How Wind Energy Could Power Earth ... 18 Times Over | Dan Jørgensen | TED Countdown

譯者: Zoe Walmsley 審譯者: Val Zhang

"How many times must a man look up

「一個人得仰望幾次

Before he can see the sky?"

才能看見天空？」

That's a quote from a famous song by Bob Dylan.

這歌詞引用自巴布．狄倫的名曲。

I love that line because it reminds me

我喜歡這句歌詞，因為它提醒我

that sometimes what we need is actually right there in front of us.

有時我們所需的就在眼前。

I will argue that that is also the case with climate change.

我認為面對氣候變遷此話亦適用。

We can actually replace some of the biggest sources of the problem,

一些引起氣候問題的源頭──

oil, coal and gas,

石油、煤炭、瓦斯──

with something we have in abundance:

其實都能被另個豐沛的資源取代：

wind.

風力。

In my country, Denmark, we are doing just that.

在我的國家──丹麥， 我們已經開始了。

Now we are a small country with a small population.

我的國家很小，人口也少。

If you haven't visited yet, please do so.

若未曾到過丹麥，請你前來。

We are all friendly people.

我們的人民很友善──

As long as you don't criticize our national football team.

只要你不批評我們國家足球隊的話。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Nothing makes a Dane proud

丹麥人最引以為傲的是

like the knowledge that something we have done

知道我們所做的一些事

makes a positive difference in the world.

為世界帶來正向的改變。

Historically speaking, we’ve made a difference before.

從歷史來看，這並非 丹麥的第一次。

1,000 years ago, countrymen of mine controlled most of northern Europe.

一千年前，丹麥的祖先 控制了大部分的北歐。

I'm sure you've heard of them.

我相信你一定聽過他們。

Big, strong guys, helmets, beards, long hair.

魁武雄壯、頭盔、鬍子、長髮──

The Vikings.

他們是維京人。

Now I will make the case today

今天，我將陳述

that in order for us to fight climate change,

人類若想抵抗氣候變遷

我們就得跟維京人學習。

we actually need to learn from the Vikings.

But before we get to that, please indulge me.

但在我們講到那之前，

請容許我先談點別的。

We have to go somewhere else.

I have to say go back in time.

話說從前──

Not all the way back to the Viking age in the heydays of Harald "Bluetooth,"

不是維京時代「藍牙」 哈拉爾國王的全盛期，

but to the 1970s

而是 1970 年代，

during the oil crisis in Denmark.

丹麥發生石油危機的時期。

Not to a Viking fortress,

故事背景不是維京城堡，

but to a small workshop, in a barn, in a farm,

而在一座農場的穀倉內的工作室，

in a village in Denmark.

位於丹麥的一個村莊。

Meets Henrik Stiesdal.

這位是亨利克．史提斯達。

He’s not an accomplished, experienced engineer.

他當時並非經驗豐富的工程師。

He's 19 years old, a young man.

只是一名 19 歲的年輕人。

He set himself a challenge.

他給自己一個挑戰。

He thought,

他想：

"What if I could make a wind turbine that could produce electricity?"

「說不定我能做個 風力渦輪來發電？」

And you know what?

你猜怎樣？

He did.

他做到了。

How do I know?

我怎麼知道？

Because that's it.

因為那就是他做的。

Not a model, not a replica.

不是模型，也不是複製品。

This is the actual one that Henrik made.

這就是亨利克當年做的那個。

He was kind enough to lend it to me.

他很大方地借給我。

It says M1 on it.

這上面有 M1 的字樣，

That stands for "mølle one,"

是「mølle one」的縮寫。

"mølle et" which translates into "turbine number one."

「mølle et」的翻譯 是「渦輪機一號」。

And of course, this was just the first one he made.

當然，這是他做出的第一個。

Later, he managed to build a big one

之後他又做了一個大的，

that could supply his family with cheap, affordable electricity

只要很少的錢就能提供 他全家所需的電力，

in the middle of the crisis.

渡過石油危機。

And soon after that,

很快地，

other farms asked Henrik to build a turbine for them as well.

其他農場也請亨立克做風力發電機。

And he did.

他也做了。

And eventually he actually sold the design

他後來將風力發電機的設計

to a company called Vestas.

賣給一家公司──維斯塔斯。

You might have heard of them

你可能有聽說過這間公司，

因為他們是當今全球 最大的風力發電機製造商。

because they are the biggest turbine producer in the world today.

So this is how Henrik’s invention

當年亨利克的發明

became a sort of the prototype for many, many of the wind turbines

成為現今遍布世界各地

that you'll see all over the planet today.

許許多多風機的原型。

Now a lot of things have happened since Henrik and other pioneers

自 70 年代亨利克及其他先驅 踏出第一步至今，

took the first steps back in the 1970s.

發生了許多事。

In 1991,

1991 年，

we built the first offshore wind farm in the world called Vindeby.

我們建了世界第一座 離岸風力發電場「溫德比」。

Eleven turbines, 54 meters tall.

11 座風機，每座 54 公尺高。

That was considered a landmark.

在當時是著名的地標，

They were huge.

它們曾顯得如此巨大。

Today, of course, they seem pretty tiny.

現在再看，則相對很小。

This is Kriegers Flak.

這是 Kriegers Flak──

That's the biggest offshore wind farm in Denmark now.

目前丹麥最大的離岸風電場。

72 turbines,

總共有 72 座風力發電機，

188 meters tall, each of them.

每座高達 188 公尺。

To give you a comparison,

給大家一個比例參考──

that's twice the height of the Statue of Liberty.

那是自由女神像的兩倍高。

Every time one of those turbines has one rotation of the blades,

每座風機的葉片每轉一圈，

it creates enough electricity to charge more than 1,400 cell phones.

可以產出 1,400 支 手機所需的充電量。

The park itself covers the electricity demand of 600,000 households.

此風場能滿足 60 萬戶 家庭所需的電量。

So the story of wind power in Denmark

所以丹麥的風電轉型故事

is the story about how one turbine,

可說是從一座風機，

on one farm

一個農場開始帶動，

sparked a transformation that influenced the whole country.

而後如星火燎原般遍及全國。

We, of course, now hope,

我們現在當然希望，

small as we may be,

儘管丹麥很小，

that we can spark a transformation that will also affect other countries.

也能帶動其他國家能源轉型。

We are a green frontrunner,

我們是綠能的先驅，

but we need to do more because at the same time,

但需做得更多，因為同時

we rank number one in the EU,

我們位居歐盟產油國之首，

or at least as one of the biggest oil producers, in the EU.

至少是前幾大的產油國之一。

This has to change.

而這必須要改變，

And it will.

也即將會改變。

Last year, the Danish government and the Danish parliament

去年丹麥政府及國會

made an important decision.

做了一個重要的決定。

We’ve decided to put an end date on extraction of oil and gas in 2050

我們決定在 2050 年 終止石油及天然氣的開採，

and immediately cancel all future licensing rounds.

同時立即停止核發開採執照。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

That wasn't an easy decision.

這不是個容易的決定。

When we made the decision,

因為做決定的當下，

we were the biggest oil producer in the EU.

我們是歐盟境內最大的產油國。

But the reason we made it, even though it was expensive,

但是背後的原因── 即使代價高昂──

was because we need to show the world

是因為我們必須讓世界知道

that there are actually alternatives to oil and gas.

石油及天然氣是能被取代的。

Now, some of you are probably thinking that sounds very good,

有些人可能覺得這聽起來很不錯，

but how will you do it?

但是否可行？

What do you do the days when the wind doesn't blow?

無風的日子，該怎麼辦？

And what about the parts of our energy system that cannot be electrified?

還有無法改用電力的能源系統呢？

Surely you cannot fly a jet plane without jet fuels?

飛機少了航空燃油怎麼飛？

Surely you cannot sail a big container ship without bunker oil?

貨輪少了船用燃油怎麼開？

But actually, you can.

其實，是可以的。

This is an electrolyzer.

這是一台電解器。

The photo is from a visit I paid a factory in Denmark a few weeks ago.

照片攝於幾星期前 我參觀一間丹麥工廠。

So it's not a prototype, it's not a model in a lab.

所以這不是原型， 也不是實驗室的模型。

It's a functioning machine, it's a commercial product.

它是能實際運作的機器，已然是商品。

What does it do?

它的功能是什麼？

It transforms electricity into hydrogen.

它能將電能轉換成氫。

And that, friends, that's the game changer.

各位，這就是關鍵。

Because it makes it possible for us

因為它能幫我們

to solve two problems we have with wind energy.

解決兩個目前風能所面對的問題。

One, we can now store the energy for when the wind is not blowing.

第一，儲存風能以備無風之日。

And two,

第二，

we can now decarbonize parts of our energy system

如今我們能在部分的能源系統

that we couldn't decarbonize before.

達到之前無法做到的脫碳目標。

Because the hydrogen can be transformed into green fuels.

因為氫可被轉換為綠色燃料。

Imagine that.

想像一下──

The wind in the North Sea is transformed by a turbine into electricity.

北海的風被風機轉變成電。

The electrolyzer transforms that into hydrogen,

電解器再將電轉換成氫，

and the hydrogen is then made into green, sustainable fuels

氫又被製成永續的綠色燃料，

that we can use to sail our ships and fly our planes.

用在船隻及飛機的航行上。

I know it sounds like science fiction, but actually it's just science.

我知道聽起來像科幻小說， 可是其實就是科學。

Now in order for us to do that at a scale that we need,

要達到設定的規模，

we will need a lot of renewable energy.

我們尚需很多的可再生能源。

We will need to massively expand our offshore wind capacity.

我們需要大幅擴張離岸風電產能。

And in Denmark, we're doing just that.

而這正是我們在丹麥進行的。

A very important part of that strategy

這個策略其中一個關鍵是：

is to build the world's first energy island.

建造全球第一個能量島。

This is a simulation of what it may end up looking like.

這是能量島的模擬影像。

80 kilometers out in the sea,

離岸 80 公里遠，

the size of 64 football fields,

面積相當於 64 個足球場，

the biggest infrastructure investment in Danish history.

是丹麥史上最大的基礎建設投資。

We're changing literally the map of our country.

可說是在重畫丹麥地圖。

Hundreds of wind turbines around it.

環繞能量島周邊有數百座風機。

When fully scaled,

當全面運轉時，

it'll be able to generate 10 gigawatts of green electricity.

能產生 100 億瓦特的電力。

Now 10 gigawatts,

100 億瓦特的電力，

that's enough to cover the demand of 10 million households.

足夠供應一千萬個家庭用電量，

That's far more than we need in Denmark, which is good news,

遠超丹麥全國所需，這是好消息，

因為我們可將電能轉成氫能，

because then we can use it to make the hydrogen,

to make the green fuels,

以製造綠色燃料，

and we can export it to other countries

再出口到其他國家，

and thereby help them decarbonize their energy systems.

幫助他們做到能源系統的脫碳。

Some of you are probably thinking,

也許有些人在想：

"What does this have to do with the Vikings?"

「這跟維京人有何關係？」

But do you know what it was that made the Vikings so successful?

你知道維京人成功的因素嗎？

How they managed to go to Greenland?

他們怎麼去到格陵蘭？

How they managed to sail to America 500 years before Christopher Columbus?

又如何早哥倫布 500 年 先航行至美洲？

Their secret?

他們的秘訣是？

They exploited the wind.

他們善用風力。

They put tremendous effort into making efficient sails,

他們傾力製造高效率的風帆，

and it took as a long time for them to make a sail as it did to build a ship,

風帆及船身皆需耗時製作，

and it was just as important.

兩者同樣重要。

And that brings me to my main point.

而這回到我陳述的重點。

We need, as the Vikings did 1,000 years ago,

我們需學習一千年前的維京人，

to change the world by finding new and more efficient ways

透過新方法更有效地善用能源，

of exploiting the energy.

來改變世界。

This time, with slightly better haircuts --

只是這次，我們的髮型 會比維京人好一點──

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

and the motivation that lies in the fact

而我們的動力是基於一個現實：

that this may be our biggest chance

這可能是我們最好的機會──

of making a positive difference in fighting climate change.

為對抗氣候變遷帶來貢獻。

Now, some people will probably tell you

有些人可能會告訴你

that a small country cannot make a big difference.

小國的影響力僅是杯水車薪。

I beg to differ.

請恕我不同意這說法。

When a young man like Henrik

若像亨立克這樣的年輕人

could make a difference for a whole country,

可以影響整個國家，

why not also believe that a country like Denmark

我們沒有理由不相信

丹麥也能為世界帶來改變吧？

can make a difference for a whole world?

We can't do it alone, but we can do a lot.

我們無法獨力完成， 但我們能貢獻很多。

By innovating,

我們透過創新、

by creating new technology and new solutions,

開創新的科技、新的對策、

by exploiting something that is much bigger than ourselves,

善用遠比自身強大許多的事物──

the forces of nature.

大自然的力量。

If you ask the International Energy Agency,

若你問國際能源署，

they will tell you that offshore wind

他們會告訴你

離岸風電有潛能提供足夠的電力

has the potential to cover the current electricity demand

of the entire world, not once,

供全世界使用，不是剛好夠用，

not twice,

也不只 2 倍，

18 times.

而是 18 倍那麼多。

So when you go to Denmark,

所以若你造訪丹麥，

you’ll meet a Dane.

與丹麥人打交道的話，

After you have said something nice about our football team,

在讚美過我們的足球隊後，

(Chuckles)

（笑聲）

try and ask her,

你可以問她：

"How do you think we should solve the climate crisis?"

「你認為我們該如何解決氣候危機？」

Chances are, she will say,

或許她會這麼說：

"The answer, my friend, is literally blowing in the wind."

「朋友，答案就在風中飄蕩。」 （引用開頭同首歌的歌詞）

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

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「請參與 countdown.ted.com 上的氣候變遷行動」