The Hidden Forces Behind Your Food Choices | Sarah Lake | TED

翻译人员: suya f. 校对人员: Yanyan Hong

When I was a kid,

当我还是个孩子的时候，

we'd go visit my grandparents.

我们会去看望我的祖父母。

And my Grandma Toots

而我的图兹（Toots）奶奶

was a classic 1950s American housewife.

是 20 世纪 50 年代典型的美国家庭主妇。

She, though, was a terrible cook.

但是，她是个糟糕的厨师。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

She cooked everything in the microwave, even meat.

她用微波炉烹饪 所有东西，甚至是肉。

And she had meat at every meal,

而且她每顿饭都有肉，

even in her cottage cheese.

即使在奶酪里也是如此。

One time my brother brought his girlfriend to visit,

有一次，我哥哥 带他的女朋友来探望，

and she was a vegetarian.

她是个素食主义者。

And so my brother reminded Grandma Toots of this.

于是我哥哥特意提醒了图兹奶奶。

And she said, “Oh, OK, what does she want for dinner then?

然后她说：“哦，好吧， 那她晚餐想吃什么？

Chicken or fish?"

鸡还是鱼？”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I mean, Grandma Toots could not imagine that you would have a meal

我的意思是，图兹奶奶根本想不到

that didn't revolve around meat.

吃饭不带肉。

And I can see why.

而我懂其中的缘由，

I mean, she grew up in a time

我是说，她从小就

where she was inundated by government promotions

被政府的宣传洗脑，

that meat was key to supporting your country

让她相信吃肉是支持祖国的关键，

and company ads that talked about it being essential

还有一些公司广告声称 多吃肉，能让人

for being strong and manly.

身强力壮且更有男子气概，

And it was cheap, too.

而且肉也很便宜。

It was subsidized by the government

它由政府补贴，

and partially explained as a way of bulking up malnourished men

部分原因是为了帮助 营养不良的男性增加体重，

so that they could fight in World War II.

这样他们就能充军 参加第二次世界大战。

But what my grandma witnessed in the first half of her life

但我奶奶在她前半生见证的一切

was unprecedented.

是前所未有的。

She saw the fastest and widest shift in diets

她看到了有史以来最快、

that had ever occurred.

最多样的饮食变化。

Within just a few decades,

在短短几十年内，

she saw the norm go from eating meat as a rare treat,

她见证了从吃不起肉

to having it three times a day,

到一日三餐都有肉，

to having meat named after our meals.

再到我们习以为常的肉类菜名。

So we had breakfast meats, we had lunch meats

所以我们吃了早餐肉， 吃了午餐肉，好吧，

and, well, beef, it's what's for dinner.

还有牛肉，这就是晚餐主食。

And that didn't happen

之所以发生这种情况，

because people just suddenly realized they really liked the taste of meat.

是因为人们突然意识到 他们真的很喜欢肉的味道。

What we eat is less about what we choose

我们吃什么 与其说取决于我们的选择，

and more about what's offered to us.

不如说取决于供应方。

And companies and governments today still make it really hard for us

如今，公司和政府 迫使我们很难选择肉类

to choose anything other than meat.

以外的食物。

I mean, it's offered everywhere.

我的意思是，它随处可见。

It's often the only choice,

它通常是唯一的选择，

and it's cheaper than other options.

而且比其他选择便宜。

So much so,

因此，

if you took away all government support and subsidies for meat,

如果你取消所有政府 对肉类的支持和补贴，

a pound of ground beef would cost 30 dollars.

一磅碎牛肉将花费 30 美元。

So now we eat more meat than ever before,

因此，现在我们吃的肉 比以往任何时候都多，

and it's continuing to grow.

而且还在继续增长。

And we got to this point

我们之所以走到这一步，

thanks to the extensive and far-reaching efforts

要归功于政府和公司 为推动我们的饮食转向肉类

of governments and companies to push our diets towards meat.

所做的广泛而深远的努力。

What we need now is the same fundamental shift in what we eat,

我们现在需要的是从 根本上改变我们的饮食，

but in the opposite direction, back towards plants.

但朝着相反的方向转向植物。

I'm here today as a food and climate expert

我今天作为食物 和气候专家来到这里，

because diet shifts are critical for the planet.

因为饮食结构的改变 对地球至关重要。

The only way that we can reach climate targets

我们实现气候目标

and feed 10 billion people

和养活 100 亿人的唯一途径

is by reducing the production and consumption of industrial meat.

是减少工业肉类的生产和消费。

We need other solutions.

我们需要其他解决方案。

We need regenerative agriculture.

我们需要再生农业。

And we need to address food loss and waste.

而且我们需要解决 粮食损失和浪费问题。

But those alone are insufficient to reach climate goals.

但是，仅靠这些不足 以实现气候目标。

And diet shifts are also essential for food security and health.

饮食结构的改变对 粮食安全和健康也至关重要。

We need to grow more food on less land by 2050,

到 2050 年，我们需要在 更少的土地上种植更多的粮食，

and to do that,

为此，

we need to shift from land-intensive animal protein

我们需要从土地密集型动物蛋白

to land-efficient vegetable protein.

转向节约用地的植物蛋白。

And that also helps with our health.

这也有助于我们的健康。

Grandma Toots continued to put meat in pretty much every meal,

图兹奶奶继续在几乎每顿饭中放肉，

and by the time I was about 11,

到我大约 11 岁的时候，

that diet caught up with my dad, her son,

这种饮食习缠上了 我爸爸，她的儿子，

and he had a massive heart attack.

他有一次心脏病发作得很严重。

I don't remember a lot about it,

我记得不多，

but I remember sitting in this hospital

但我记得我坐在这家医院

waiting for him to get out of six-way bypass surgery,

等着他接受 1996 年的高科技手术计划

using this very high-tech surgery plan of 1996.

完成六向搭桥手术。

And my mom took me and my siblings

在我们等着的时候， 妈妈带我和我的兄弟姐妹

to get dinner in the hospital while we waited.

去医院吃晚饭。

And she took us to the only restaurant that was available:

然后她带我们去了那里 唯一的一家餐厅：

a McDonald's.

麦当劳。

So we sat there eating greasy cheeseburgers

所以我们坐在那里吃 油腻的芝士汉堡，

while my dad was on the floor above,

而我爸爸则在楼上， 由于长期摄入不健康的食物，

having open-heart surgery due to years of eating unhealthy food.

做了体外循环心脏手术。

And we ate there because it was really all that was available.

我们在那里吃饭 是因为就那里有饭吃。

After my dad's surgery,

我爸做完手术后，

our household went largely plant-based thanks to my mom.

多亏了我妈妈，我们的家庭饮食 基本上以蔬菜为主。

And my dad, he’s still alive.

还有我爸爸，他还活着。

So I know firsthand how plant-rich diets can be life-saving.

因此，我亲身体会到 富含植物的饮食让我们更长寿。

And now we know that overconsumption of meat

现在我们知道，过度食用肉类

is a leading cause of preventable disease, including heart disease,

是可预防疾病的主要诱因， 包括心脏病，

but also obesity and diabetes.

还有肥胖和糖尿病。

We also know that meat is a leading cause of climate change.

我们还知道肉类是 气候变化的主要原因。

Meat alone can account for as much as 20 percent of global emissions.

仅肉类就可能占全球排放量的 20％。

We also know that we're misusing nearly half of our farmland

我们还知道， 我们正在滥用将近一半的农田

to grow feed for animals, rather than food for humans.

来种植动物饲料， 而不是人类的食物。

But no one really wants to talk about this proverbial cow in the room.

但是没有人真正想在这里 谈论这头众所周知的牛。

The fundamental need to shift our food system away from industrial meat.

根本需要将我们的食物系统 从工业肉类转移出去。

And maybe it's because we know people really care about what they eat.

也许这是因为我们知道 人们真的很在乎他们吃什么。

Or maybe it's because we know we're not going to get there

或者可能是因为我们知道 我们无法通过恳求人们改变饮食方式

by pleading with people to eat differently,

来达到我们的目标

especially when most consumers have to go out of their way

尤其是在大多数消费者，

and pay more for alternative products.

必须竭尽全力为 替代产品支付更多费用时。

What we need is for companies and governments

我们需要的是企业和政府

to offer and incentivize plant-rich diets

提供和激励富含植物的饮食，

the same way they did for meat decades ago.

就像几十年前对待肉类一样。

I need to walk into a McDonald's

我得走进麦当劳看到

and see a menu full of plant-rich options

他们满是富含植物的菜单

and have them be just as cheap or cheaper than the Big Mac.

和巨无霸一样便宜或更便宜。

And we need our schools and hospitals to offer plant-based foods as the default,

而且我们需要我们的学校和医院 默认提供蔬菜类膳食纤维，

where you can get meat

在那里你可以买到肉类，

but you have to ask for it as the exception.

但仅仅是在特殊情况下。

And we need just as much money to flow into the plant-based industry

而且，我们需要同样多的资金 才能流入蔬菜产业，

as currently makes meat wildly and artificially cheap.

就像目前人为使肉类变得 非常便宜一样。

Whether that's making better black bean burgers

无论是制作更好的黑豆汉堡，

or novel alternative proteins.

还是新的替代蛋白。

We know that this can work because it has before.

我们知道这可以奏效， 因为我们有过经验。

And we know it's working again in the places where we've dared to try it.

而且我们知道， 在我们敢于尝试的地方，

它又起作用了。

Just last month, I was in Germany,

就在上个月，我去了德国，

and I walked into a Burger King and bam!

我走进了汉堡王然后大吃一惊！

I was bombarded with ads for their plant-based Whopper.

他们的素食皇堡的广告琳琅满目。

It was all over the store,

商店里到处都是，

and the plant-based Whopper was center of the menu,

蔬菜做的皇堡是菜单上的焦点，

and it was the same price as the regular Whopper.

而且价格与普通的皇堡相同。

Today in Burger Kings in Germany,

如今，在德国的汉堡王， 出售的所有皇堡中有五分之一

one in five of all Whoppers sold are plant-based.

是纯素食的。

One in five,

五分之一的人

in the country that invented the frankfurter.

在发明法兰克福熏肠的国家。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Or take Lidl, it’s one of the largest supermarkets in Europe.

或者以 Lidl 超市为例， 它是欧洲最大的超市之一。

They decided to put their plant-based meat next to the conventional meat

他们决定将素食肉 放在肉类部分的传统肉类旁边，

in the meat section and make it the same price.

并使其价格相同。

So when you went to grab a package of ground beef,

因此，当你去买一包碎牛肉时，

you had a healthier, sustainable plant-based option

旁边有一种更健康、 可持续的植物性食品，

right next to it that costs the same.

而且价格相同。

Within six months of making this change,

在做出这一改变后的六个月内，

the sale of their plant-based products went up by 30 percent

他们的素食类产品的销售增长了30％，

and shows no sign of lagging.

并且没有滞后的迹象。

Even in New York City public schools,

即使在纽约市的公立学校，

the largest school district in the country.

这是美国最大的学区。

They now have plant-based lunches for students,

他们现在为学生提供素食午餐，

so over a million children are eating plant-based lunches at least once a week.

因此超过一百万的儿童 每周至少吃一次素食午餐。

Now scaling from here, it’s not easy politically or personally.

现在从这里扩大规模，

无论是在政治上还是 在个人层面，都不容易。

But we're not talking about never eating meat.

但是我们不是在说不再吃肉。

We're talking about less meat and more plants.

我们说的是少吃肉，多吃蔬菜。

We're talking about overconsumption of meat.

我们说的是肉类的过度消费。

The average American right now

目前，美国人平均

eats six times the recommended amount of red meat.

吃的红肉量是建议量的六倍。

Six times.

六倍。

If we were to just halve that,

如果我们仅

it would have massive benefits for the climate,

将其减半，将为气候、

for food security and for health.

粮食安全和健康带来巨大好处。

And companies and governments have been telling us for decades what to eat.

几十年来，公司和政府 一直在告诉我们该吃什么。

They have the power to help us choose differently.

他们有能力帮助 我们做出不同的选择。

And yes, there's progress to be made.

是的，还有许多改变需要去做。

We need products that are plant-based to be healthier and cheaper.

我们需要素食产品更健康、更便宜。

But without a doubt, eating more plants is better for the planet,

但毫无疑问， 多吃蔬菜对地球有好处，

better for animals and better for us.

对动物有好处，对我们也有好处。

And when companies and governments

而且，当公司和政府想让我们

make it easier for us to choose differently, we do.

乐意做出不同的选择时， 我们确实会这样去做。

People want healthy and sustainable options,

人们想要健康和可持续的选项，

but it's simply not that easy to make that choice today.

但今天做出这样的选择并不容易。

The momentum, it's growing.

好势头，正在增长。

That McDonald's in the hospital,

医院里的那个麦当劳，

it got kicked out.

它不在了。

And my dad gets to play

我爸爸可以玩

and share, not-dogs and the occasional hot dog at family barbecues.

和分享，不是和狗，还偶尔 会在家庭烧烤时吃热狗。

And that's the world I envision for all of us,

这就是我为大家所设想的世界，

where we're able to improve public health,

我们能够改善公共健康，

we have avoided the worst of the climate crisis,

避免最严重的气候危机，

and we've improved global food security.

且我们能改善全球粮食安全问题。

That world is possible because we’ve shifted diets before,

这个世界是可能的， 因为我们曾成功改变过饮食习惯，

and we can do it again.

而我们可以再做一次。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）