lot of sunshine or wind,

比如阳光或风力过剩，

but demand is not high enough to use it all.

但需求又不足以完全消耗 这些电力的时候。

It's almost like renting your spare bedroom on Airbnb,

就像在爱彼迎上出租你空置的卧室，

just for hosting electricity.

你也可以用你的空间装电力。

Now imagine a future with many, many buildings,

想象未来有很多很多的建筑物、

solar panels, electric cars,

太阳能板、电动汽车、

energy storage, other distributed devices,

储能系统，还有别的分布式设备，

drawing electricity from the grid and supplying electricity back to it.

从电网接收电力， 再往回输送电力。

Obviously we would need a way to manage all this data efficiently

显然我们需要一个高效、 实时管理所有数据的方式，

and in real time,

make sure that devices interact well with each other

确保所有设备正常交互，

and are able to communicate to the grid

可以与电网交流，

and optimize electricity demand and supply for the entire system.

优化整个系统的电力供需。

Virtual power plants,

虚拟发电厂、

digital and intelligent platforms can do just that.

数字智能平台就能做到这一点。

They can aggregate electricity consumption and production

它们可以整合来自多种分散资源的

from many distributed resources,

电力消耗和生产，

make use of local storage

充分利用本地存储，

and manage complex interactions.

管理复杂的交互过程。

Virtual power plants can also facilitate

虚拟发电厂还能协调

peer-to-peer renewable electricity trading.

点对点（P2P） 可再生电力交易。

Imagine that electricity that your building produced,

想象一下你的建筑物 产生的电力，

for example, from solar panels,

假设来自太阳能板，

but you don't need at the moment,

但你现在不需要，

you can sell directly to another building that needs it

你就可以通过线上平台

直接将其卖给有需要的 另一个建筑物。

via an online platform.

A project like this has been running already for several years

有一个这样的项目 已经运行了好几年，

in one of the districts in Bangkok

位于曼谷的一个区，

and is showing benefits to the consumers, the grid and the planet.

让消费者、电网和地球受益。

There are other pilot projects like this in different countries,

各国都有这样的试点项目，

but for them to scale,

但如果要扩大规模，

our policy frameworks and electricity market design

我们的政策框架和电力市场设计

need to undergo substantial changes.

必须发生巨变。

Our buildings need to become more efficient

我们的建筑物得更高效，

and grids need to evolve into smarter managers

让电网成为分散能源的

of distributed energy resources.

更智能的管理者。

It's a dramatic shift.

这是天翻地覆的变化。

It's like going from all-television world with a single broadcaster

这就像从单点广播的电视世界

to a new, connected world

转向了全新的互联世界，

where everyone can generate and share their own content.

每个人都能在这里 生产、分享自己的内容。

Remember that building I grew up in?

记得我长大的那栋楼吗？

You might be surprised,

你可能会感到意外，

but during winter, it would often get too hot inside the apartment,

但是冬天它的内部总是会太热，

even if it was -30 outside.

就算外面零下 30 度。

It was because of highly inefficient central heating system,

这是由于它极度低效的 中央供暖系统，

which we couldn't control or do anything about.

我们不能控制它，束手无策。

So we did this.

于是我们做了这件事。

Yes. We had to open the windows to get some fresh air and more comfort.

没错。我们得打开窗户， 透透新鲜的空气，舒服舒服。

Now I want to take you to my current flat in Paris,

现在我想带大家来到 我在巴黎现居的公寓，

where I have tiny but very smart boxes attached to my electric heaters,

我的电暖气边上有一个 很小但很聪明的盒子，

which can automatically turn them on and off,

可以自动启动、关闭电暖气，

maintaining comfortable temperatures,

维持舒适的室温，

lowering my energy bills and providing flexibility to the grid.

降低我的电费， 也为电网提供了灵活度。

And I can control all that on my smartphone.

我可以通过我的手机 控制这些设置。

The technologies -- that we have.

我们已经有了这些科技。

Now we need the policies, the investments, the will --

我们现在需要政策、投资、意愿，

and a new way to look at buildings not just passive users of energy,

还需要看待建筑物的新方式， 不止是能源的被动使用者，

but as active players in the energy system.

而是能源系统里的主动一员。

Buildings that can consume and produce energy efficiently,

可以高效消耗、生产能源，

interact with a smart grid and respond to its signals,

与智能电网互动， 回应信号，

providing flexibility and bringing us closer to our climate targets.

提供灵活性，让我们 更接近气候目标的建筑物。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）