What If Buildings Created Energy Instead of Consuming It? | Ksenia Petrichenko | TED

譯者: 麗玲 辛 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

Buildings are not only what they seem.

建築物不僅是外表的樣子。

They aren't just inert structures to live and work in.

它們不只是我們在其中 生活和工作的不動產。

They're connected to the energy system.

建築物會連結能源系統，

And this makes buildings an essential element

因此建築成為實現 脫碳目標的重要因子。

of the efforts to decarbonize our world.

Today, I want to talk about changing our thinking

今天，我想談談改變認知，

around the role of buildings in the energy system

有關建築在能源系統中的角色，

and how they can transform to bring us closer to our climate targets.

以及建築如何轉變才能 幫助我們達成氣候目標。

But first, I want to take you to where I grew up,

但首先，我想帶你去我長大的地方，

in this building in a mid-sized city in Russia.

在俄羅斯一個中等城市的這座大樓裡。

To me, it looked [like] just a great concrete box,

對我來說，它看起來 就像是個混凝土大箱子，

like many others.

跟許多大樓一樣。

There are indeed numerous buildings like this across Europe and Central Asia,

歐洲和中亞的確有很多這樣的建築，

inherited from Soviet times.

從蘇聯時代傳承下來的。

They were built quickly to house as many people as possible,

它們的建造速度很快， 要容納盡可能多的人，

without much consideration for their design,

所以沒有考慮太多設計、

comfort and energy usage.

舒適度和能源使用。

This is true of many, many buildings across the world.

世界上許多建築都是如此。

Nondescript housing and office boxes,

不起眼的住房和辦公室大樓，

built fast and cheap, and all connected to the energy system.

建造得又快又便宜， 也都和能源系統相連。

I live in Paris now,

我現在住在巴黎，

and though buildings there look much nicer,

雖然那裡的建築看起來好很多，

from the perspective of energy, issues are similar.

從能源的角度來看， 卻有相同的問題。

High energy consumption,

高耗能、依賴化石燃料 和高能源價格，

reliance on fossil fuels

and high energy costs,

driven even higher by the current energy crisis.

在當前能源危機的推動下 甚至更加上漲。

In Paris, I work with International Energy Agency,

在巴黎，我在國際能源署工作，

and we advise governments across the world on various energy issues.

我們就各種能源問題 向世界各國政府提供建議。

And for that, we look at data a lot.

為此，我們經常查看數據。

And our data shows that at the global scale,

我們的數據顯示，在全球範圍內，

buildings are responsible for about one third of total energy consumption

建築物約佔三分之一的總能源消耗

以及跟能源和過程相關的 二氧化碳排放量。

and energy- and process-related carbon dioxide emissions.

In Europe, for example, 90 percent of buildings that exist today

例如，在歐洲，現存 90% 的建築物

will still be standing and in use by 2050.

到 2050 年仍將在使用中。

We are also building more new buildings.

我們也會建造更多的新建築物。

Our data shows that the global floor area

我們的數據顯示，

到本世紀中葉，全球建築面積 預計將增加 75%。

is expected to increase by 75 percent by mid-century.

This is equivalent to adding an area the size of Paris every week

這相當於在接下來的 30 年裡 每週增加一個巴黎大小的區域。

for the next 30 years.

If this happens with energy consumption patterns of today,

如果這種情況伴隨著 當今能源消費模式，

this alone will make it very difficult to achieve our climate targets.

光這點就很難達成我們的氣候目標。

Fortunately, we do have solutions available

幸運的是，我們確實有方法

to reduce direct emissions from buildings

可以在 2050 年前， 將建築物的直接排放量

by more than 95 percent by 2050.

減少 95% 以上。

And for this, we need three things:

為此，我們需要三件事：

efficiency,

效率、電氣化和脫碳。

electrification and decarbonization.

Energy efficiency must come first.

能源效率必須放在第一位。

And in buildings, it should be improved in two ways.

在建築方面，應該 從兩個方面進行改善。

First, through improving energy efficiency of the building envelope

首先，提高建築外殼的能源效率，

with better materials, design solutions,

使用更好的材料、設計方案、

insulation of walls, roofs, basements,

改善牆壁、屋頂、地下室

energy-efficient windows.

和節能窗戶的隔熱。

Second, through improving energy efficiency

其次，提高建築裏使用的 所有電器和設備的能源效率—

of all appliances and equipment used in building --

for space heating and cooling, water heating,

暖氣和冷氣、熱水、照明、 烹飪、工作和娛樂。

lighting, cooking, working and entertainment.

However, energy efficiency, as they say, takes a village.

然而，正如人們所知， 能源效率需要齊力而為。

Many forces and interests interact

在建築物建造和整修過程中， 多方力量和利益相互影響。

during construction and renovation of a building.

The developers, the owners, the regulators, the architects,

開發商、業主、監管者、 建築師、技術供應商、

the suppliers of technologies,

the market itself exerting price pressure.

加上市場本身施加價格壓力。

All these need to be aligned.

所有方面都需要同步齊心。

And it all starts with the governments mandating

這一切始於政府，通過監管，

minimum energy efficiency requirements through their regulation,

強制執行最低能源效率要求，

putting the right incentives in place and providing clear information tools.

制定正確的激勵措施 並提供清晰的資訊工具。

Building energy codes,

建築能源法規、標準和

standards and labeling for appliances and equipment, as well as buildings,

電器、設備及建築物的標示

are among the most effective instruments at our disposal --

都是我們可以使用的最有效工具——

if they're enforced well and together with other supporting mechanisms.

如果妥善實施，並與 其他支持機制並行。

Energy efficiency in buildings also depends on us as consumers,

建築物的能源效率 還取決於我們消費者、

the choices we make,

我們做出的選擇、

buildings we decide to live in,

我們決定居住的建築物、

appliances and devices we buy

我們購買的電器和設備、

and the way we use them at home or our workplaces.

以及我們在家裏或工作場所 使用它們的方式。

So what is the result of improving energy efficiency?

那麼，提高能源效率會有什麼效果？

Significant energy savings,

顯著的能源節約，

reduced CO2 emissions,

二氧化碳排放減少，

lower energy bills

電費支出降低，

and improved comfort, productivity

居民的舒適度、生產力和健康改善。

and health of people living in them.

The second thing we need is a massive shift towards electricity.

我們需要的第二件事是 大規模轉向電力發電。

And of course I mean clean, decarbonized electricity

當然，我指的是清潔的低碳電力，

produced from solar, wind and other low-carbon sources.

由太陽、風和其他低碳能源生產。

If we look at Europe, for instance,

例如，在歐洲，

more than 40 percent of households

超過 40% 的家庭

rely on natural gas for space heating and cooking.

依賴天然氣取暖和烹飪。

To complicate matters,

讓事情複雜化的是，

40 percent of all gas consumed in Europe last year was imported from Russia.

去年歐洲消耗的所有天然氣中 有 40% 是從俄羅斯進口的。

So there is a climate imperative,

因此，面對迫切的氣候因素，

but also a strong geopolitical and energy security imperative

加上地緣政治和能源安全的重要性，

to electrify and decarbonize our buildings

我們的建築必須達成電氣化和脫碳，

and make them as efficient as possible.

並儘可能提高效率。

This doesn't only mean replacing energy supply from a gas pipeline

這不只是用電力線的能源供應

with energy supply from an electric line.

取代天然氣管道的能源供應。

And here I reach back to my opening point.

在這裡，我回到我的開場白。

We need to look at buildings differently.

我們需要以不同的方式看待建築物。

Not only as great concrete boxes, as I used to do,

不再是我以前認知的混凝土大箱子，

but as potential active players in the energy system.

而是能源系統中潛在的主動參與者。

So how can we make buildings active?

那麼我們怎樣才能讓建築主動參與呢？

Through installing efficient and low-carbon technologies

通過安裝高效低碳技術，

such as solar panels,

如太陽能電板、

heat pumps, energy storage,

熱泵、儲能裝置等

making use of smart and digital tools.

同時利用智慧數位工具。

All technologies we already have,

這些技術我們都有，

and in many cases their costs are decreasing.

在多數情況下，它們的成本正在降低。

Let me introduce a word we don’t often hear:

容我介紹一個我們不常聽到的詞：

“prosumer.”

產消者（prosumer）。

Think of a building not only as a consumer of energy,

將建築物不僅視為能源消費者，

but as prosumer,

也視為產消者，

both consuming and producing.

既消費又生產。

Most buildings can produce at least part of the energy they need.

大多數建築物至少可以 生產所需的部分能源。

In many cases, they can produce more.

許多時候，他們可以生產更多。

Such buildings already exist in many parts of the world.

這樣的建築已經存在於世界各地。

In Switzerland, for example,

例如，在瑞士，

there is even a single family house

甚至有個家庭住宅

that produces 800 percent of the energy it needs.

可以生產其所需能源的八倍。

But still, we have a long way to go to make them a common practice.

但要使這樣的建築成為普遍， 我們還有很長的路要走。

Besides challenges with improving energy efficiency

除了提高能源效率和 安裝低碳技術設施的挑戰外，

and installing low-carbon technologies,

another obstacle is that our electricity networks,

另一個障礙是我們的電力網絡，

or grids, as we call them,

或所謂的電網，

were designed to operate

原先是設計跟大型集中式發電源， 如發電廠，一起運行。

with large centralized sources of generation, like power plants.

And their design hasn't changed much over the past century.

電網的設計在近百年沒有太大變化。

So increasing decentralized

因此，增加分散式

or distributed, smaller-scale generation,

或分佈式的小規模發電，

especially from variable renewable sources like solar and wind,

尤其是來自太陽能和風能等 可變可再生能源的發電，

can really put pressure on existing electricity grids

確實會給現有電網帶來壓力，

and challenge their stability.

並考驗其穩定性。

So we also need to rethink the way our entire electricity system is designed.

因此，我們還需要重新思考 整個電力系統的設計方式。

Smart grids can communicate to a building

智慧電網可以通過軟體演算法

through software algorithms and smart controls,

和智慧控制與建築物溝通，

and, for example, send a signal to a connected device,

例如，向連接的設備 （如暖氣系統）發送信號，

such as your heating system,

to temporarily stop or reduce energy use,

以暫時停止或減少能源使用，

or, if possible, shift it to the time

或者，如果可以，將設備轉移到

when electricity is more available, cleaner or cheaper.

電力更多、更清潔或更便宜的時段。

This can really improve the robustness of the electricity network

這可以真正提高電力網絡的穩健性，

and help to avoid, for example, rolling blackouts,

並有助於避免越來越常見的輪流停電，

which are becoming more common,

while consumers can get paid for it.

同時消費者可以得到收益。

If you have an electric car

如果你有一輛電動汽車，

and you keep it plugged in for a prolonged period of time,

並且長時間插電，

a smart charger can help to find the best time to charge it,

智慧充電器可以幫忙 找到最佳充電時間，

depending on the information from the grid.

依來自電網的資訊判斷。

This can help save you money and support the electricity system.

這可以幫你省錢並支援電力系統。

It gets even more interesting.

更有趣的是，

Electric cars are essentially batteries on wheels,

電動汽車本質上是裝在輪子上的電池，

so they can also be used as energy storage

因此它們也可以用來儲能，

and dispatch electricity to the home or to the grid

並在需要時，將電能 輸送到家庭或電網。

at the time of need.

A building itself can be used to store energy for some time,

建築物本身可以用來 儲存一段時間的能源，

but you need to make it energy-efficient first.

但你需要先讓它節能。

Potentially you can also get paid

當可再生電力過多時，你還可以 利用你的儲能系統儲電，

for making your energy storage available

for electricity system to store renewable electricity

再賣給電力系統而獲得報酬，

when there is too much of it,

for example, when there is a lot of sunshine or wind,

例如，有大量陽光或風，

but demand is not high enough to use it all.

但需求不夠高，電力用不完。

It's almost like renting your spare bedroom on Airbnb,

這幾乎就像在愛彼迎上 租用你的空房，

just for hosting electricity.

不過是租給電力住。

Now imagine a future with many, many buildings,

現在想像一個未來，有很多很多建築物、

solar panels, electric cars,

太陽能電板、電動汽車、

energy storage, other distributed devices,

儲能裝置和其他分佈設備，

drawing electricity from the grid and supplying electricity back to it.

從電網中汲取電力，也回供電力。

Obviously we would need a way to manage all this data efficiently

顯然，我們需要一種方法來 高效、即時地管理所有數據，

and in real time,

make sure that devices interact well with each other

確保設備之間的良好配合，

and are able to communicate to the grid

並能夠與電網溝通，

and optimize electricity demand and supply for the entire system.

從而優化整個系統的電力需求和供應。

Virtual power plants,

虛擬電廠、數位智慧平台 可以做到這一點。

digital and intelligent platforms can do just that.

They can aggregate electricity consumption and production

他們可以聚合來自許多 分佈資源的電力消耗和生產，

from many distributed resources,

make use of local storage

利用本地存儲，並管理複雜的互動。

and manage complex interactions.

Virtual power plants can also facilitate

虛擬電廠還可以促進

peer-to-peer renewable electricity trading.

點對點可再生電力的交易。

Imagine that electricity that your building produced,

想像一下，例如，你的房子生產 來自太陽能電板的電力，

for example, from solar panels,

but you don't need at the moment,

但你目前用不上，

you can sell directly to another building that needs it

你可以通過線上平台直接出售 給另一座需要電力的建築物。

via an online platform.

A project like this has been running already for several years

像這樣的項目已經在曼谷的 一個地區運行了數年，

in one of the districts in Bangkok

and is showing benefits to the consumers, the grid and the planet.

也展現對消費者、 電網和地球的好處。

There are other pilot projects like this in different countries,

在不同國家還有其他類似的實驗計畫，

but for them to scale,

但如要擴大規模，

our policy frameworks and electricity market design

我們的政策框架和電力市場設計 還需要進行重大改革。

need to undergo substantial changes.

Our buildings need to become more efficient

我們的建築需要變得更加高效，

and grids need to evolve into smarter managers

電網需要進化成為更具智慧的 分佈式能源管理中心。

of distributed energy resources.

It's a dramatic shift.

這是一個戲劇性的轉變。

It's like going from all-television world with a single broadcaster

這就像從單一廣播公司的全電視時代

to a new, connected world

進入一個新的互聯世界，

where everyone can generate and share their own content.

每個人都可以製作和分享自己的內容。

Remember that building I grew up in?

還記得我長大的那棟樓嗎？

You might be surprised,

您可能會感到驚訝，

but during winter, it would often get too hot inside the apartment,

在冬天，

即使外面是 -30 度， 公寓內的溫度經常變得太熱。

even if it was -30 outside.

It was because of highly inefficient central heating system,

這是因為中央暖氣系統效率極低，

which we couldn't control or do anything about.

而且我們無法調控或採取任何措施。

So we did this.

所以我們只好這麼做。

Yes. We had to open the windows to get some fresh air and more comfort.

是的。我們不得不打開窗戶 以獲得新鮮空氣和更舒適的環境。

Now I want to take you to my current flat in Paris,

現在我想帶你去我目前在巴黎的公寓，

where I have tiny but very smart boxes attached to my electric heaters,

我的電熱器上裝有小巧的智慧控制盒，

which can automatically turn them on and off,

它可以自動開關電熱器，

maintaining comfortable temperatures,

保持舒適的溫度，

lowering my energy bills and providing flexibility to the grid.

降低我的電費支出並為電網提供彈性。

And I can control all that on my smartphone.

這些我都可以在手機上控制。

The technologies -- that we have.

我們已經有這些技術，

Now we need the policies, the investments, the will --

現在我們需要政策、投資、意願——

and a new way to look at buildings not just passive users of energy,

以及一種新的方式來看待建築，

不再將建築視為能源的被動用戶， 而是能源系統中的積極參與者。

but as active players in the energy system.

Buildings that can consume and produce energy efficiently,

建築能夠高效使用及生產能源、

interact with a smart grid and respond to its signals,

與智慧電網互動、回應 其訊息，提供彈性，

providing flexibility and bringing us closer to our climate targets.

並幫助我們更接近氣候目標。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）