The Hidden Forces Behind Your Food Choices | Sarah Lake | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: 麗玲 辛

When I was a kid,

我小時候，

we'd go visit my grandparents.

我們會去拜訪祖父母。

And my Grandma Toots

我的祖母圖茲

was a classic 1950s American housewife.

是典型的五○年代美國家庭主婦。

She, though, was a terrible cook.

不過，她超不會做菜。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

She cooked everything in the microwave, even meat.

她什麼都用微波的，連肉類都是。

And she had meat at every meal,

而她每餐都有肉，

even in her cottage cheese.

連茅屋起士裡面都有肉。

有一次，我哥哥 帶他的女友一起去拜訪，

One time my brother brought his girlfriend to visit,

and she was a vegetarian.

而她吃素。

And so my brother reminded Grandma Toots of this.

所以我哥哥提醒圖茲祖母這件事。

And she said, “Oh, OK, what does she want for dinner then?

她說：「哦，好吧， 那她晚餐想吃什麼？

Chicken or fish?"

雞或魚？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I mean, Grandma Toots could not imagine that you would have a meal

圖茲祖母無法想像 會有人吃飯，主菜不是肉。

that didn't revolve around meat.

And I can see why.

我能了解為什麼。

I mean, she grew up in a time

在她成長的年代，

where she was inundated by government promotions

到處都聽到政府宣傳， 宣稱肉類是支持國家的關鍵，

that meat was key to supporting your country

and company ads that talked about it being essential

而企業廣告也一直強調，想變強壯、 增加男子氣慨，就一定要吃肉。

for being strong and manly.

And it was cheap, too.

而且肉類也很便宜，政府有補助，

It was subsidized by the government

and partially explained as a way of bulking up malnourished men

部分原因是，吃肉可以幫助 營養不良的男性改善體格，

so that they could fight in World War II.

這樣他們才能去打二次大戰。

But what my grandma witnessed in the first half of her life

但我祖母在她人生前半段 所見證的現象是前所未見的。

was unprecedented.

She saw the fastest and widest shift in diets

她看到了有史以來最快速、 最廣泛的飲食轉變。

that had ever occurred.

Within just a few decades,

在短短幾十年之內，

she saw the norm go from eating meat as a rare treat,

她就看到一般人從難得能吃到肉

to having it three times a day,

變成一天三餐都吃肉，

to having meat named after our meals.

甚至還用三餐來當肉類的名稱，

So we had breakfast meats, we had lunch meats

所以我們有早餐肉、午餐肉，

而晚餐肉則是牛肉。

and, well, beef, it's what's for dinner.

And that didn't happen

會發生這種轉變，並不是因為 大家突然發現他們喜歡吃肉。

because people just suddenly realized they really liked the taste of meat.

What we eat is less about what we choose

我們會吃什麼主要取決於 能買得到什麼，並非選擇所致。

and more about what's offered to us.

And companies and governments today still make it really hard for us

現今的企業和政府仍讓我們 很難選擇肉類以外的食物。

to choose anything other than meat.

I mean, it's offered everywhere.

我的意思是，到處都買得到肉類。

It's often the only choice,

肉類常常是唯一的選擇，

and it's cheaper than other options.

而且還比其他選擇便宜， 到什麼程度呢？

So much so,

if you took away all government support and subsidies for meat,

如果把政府對肉類的支持 和補助通通取消，

a pound of ground beef would cost 30 dollars.

一磅的絞牛肉價格會高達三十美元。

So now we eat more meat than ever before,

所以我們現在吃的肉類 比以往都更多，

and it's continuing to grow.

且還在持續增加。

And we got to this point

我們會走到這一步， 是因為政府和企業

thanks to the extensive and far-reaching efforts

of governments and companies to push our diets towards meat.

廣泛的努力造成深遠的影響， 將我們的飲食推向肉類。

What we need now is the same fundamental shift in what we eat,

我們現在需要的是再次 從根本上轉變我們吃的食物，

but in the opposite direction, back towards plants.

但這次要反方向走回頭路， 轉變成以植物為主。

I'm here today as a food and climate expert

今天我以食物及氣候 專家的身分來這裡，

because diet shifts are critical for the planet.

因為飲食轉變對地球至關重要。

The only way that we can reach climate targets

要達到氣候目標且讓一百億人 都有東西吃，只有一個方法：

and feed 10 billion people

is by reducing the production and consumption of industrial meat.

減少肉品業的生產和消費。

We need other solutions.

我們需要其他解決方案， 我們需要再生農業，

We need regenerative agriculture.

我們需要處理食物損失和浪費。

And we need to address food loss and waste.

但光做到這些仍然 不足以達到氣候目標。

But those alone are insufficient to reach climate goals.

And diet shifts are also essential for food security and health.

且飲食轉變對糧食安全 及健康也至關重要。

We need to grow more food on less land by 2050,

到 2050 年時，我們得在 較少的土地上種植更多食物，

要做到這一點，

and to do that,

we need to shift from land-intensive animal protein

我們就得從土地密集的 動物性蛋白質轉換為

to land-efficient vegetable protein.

土地利用效率高的植物性蛋白質。

And that also helps with our health.

那也對我們的健康有益。

Grandma Toots continued to put meat in pretty much every meal,

圖茲祖母仍然維持幾乎餐餐都有肉，

and by the time I was about 11,

到我十一歲左右，

that diet caught up with my dad, her son,

那種飲食影響到了 我的爸爸，她的兒子，

and he had a massive heart attack.

他心臟病發作，且非常嚴重。

I don't remember a lot about it,

我對這件事的記憶不多， 但我還記得坐在醫院裡，

but I remember sitting in this hospital

waiting for him to get out of six-way bypass surgery,

等他的六重繞道手術完成，

using this very high-tech surgery plan of 1996.

在 1996 年，這是非常 高科技的手術方案。

And my mom took me and my siblings

在等待時，我媽媽帶著 我們兄弟姐妹在醫院裡吃晚餐。

to get dinner in the hospital while we waited.

And she took us to the only restaurant that was available:

她帶我們去了那時唯一能去的餐廳：

a McDonald's.

麥當勞。

So we sat there eating greasy cheeseburgers

我們坐在那裡吃油膩的起士漢堡，

while my dad was on the floor above,

而我在樓上的爸爸

having open-heart surgery due to years of eating unhealthy food.

則因為長年都在吃不健康的食物 而必須進行心臟手術。

And we ate there because it was really all that was available.

我們在那裡吃晚餐，因為別無選擇。

After my dad's surgery,

我爸爸動完手術後，我們家的 飲食變成主要以植物為主，

our household went largely plant-based thanks to my mom.

這要歸功於我媽媽。

And my dad, he’s still alive.

而我爸爸還健在，

So I know firsthand how plant-rich diets can be life-saving.

所以我從親身經歷知道 富含植物的飲食可以拯救人命。

And now we know that overconsumption of meat

現在我們知道，過度消費肉類

is a leading cause of preventable disease, including heart disease,

是心臟病、肥胖，及糖尿病等 可預防疾病的主要成因。

but also obesity and diabetes.

We also know that meat is a leading cause of climate change.

我們也知道肉類 是氣候變遷的主要成因。

Meat alone can account for as much as 20 percent of global emissions.

全球排放中有高達 20% 是源自肉類。

We also know that we're misusing nearly half of our farmland

我們也知道，我們的農地 有一半被不當利用，

to grow feed for animals, rather than food for humans.

用來種植動物吃的飼料， 而不是人類吃的食物。

But no one really wants to talk about this proverbial cow in the room.

但是沒有人真正想談論 這個明顯的問題。

我們需要讓我們的食物系統 從根本上脫離大量產銷的肉類。

The fundamental need to shift our food system away from industrial meat.

And maybe it's because we know people really care about what they eat.

也許是因為我們知道 大家真的在乎自己吃的食物。

Or maybe it's because we know we're not going to get there

也可能是因為我們知道光靠呼籲大家 改變飲食是無法達成目標的。

by pleading with people to eat differently,

especially when most consumers have to go out of their way

尤其是大多數消費者必須 特地改吃更貴的替代產品。

and pay more for alternative products.

What we need is for companies and governments

我們需要的是企業和政府 提供和獎勵植物含量高的飲食，

to offer and incentivize plant-rich diets

the same way they did for meat decades ago.

就像數十年前推動肉類飲食那樣。

I need to walk into a McDonald's

必須要讓我走進麥當勞時， 看到菜單上滿是富含植物的餐點，

and see a menu full of plant-rich options

and have them be just as cheap or cheaper than the Big Mac.

而且價格要和大麥克 一樣便宜，或者更便宜。

And we need our schools and hospitals to offer plant-based foods as the default,

學校和醫院也得將提供的餐點 預設為植物性食物，

where you can get meat

你要吃肉也可以， 但你得特別提出來才行。

but you have to ask for it as the exception.

And we need just as much money to flow into the plant-based industry

我們也需要大量的資金 流入植物性產業，

as currently makes meat wildly and artificially cheap.

不能少於目前讓肉類價格 普遍低於正常值背後的資金。

Whether that's making better black bean burgers

不論是改良黑豆漢堡 或研發新型蛋白質都好。

or novel alternative proteins.

We know that this can work because it has before.

我們知道這個方法行得通， 因為以前就成功過。

And we know it's working again in the places where we've dared to try it.

就我們所知，在勇於嘗試 投資的地方，已有成果。

Just last month, I was in Germany,

上個月，我在德國，

and I walked into a Burger King and bam!

我走進了漢堡王，接著，砰！

I was bombarded with ads for their plant-based Whopper.

我不斷聽到他們的廣告 推銷植物性華堡，

It was all over the store,

店裡全是這廣告，且菜單 正中央就是植物性華堡，

and the plant-based Whopper was center of the menu,

and it was the same price as the regular Whopper.

價格還和普通華堡一樣。

Today in Burger Kings in Germany,

現今，在德國的漢堡王，

one in five of all Whoppers sold are plant-based.

每賣出五個華堡中裡， 就有一個是植物性華堡，

One in five,

在發明法蘭克福香腸的國家 都可以做到五分之一呢！

in the country that invented the frankfurter.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Or take Lidl, it’s one of the largest supermarkets in Europe.

還有一個例子是歐洲 最大的超市之一：利多。

They decided to put their plant-based meat next to the conventional meat

他們決定把植物性肉類

放在傳統肉類的旁邊，

in the meat section and make it the same price.

都放在肉類區，價格也相同。

So when you went to grab a package of ground beef,

所以當你去買一包絞牛肉時，

you had a healthier, sustainable plant-based option

就會看到旁邊有一個更健康、 更永續的植物性選擇，價格相同。

right next to it that costs the same.

Within six months of making this change,

做出這個改變之後，不到六個月， 植物性產品的業績就成長了 30％，

the sale of their plant-based products went up by 30 percent

and shows no sign of lagging.

而且沒有減緩的跡象。

Even in New York City public schools,

即使在紐約市的公立學校，

the largest school district in the country.

這是美國最大的學區，

They now have plant-based lunches for students,

現在也提供植物性午餐給學生，

so over a million children are eating plant-based lunches at least once a week.

因此有超過一百萬名孩子 每週至少吃一次植物性午餐。

Now scaling from here, it’s not easy politically or personally.

從這開始擴大規模， 在政治或個人方面都不容易。

But we're not talking about never eating meat.

但我們談的不是不吃肉， 而是少吃肉，多吃植物。

We're talking about less meat and more plants.

We're talking about overconsumption of meat.

我們談的是肉類的過度消費。

The average American right now

現今，一般美國人所吃的 紅肉量是建議值的六倍。

eats six times the recommended amount of red meat.

Six times.

六倍，如果我們能把它減半， 對氣候就會有很大的助益，

If we were to just halve that,

it would have massive benefits for the climate,

for food security and for health.

糧食安全及個人健康也都能受益。

數十年來，企業和政府 一直在告訴我們該吃什麼。

And companies and governments have been telling us for decades what to eat.

They have the power to help us choose differently.

他們有能力協助 我們做出不同的選擇。

And yes, there's progress to be made.

是的，還有進步的空間，

We need products that are plant-based to be healthier and cheaper.

我們需要更健康更便宜的植物性產品。

但毫無疑問，多吃植物對於 地球、動物，及我們都更有益。

But without a doubt, eating more plants is better for the planet,

better for animals and better for us.

And when companies and governments

若企業和政府讓我們 能更容易做出不同的選擇，

make it easier for us to choose differently, we do.

我們就會做出不同的選擇， 大家想要健康永續的選項，

People want healthy and sustainable options,

but it's simply not that easy to make that choice today.

但現今要做出這種選擇並非易事。

The momentum, it's growing.

這勢頭越來越盛。

That McDonald's in the hospital,

醫院裡的那間麥當勞就被踼出去了。

it got kicked out.

And my dad gets to play

在家庭烤肉聚會上，

我爸爸可以參加，也一起吃 素食熱狗（偶爾也有熱狗）。

and share, not-dogs and the occasional hot dog at family barbecues.

And that's the world I envision for all of us,

我希望所有人 都生活在這樣的世界裡，

where we're able to improve public health,

在這個世界裡， 我們能夠改善公共衛生，

we have avoided the worst of the climate crisis,

我們已經避開了 氣候危機最糟糕的狀況。

and we've improved global food security.

我們也已經改善了全球糧食安全。

That world is possible because we’ve shifted diets before,

這個世界能夠成真，因為 我們之前曾改變過飲食，

and we can do it again.

我們還能再做到一次。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）