How to Revitalize a Neighborhood -- Without Gentrification | Bree Jones | TED

翻译人员: Ashlyn Wang 校对人员: Yip Yan Yeung

Picture this.

想象一下。

You have the opportunity to own a beautiful home

你有机会在一个历史悠久、 文化底蕴深厚的社区，

in a historic neighborhood with deep cultural roots

拥有一栋美丽的房子，

designed by some of the best urban planners in the world.

由全世界最好的城市规划师设计。

all in a charming waterfront city.

坐落在一座迷人的滨水城市。

You'd want to live here, right?

你会想住在这里的，对吧？

But what if I told you that this home was in an area of Baltimore

但如果我告诉你 这栋房子位于巴尔的摩

called the Black Butterfly,

一个被称为“黑蝴蝶”的地区。

where block after block of these beautiful historic row homes

成片的排屋美丽又富有历史气息，

sit vacant and are negatively valued,

但是都空置着， 而且估价为负值，

meaning that the cost to repair each home

这意味着修复每栋房屋的成本

is actually more than what the market says it's worth.

实际上超过了它的市场价值。

Somehow the market must be broken. Right?

市场一定是出了什么问题，对吧？

What's going on here?

这到底是怎么回事？

I’ve been studying the way housing markets work -- or don’t work --

过去十年，我一直在研究 住房市场的功过。

for the last decade.

I started my career in investment finance on Wall Street,

我的职业生涯始于 在华尔街从事投资金融。

but when my hometown on the outskirts of New York City

但当我位于纽约郊区的家乡

began to be gentrified,

开始“绅士化” （或“中产阶层化”）时，

it pushed me into becoming a housing advocate.

它促使我成为了住房倡导者。

I learned more about the racist policies

我对联邦和地方政府强制执行的

mandated by federal and local governments

种族主义政策有了更多的了解，

like redlining and urban renewal

如拒绝贷款和城市重建，

that gutted once thriving Black communities across the country

破坏了全国各地 曾经繁荣的黑人社区，

and prevented Black citizens

并阻止黑人公民

from building wealth through homeownership.

通过拥有住房来创造财富。

These communities typically face two trajectories.

这些社区通常面临两条发展轨迹。

The first is a downward spiral,

第一条是恶性循环。

where political and financial disinvestment

政治和金融撤资 导致的过度空缺和衰败

causes hypervacancy and decay

that pushes people out of a neighborhood.

迫使人们离开社区。

Big banks see this exodus as confirmation that these neighborhoods are risky,

大银行认为居民大批离去的情况 证明了这些社区是有风险的、

defeated, unredeemable.

失败的、无药可救的。

And so without investment, the cycle of distress continues.

因此，如果没有投资， 这个困境循环就会继续。

The second trajectory is gentrification,

第二条轨迹是绅士化。

where developers are able to capitalize off of this distress

开发商可以利用这种困境

by buying undervalued properties,

通过购买估值偏低的房产，

pumping money into them

向其注入资金

without considering the needs or wants of legacy residents,

而不考虑原住民的需求或愿望。

and then renting or reselling them at much, much higher costs,

然后以高得多的价格 出租或转售这些房产，

causing displacement.

造成居民被迫迁离。

So my question became:

因此，我的问题变成了：

Can we do development without displacement?

我们能否在不造成被迫迁离的情况下 对社区进行开发？

Is there another way?

有没有别的方式？

I quit my job on Wall Street and moved to Baltimore,

我从华尔街辞职并搬去了巴尔的摩，

the city that birthed redlining,

那个诞生了“拒绝贷款”政策的城市，

with a single suitcase to find out.

我带着一个行李箱去寻找答案。

My first inclination was to meet with investors

我第一个意愿是与投资者见面，

and, you know, to raise funds for my idea.

为我的想法筹集资金。

And I was literally laughed out of the room.

我被人嘲笑着拒绝了。

They said that my idea was impossible

他们说我的想法是不可能实现的。

and that we would build homes that would sit empty for lack of demand.

我们建造的房屋 会因为缺乏需求而被空置。

But I knew in my heart of hearts that that wasn't true.

但我心里明白 那不是真的。

Unexpectedly in that moment,

那时候没想到，

being rejected by investors was the most important moment in my journey,

被投资者拒绝 是我旅程中最重要的时刻。

because I realized that we didn't need big institutions

因为我意识到我们不需要大机构

to affirm the value of our communities.

来证实我们社区的价值。

We’d affirm our own value through social capital.

我们会通过社会资本 来证明自己的价值。

And so I started my non-profit, Parity,

因此，我创办了 自己的非盈利组织Parity，

which creates upfront demand for homeownership opportunities

在过度空置的社区创造 对购房机会的前期需求，

in neighborhoods experiencing hypervacancy

simply by tapping into existing social networks.

只需要通过挖掘现有的社交网络 便可达成。

What started as an idea from just one

一开始仅是一个人的想法，

has grown into a collective movement

后来发展成了一个 由八人组成的集体活动，

of eight, then 19 and now 44 future homeowners.

然后是十九人， 现在是四十四位未来房主。

All through word of mouth.

全部通过口口相传。

And we have a waitlist of over --

我们有一个等待名单……

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you.

谢谢。

Thank you.

谢谢。

And we now have a waitlist of over 100 people

我们的等待名单上现在有超过一百人

wanting to join our intentional community.

希望能加入我们这个理念社区。

Like Yolanda,

如尤兰达（Yolanda），

who's ready to buy a home to leave a legacy for her daughters.

准备买房子 以给女儿们留下一份遗产。

Or Jenee,

或者詹妮（Jenee），

a fourth-generation Baltimorean

第四代巴尔的摩居民，

whose father vividly remembers the demolition of black homes

其父亲清楚地记得 黑人居民住宅被拆毁，

to make way for a highway to nowhere.

以便为一条不通往任何地方的 高速公路让路。

Ako, whose family left West Baltimore when he was just a baby

阿科（Ako），他的家人在他 还是个婴儿时就离开了西巴尔的摩，

but now is coming back home to his origins to be part of the revitalization.

但现在回到了他的家乡， 加入复兴行动。

And Modinat, who like me, came to Baltimore from New York

还有莫迪纳（Modinat）， 和我一样从纽约来到巴尔的摩，

to settle down and build a future.

定居下来，创造未来。

There are three key reasons why our work is transformational.

有三个关键原因说明 我们的工作是变革性的。

The first is that we are leading the purchase and renovation

第一个是我们正在领导

of dozens of decades-long abandoned buildings

数十栋废弃长达数十年的 建筑的购买和翻新，

and reselling them at deeply affordable price points.

并将其以非常实惠的价格进行转售。

The second is that we not only support our homebuyers

第二个是我们不仅支持我们的购房者

to become credit-qualified and mortgage-approved,

获得信贷资格和抵押贷款许可，

but we're creating the opportunity for folks to build deep social bonds

同时也在为人们创造与他们未来邻居

and friendships with their future neighbors.

建立深厚的社交联系和友谊的机会。

And three, we're preventing the displacement of legacy residents

第三，我们正在防止 原住民被迫迁移，

by ensuring that they have the resources that they need to stay in their homes

确保他们拥有能够 让他们继续住在自己家中的资源

and transfer their wealth to the next generation.

并将他们的财富传给下一代。

We're healing the social fabric of the neighborhood

在我们重建建筑环境的同时，

as we're rebuilding the built environment.

我们正在修复社区中的社会结构。

Contrary to the dominant narrative,

与主流说法相反的是，

there absolutely is demand for housing in historically Black neighborhoods

被种族主义政策摧毁的、 历史悠久的黑人社区里，

devastated by racist policy.

绝对存在住房需求。

We've tapped into a hunger and appetite

我们已经挖掘出隐藏在 传统资本市场盲区中的

hiding in the blind spots of the traditional capital markets.

饥渴和欲望。

Remember those folks that laughed me out of the room?

还记得那些嘲笑着拒绝我的人吗？

Well, we have more --

我们有更多——

Within just two years' time,

在短短两年的时间内，

we now have more demand for our homes than we have homes.

如今我们的住房供不应求。

We're sold out.

我们的住房已经售罄。

And so can we do development without displacement?

所以我们能否在不造成 被迫迁离的情况下进行开发？

We absolutely can.

我们当然可以。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）