How to Revitalize a Neighborhood -- Without Gentrification | Bree Jones | TED

譯者: Ch'ng Tsu Pang 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

Picture this.

想像一下。 你能擁有一棟美麗的房屋，

You have the opportunity to own a beautiful home

in a historic neighborhood with deep cultural roots

房屋建在有著深厚文化根基的古老街區，

designed by some of the best urban planners in the world.

由世界上最好的一些城市設計師打造。

all in a charming waterfront city.

這一切都在一個迷人的海濱城市裡發生。

You'd want to live here, right?

你會想住在那裡，對吧？

But what if I told you that this home was in an area of Baltimore

但如果我告訴你，這棟房子位於巴爾的摩

called the Black Butterfly,

一個稱為黑蝴蝶（Black Butterfly）的地方，

where block after block of these beautiful historic row homes

街區裡的排屋美麗又古典，

sit vacant and are negatively valued,

這些空屋的實際價值為負，

meaning that the cost to repair each home

也就是說它們的維修費用

is actually more than what the market says it's worth.

其實遠比市場預估的價值更高。

Somehow the market must be broken. Right?

市場應該有問題對吧？

What's going on here?

這到底是怎麼回事？

I’ve been studying the way housing markets work -- or don’t work --

在過去的十年中 我一直在研究房市長的運營模式。

for the last decade.

我最初是在華爾街從事金融投資的。

I started my career in investment finance on Wall Street,

but when my hometown on the outskirts of New York City

但當我位於紐約市郊區的家鄉小鎮

began to be gentrified,

開始紳士化時，

it pushed me into becoming a housing advocate.

它促使我成為一位住房倡導者。

I learned more about the racist policies

我更深入地瞭解由聯邦及當地政府所制定的

mandated by federal and local governments

種族歧視政策，

like redlining and urban renewal

像紅線政策或都市更新。

that gutted once thriving Black communities across the country

這些政策阻礙了全國曾經繁榮的黑人社群

and prevented Black citizens

並阻止黑人公民

from building wealth through homeownership.

通過擁有家產建立財富。

These communities typically face two trajectories.

這些社群通常面臨兩種未來。

The first is a downward spiral,

第一種便是惡性循環，

where political and financial disinvestment

政府的撤資以及資金的缺乏，

causes hypervacancy and decay

造成過度空置和衰退，

that pushes people out of a neighborhood.

迫使住戶纷纷搬離社區。

Big banks see this exodus as confirmation that these neighborhoods are risky,

大銀行因此更加認定： 這些社區是高風險的，

defeated, unredeemable.

失败的、無藥可救的，

And so without investment, the cycle of distress continues.

所以沒了投資 這些社區只會陷入痛苦循環。

The second trajectory is gentrification,

另一種便是紳士化，

where developers are able to capitalize off of this distress

因為開發商可以利用當下的困境，

by buying undervalued properties,

購買估值較低的房產。

pumping money into them

他們投入大量資金，

without considering the needs or wants of legacy residents,

卻不考慮原住民的需求或愿望，

and then renting or reselling them at much, much higher costs,

然後將房子出租或高價出售，

causing displacement.

導致居民流離失所。

So my question became:

所以我的問題就變成了：

Can we do development without displacement?

發展就一定要導致住戶被迫遷徙嗎？

Is there another way?

還有沒有其他辦法？

I quit my job on Wall Street and moved to Baltimore,

我辭去了華爾街的工作， 搬去巴尔的摩，

the city that birthed redlining,

也就是開創紅線政策的城市。

with a single suitcase to find out.

我帶了一個行李箱 前去尋找答案。

My first inclination was to meet with investors

我的第一個想法就是 跟投資者會面，

and, you know, to raise funds for my idea.

為我的主意籌集資金。

And I was literally laughed out of the room.

結果只換來哄堂大笑。

They said that my idea was impossible

說我的主意不切实际，

and that we would build homes that would sit empty for lack of demand.

說我們所建的房屋 無市場需求賣不出。

But I knew in my heart of hearts that that wasn't true.

但我打心底里知道 事實並非如此。

出乎意料的是，就在那一刻，

Unexpectedly in that moment,

being rejected by investors was the most important moment in my journey,

被投資商拒絕成了 我旅程中最重要的時刻。

because I realized that we didn't need big institutions

我發現了我們 不需要什麼大機構

to affirm the value of our communities.

來肯定我們社區的價值。

We’d affirm our own value through social capital.

我們將通過社會資本 來肯定自己的價值。

And so I started my non-profit, Parity,

我便創始了自己的非營利組織，「平價」，

which creates upfront demand for homeownership opportunities

創造房產權機會的前期需求

in neighborhoods experiencing hypervacancy

给有出現高空置率的社區，

simply by tapping into existing social networks.

而这只需使用現有的社交網絡就可达成。

從一個人的想法

What started as an idea from just one

has grown into a collective movement

發展成8個，19個，

of eight, then 19 and now 44 future homeowners.

到現在已有44個未來房主有这样的想法， 组成了这个集體運動，

All through word of mouth.

全都靠口口相傳。

And we have a waitlist of over --

除此之外，我們候補名單上還有

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝。

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝。

And we now have a waitlist of over 100 people

如今，已經有超過100人

wanting to join our intentional community.

申請加入我們的意識社區，

Like Yolanda,

其中有尤蘭達，

who's ready to buy a home to leave a legacy for her daughters.

她希望買下一套房子， 為女兒留下一筆財富。

Or Jenee,

或是珍妮，

a fourth-generation Baltimorean

一位第四代巴爾的摩人。

whose father vividly remembers the demolition of black homes

那時為建通往無處的公路， 黑人的住處被拆除，

to make way for a highway to nowhere.

她的爸爸對此事 依然歷歷在目。

Ako, whose family left West Baltimore when he was just a baby

阿科，他的家人在他小時候 就離開了西巴爾的摩。

but now is coming back home to his origins to be part of the revitalization.

但他现在正要回到家乡， 成為復興運動的一份子。

And Modinat, who like me, came to Baltimore from New York

還有摩蒂娜。她跟我一樣， 從紐約移居至巴爾的摩，

to settle down and build a future.

在当地落地生根，创造未来。

There are three key reasons why our work is transformational.

我們的工作之所以是變革性的，有三大原因。

The first is that we are leading the purchase and renovation

第一，我們搶先購買和翻新

of dozens of decades-long abandoned buildings

數十棟長期廢棄的建築物，

and reselling them at deeply affordable price points.

並且以非常實惠的價格轉賣這些房子。

The second is that we not only support our homebuyers

第二，我們不但支持購房者

to become credit-qualified and mortgage-approved,

獲取信貸資格和申請房屋抵押，

but we're creating the opportunity for folks to build deep social bonds

我們也創造機會， 讓人們與他們的未來鄰居

and friendships with their future neighbors.

建立親密的社交關係和友情。

And three, we're preventing the displacement of legacy residents

第三，我們防止原有居民被迫遷徙。

by ensuring that they have the resources that they need to stay in their homes

我們確保他們擁有足夠的資源留在社區，

and transfer their wealth to the next generation.

並將財富交接給下一代。

We're healing the social fabric of the neighborhood

我們在重建這建成環境的同時，

as we're rebuilding the built environment.

也在修復我們的社會組織。

Contrary to the dominant narrative,

與主流說法相反，

there absolutely is demand for housing in historically Black neighborhoods

被種族歧視政策毀壞的 那些傳統黑人社區，

devastated by racist policy.

絕對存有住房需求。

We've tapped into a hunger and appetite

我們已經挖掘出隐藏在

hiding in the blind spots of the traditional capital markets.

傳統資本市場盲區的渴望與需求。

Remember those folks that laughed me out of the room?

還記得那些嘲笑我的人嗎？

Well, we have more --

我們有更多—

Within just two years' time,

僅僅兩年內，

we now have more demand for our homes than we have homes.

我們房子的需求， 比起供應量還更多。

We're sold out.

我們的房子售罄了。

And so can we do development without displacement?

所以說，我們能在發展之余 確保住戶不被迫遷徙嗎？

We absolutely can.

我們當然可以。

Thank you.

謝謝大家。

(Applause)

（掌聲）