How Wind Energy Could Power Earth ... 18 Times Over | Dan Jørgensen | TED Countdown

翻译人员: Ran Ren 校对人员: Ziyao Wang

"How many times must a man look up

“一个人到底要抬头几次

Before he can see the sky?"

才能看到蓝天？”

That's a quote from a famous song by Bob Dylan.

这句歌词引自鲍勃·迪伦的著名歌曲。

I love that line because it reminds me

我喜欢这句歌词 因为它提醒了我，

有时我们需要的东西 其实就在眼前。

that sometimes what we need is actually right there in front of us.

I will argue that that is also the case with climate change.

我认为这句歌词也 同样适用于气候变化。

We can actually replace some of the biggest sources of the problem,

我们其实可以将引起 气候变化的主要能源

oil, coal and gas,

比如石油、煤炭以及天然气

with something we have in abundance:

用一种常见的东西代替：

wind.

风。

In my country, Denmark, we are doing just that.

我来自丹麦， 我们国家正在这样做。

Now we are a small country with a small population.

丹麦是一个小国家， 人口也少。

If you haven't visited yet, please do so.

如果你还没到访过丹麦， 建议你要来一下。

We are all friendly people.

我们都是非常友善的人。

As long as you don't criticize our national football team.

前提是你不能批评 我们的足球国家队。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Nothing makes a Dane proud

我们用自己做的事

like the knowledge that something we have done

让世界变得更好，

makes a positive difference in the world.

没别的事让丹麦人更自豪。

Historically speaking, we’ve made a difference before.

从历史上看， 我们以前也有所作为。

1,000 years ago, countrymen of mine controlled most of northern Europe.

1000年前，我们的祖先 控制了北欧大部分地区。

I'm sure you've heard of them.

我敢肯定你听说过他们。

Big, strong guys, helmets, beards, long hair.

高大、强壮的家伙， 戴着头盔，留着长长的胡须和头发。

The Vikings.

他们是维京人。

Now I will make the case today

我要把这个先例用于当下，

that in order for us to fight climate change,

用于与气候变化做斗争，

we actually need to learn from the Vikings.

在这方面我们其实 应该学习维京人。

But before we get to that, please indulge me.

但在这之前， 请允许我先做一件事。

We have to go somewhere else.

我们要先去别的地方。

I have to say go back in time.

回到过去。

Not all the way back to the Viking age in the heydays of Harald "Bluetooth,"

不是回到维京时代 蓝牙哈拉尔（Harald “Bluetooth”）王朝的全盛时期，

but to the 1970s

而是回到1970年代，

during the oil crisis in Denmark.

回到丹麦的石油危机时期。

Not to a Viking fortress,

不是回到维京的堡垒，

but to a small workshop, in a barn, in a farm,

而是回到丹麦一个小村庄的

一个农场里的小作坊。

in a village in Denmark.

Meets Henrik Stiesdal.

让我们一起认识一下亨里克·斯蒂斯达尔 （Henrik Stiesdal）。

He’s not an accomplished, experienced engineer.

他不是一名成熟、 有经验的工程师。

He's 19 years old, a young man.

他是一个19岁的年轻人。

He set himself a challenge.

他给自己设定了一个挑战。

He thought,

他想，

"What if I could make a wind turbine that could produce electricity?"

“如果我可以制作出 风力涡轮机来发电会怎样？”

And you know what?

你猜怎么样？

He did.

他成功了。

How do I know?

我是怎么知道的？

Because that's it.

因为它就在这儿。

Not a model, not a replica.

不是模型，也不是复制品。

This is the actual one that Henrik made.

这是亨里克真实制造出来的。

He was kind enough to lend it to me.

他好心地把发电机借给了我。

It says M1 on it.

上面写着 M1。

That stands for "mølle one,"

全称是 “mølle one”。

"mølle et" which translates into "turbine number one."

“mølle one” 的意思是 “发电机 1 号”。

And of course, this was just the first one he made.

当然，这是只是他制作的 第一台发电机。

Later, he managed to build a big one

不久后，他又成功制作出了 一台大型的发电机，

that could supply his family with cheap, affordable electricity

这足以在石油危机期间 让他的家庭用上

便宜、可负担的电力。

in the middle of the crisis.

And soon after that,

不久之后，

other farms asked Henrik to build a turbine for them as well.

其他农场让亨里克 帮他们也制作发电机。

And he did.

他照做了。

And eventually he actually sold the design

最后他把这个设计卖了出去，

to a company called Vestas.

卖给了一个叫维斯塔斯 （Vestas）的公司。

You might have heard of them

你可能听说过这个公司。

because they are the biggest turbine producer in the world today.

因为他们是当今世界上 最大的风力发电公司。

So this is how Henrik’s invention

这就是亨里克的发明，

became a sort of the prototype for many, many of the wind turbines

它成为了许多风力发电机的原型。

如今到处都能看到这些发电机。

that you'll see all over the planet today.

Now a lot of things have happened since Henrik and other pioneers

从亨里克和其他先驱 在1970年代迈出第一步到现在

took the first steps back in the 1970s.

发生了许多事情。

In 1991,

在1991年，

we built the first offshore wind farm in the world called Vindeby.

我们建造了全球第一座海上风力发电厂： 温德比发电厂。

Eleven turbines, 54 meters tall.

11 部高达 54 米的风力发电机。

That was considered a landmark.

这是里程碑式的。

They were huge.

它们一度看上去非常巨大。

Today, of course, they seem pretty tiny.

当然在如今看来它们非常小。

This is Kriegers Flak.

这是 Kriegers Flak 发电厂。

That's the biggest offshore wind farm in Denmark now.

这是现今丹麦最大的海上发电厂。

72 turbines,

72 座风力发电机，

188 meters tall, each of them.

每座发电机 188 米高。

To give you a comparison,

对比一下，

that's twice the height of the Statue of Liberty.

这是自由女神像的两倍。

Every time one of those turbines has one rotation of the blades,

一座风力发电机的叶片每转一次，

it creates enough electricity to charge more than 1,400 cell phones.

就能产生足够为 1400 部手机 充电的电力。

The park itself covers the electricity demand of 600,000 households.

这座发电厂覆盖了 60 万家庭的用电需求。

So the story of wind power in Denmark

所以丹麦的风力发电历史

is the story about how one turbine,

就是一座在农场里的风力发电机

on one farm

sparked a transformation that influenced the whole country.

如何影响整个国家的故事。

We, of course, now hope,

我们现在希望

small as we may be,

即便渺小如我们，

that we can spark a transformation that will also affect other countries.

也能够用这一转变来影响其他国家。

We are a green frontrunner,

我们是绿色能源的先驱者，

but we need to do more because at the same time,

但我们需要做更多,

因为我们现在是 欧盟第一大石油生产国，

we rank number one in the EU,

or at least as one of the biggest oil producers, in the EU.

或者至少是 欧盟最大石油生产国之一。

This has to change.

这个现状必须要改变。

And it will.

也必将改变。

Last year, the Danish government and the Danish parliament

去年，丹麦政府以及国会

made an important decision.

做出了一项重要决定。

We’ve decided to put an end date on extraction of oil and gas in 2050

我们决定在 2050 年 停止开采石油及天然气，

and immediately cancel all future licensing rounds.

并且即刻停止为 所有开采颁发许可。

(Applause)

（掌声）

That wasn't an easy decision.

这不是一个容易的决定。

When we made the decision,

在做出这个决定时，

we were the biggest oil producer in the EU.

我们是欧盟最大的石油生产国。

But the reason we made it, even though it was expensive,

我们做出这个决定的原因是， 即使会付出巨大的经济代价，

我们也要向全世界展示

was because we need to show the world

that there are actually alternatives to oil and gas.

还有其他的能源可以 替代石油和天然气。

Now, some of you are probably thinking that sounds very good,

现在或许你们当中有人在想： 这听上去很棒，

but how will you do it?

但你们要怎么做呢？

What do you do the days when the wind doesn't blow?

没有风的时候你们怎么办？

And what about the parts of our energy system that cannot be electrified?

如果部分能源系统无法电气化， 你们怎么办？

Surely you cannot fly a jet plane without jet fuels?

飞机没有了燃油 肯定没办法飞吧？

Surely you cannot sail a big container ship without bunker oil?

大型集装箱货船 没有了燃油肯定也没办法开吧？

But actually, you can.

其实是可以的。

This is an electrolyzer.

这是一台电解槽。

The photo is from a visit I paid a factory in Denmark a few weeks ago.

这张照片是我几周前 参观丹麦的一座工厂时拍的。

So it's not a prototype, it's not a model in a lab.

所以这不是样机， 也不是实验室里的模型。

It's a functioning machine, it's a commercial product.

这是一个正在运行的机器， 是一个商业产品。

What does it do?

这台机器是做什么的？

It transforms electricity into hydrogen.

它把电转化为氢气。

And that, friends, that's the game changer.

朋友们，这是真正的变革。

Because it makes it possible for us

因为这台机器帮助我们

to solve two problems we have with wind energy.

解决了两个风力能源存在的问题。

One, we can now store the energy for when the wind is not blowing.

第一，我们现在可以在 没有风的时候储存能源。

And two,

第二，

we can now decarbonize parts of our energy system

我们现在可以将之前能源系统中

that we couldn't decarbonize before.

无法脱碳的部分进行脱碳处理，

Because the hydrogen can be transformed into green fuels.

因为氢气可以转化成绿色燃料。

Imagine that.

想象一下。

The wind in the North Sea is transformed by a turbine into electricity.

北海的风被发电机转化成电能，

The electrolyzer transforms that into hydrogen,

电解器把电能转化成氢气，

and the hydrogen is then made into green, sustainable fuels

氢气又被制成绿色、 可持续的燃料，

that we can use to sail our ships and fly our planes.

这个燃料就可以用来 开船、开飞机了。

I know it sounds like science fiction, but actually it's just science.

我知道这听起来像是科幻小说， 但实际上这只是科学。

Now in order for us to do that at a scale that we need,

现在，为了达到 我们想要的规模，

we will need a lot of renewable energy.

我们需要很多可再生能源。

We will need to massively expand our offshore wind capacity.

我们需要大量地扩展 海上发电厂的容量。

And in Denmark, we're doing just that.

在丹麦，我们正在做这件事。

A very important part of that strategy

这个战略中很重要的一部分

is to build the world's first energy island.

是建造全世界第一座能源岛。

This is a simulation of what it may end up looking like.

这是我们最终畅想的模拟图：

80 kilometers out in the sea,

距离海岸 80 千米以外，

the size of 64 football fields,

有 64 个足球场那么大，

the biggest infrastructure investment in Danish history.

丹麦历史上最大的 基础设施投资。

We're changing literally the map of our country.

我们可以说是 改变了丹麦的版图。

Hundreds of wind turbines around it.

围绕丹麦增加 数百个风力发电机。

When fully scaled,

当它们全力运转时，

it'll be able to generate 10 gigawatts of green electricity.

会产生约百亿瓦特的绿色电力。

Now 10 gigawatts,

百亿瓦特的电力

that's enough to cover the demand of 10 million households.

足以支持一千万个家庭的用电。

That's far more than we need in Denmark, which is good news,

这远远超出了丹麦的用电需求。

这是个好消息， 因为我们可以把多余的电制成氢气，

because then we can use it to make the hydrogen,

to make the green fuels,

制成绿色燃料，

and we can export it to other countries

然后我们可以把这些电 出口到其他国家，

and thereby help them decarbonize their energy systems.

帮助他们进行能源系统的脱碳。

Some of you are probably thinking,

你们有人或许在想，

"What does this have to do with the Vikings?"

“这些和维京人有什么关系？”

But do you know what it was that made the Vikings so successful?

你们知道维京人为什么如此成功吗？

How they managed to go to Greenland?

他们是怎样到达格陵兰的，

How they managed to sail to America 500 years before Christopher Columbus?

怎么做到在哥伦布前500年 便踏上了美洲的土地？

Their secret?

他们的秘诀是什么？

They exploited the wind.

他们的秘诀是利用风。

They put tremendous effort into making efficient sails,

他们花了很大力气 制作高效的帆，

and it took as a long time for them to make a sail as it did to build a ship,

他们制作船帆 和造船的时间一样长。

and it was just as important.

船帆就是如此重要。

And that brings me to my main point.

这就引出了我的观点。

We need, as the Vikings did 1,000 years ago,

我们需要像维京人 1000 年前那样，

to change the world by finding new and more efficient ways

像他们那样寻找新的、 更加有效的方法

去改变这个世界， 去使用能源。

of exploiting the energy.

This time, with slightly better haircuts --

只不过这回 我们的发型更好看些——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

and the motivation that lies in the fact

我们如此做的动机是

that this may be our biggest chance

现在也许是我们对抗气候变化

of making a positive difference in fighting climate change.

做出积极改变的最好时机。

Now, some people will probably tell you

有人也许会说，

that a small country cannot make a big difference.

小国家不可能做出大贡献。

I beg to differ.

我不同意。

When a young man like Henrik

如果像亨里克这样的年轻人

could make a difference for a whole country,

能对整个国家产生 如此大影响，

why not also believe that a country like Denmark

为什么像丹麦这样的国家

can make a difference for a whole world?

就不能对整个世界 产生积极的影响呢？

We can't do it alone, but we can do a lot.

我们无法独自完成， 但我们能做很多。

By innovating,

通过创新，

by creating new technology and new solutions,

通过创造新的技术 以及解决方案，

by exploiting something that is much bigger than ourselves,

通过使用比我们自己 更庞大的东西——

the forces of nature.

大自然的力量。

If you ask the International Energy Agency,

如果你问国际能源署，

they will tell you that offshore wind

他们会告诉你， 海上发电

有潜力覆盖整个世界 目前的电力需求，

has the potential to cover the current electricity demand

of the entire world, not once,

不单单是能满足，

not twice,

也不止满足 2 倍，

18 times.

而是 18 倍。

So when you go to Denmark,

所以当你到了丹麦，

you’ll meet a Dane.

遇到一位丹麦人，

After you have said something nice about our football team,

在跟她赞美一番丹麦足球队后，

(Chuckles)

（笑声）

try and ask her,

试着问她，

"How do you think we should solve the climate crisis?"

“你认为我们应当 如何解决气候危机？”

Chances are, she will say,

她很可能会说，

"The answer, my friend, is literally blowing in the wind."

“我的朋友， 这个问题的答案就在风中。”

（笑声）

(Laughter)

谢谢大家。

Thank you.

(Applause)

（掌声）

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