What if gentrification was about healing communities instead of displacing them? | Liz Ogbu

翻译人员: Hong Li 校对人员: Enji Li

I grew up in a family of social scientists,

我成长在一个社会学家组成的家庭中，

but I was the weird child who drew.

而我是个怪小孩，我喜欢画画。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

From making sketches of the models in my mom's Sears catalog ...

我先是画妈妈的西尔斯百货 宣传单里的模特，

to a bedroom so full of my craft projects

后来我的卧室里堆满了我的手工作品，

that it was like my own personal art gallery,

那里就像我的私人画廊。

I lived to make.

我是为创作而生的。

I don't think anyone in my family was surprised when I became an architect.

所以当我后来成为了一名建筑设计师， 我家人一点也不觉得奇怪。

But to be honest with you,

但老实说，

the real foundation of the architect I became

让我成为建筑设计师的真正原因

was not laid in that bedroom art gallery

并没有在我卧室的画廊里，

but by the conversations around my family's dinner table.

而是在我与家人的餐桌对话中。

There were stories of how people lived and connected to one another,

我们讨论了人们如何生活， 如何与人交往，

from the impact of urban migration on a village in Zambia

从城市移民对赞比亚 一个小村子带来的冲击，

to the complex health care needs

到旧金山街头的流浪汉

of the homeless in the streets of San Francisco.

对于医疗的复杂需求。

Now, it would be fair

我知道，

if you're looking over at your seatmate

在座的各位现在也许会面面相觑，

and wondering, "What the hell does that have to do with architecture?"

心想，“这些事情 跟建筑设计有什么关系？”

Well, all of these stories involved space

事实上，这些故事都跟空间有关，

and how it did or didn't accommodate us.

关于这些空间到底适不适合所有人。

The fact is,

事实上，

we share some of our deepest connections

我们会在物理空间中

in physical space.

共享我们内心深处的联系。

And our stories play out,

我们的故事，

even in this crazy age of texting and tweeting,

即便在这个充斥着 短信和推特的疯狂年代，

in physical space.

也还是会在物理世界中上演。

Unfortunately, architecture hasn't done a great job

遗憾的是，建筑设计师们 在讲故事的时候

of telling all of our stories equally.

并不是很公平。

Too often, we see the building of monuments like the Gherkin

大部分时间，我们看到的是 像“腌黄瓜”楼这样的纪念碑，

or even Trump Tower ...

甚至特朗普大厦……

(Laughter)

（笑声）

that tell the story of the haves rather than the have-nots.

这些建筑讲的是富人的故事， 而不是穷人的。

Throughout my career,

在我的职业生涯中，

I've actively resisted the practice

我一直在拒绝那些

of building monuments to certain peoples' stories --

为特定人群的成就 建纪念碑的工作——

usually white, male, rich --

通常是白人、男性、富裕阶层——

and bulldozing other peoples' stories --

这样的工作会掩盖其他人的成就，

usually people of color

尤其是那些生活在低收入社群的

from low-income communities.

有色人种。

I've tried to create a practice

我曾尝试过进行一次实践，

that is rooted in elevating the stories

初衷是要讲述那些沉默的、

of those who have most often been silenced.

无法为自己发声的人的故事。

That work --

这项工作

it's been a mission in spatial justice.

是一种实现空间公平的使命。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Now, spatial justice means that we understand

空间公平，意味着我们明白

that justice has a geography,

公平是有地理学意义的，

and that the equitable distribution of resources, services and access

意味着资源、服务 和获取方式的公平分配

is a basic human right.

是一项基本人权。

So what does spatial justice look like?

那空间公平的现状是什么样的呢？

Well, I'd like to share a story with you.

接下来我想分享一个故事。

For years,

数年来，

I've been working in the historically African-American neighborhood

我一直在位于旧金山湾景猎人角的

of Bayview Hunters Point in San Francisco,

非裔美国人社区工作，

on a plot of land that once held a power plant.

那里以前曾经有个电厂。

Back in the '90s,

在 90 年代，

a community group led by mothers who lived in the public housing

由住在电厂附近小山上的一群母亲

on the hill above the plant

发起的一个社区团体

fought for its closure.

正在为关闭电厂而奔走。

They won.

她们成功了。

The utility company finally tore it down,

公共事业公司推倒了电厂，

cleaned the soil

清理了土地，

and capped most of the site with asphalt

并在原地铺上了沥青，

so that the clean soil wouldn't blow away.

以防止尘土被吹走。

Sounds like a success story, right?

听起来是个成功的事件，对吧？

Well, not so fast.

别那么快下定论。

You see, because of various issues like land entitlements,

因为土地权利、租约

lease agreements, etc.,

等一系列的问题，

the land actually couldn't be redeveloped for at least five to 10 years.

这片土地至少 在 5-10 年间无法重新开发。

What that meant is that this community

这就意味着，这个社区的居民

that had been living near a power plant for decades,

在电厂旁边生活了数十年，

now had 30 acres of asphalt in their backyard.

如今只是在后院 拥有了 30 英亩沥青地。

To put that in context for you,

为了方便大家理解，

30 acres is equal to about 30 football fields.

30 英亩差不多 有 30 个足球场那么大。

Now, the utility company didn't want to be the bad guy here.

公共事业公司并不想做坏人。

Recognizing that they owed the community,

他们意识到自己对社区有亏欠，

they actually put out a call for designers

于是召集了设计师

to propose temporary uses for this site,

征集这片地的临时实用方案，

hoping to turn it into a community benefit

希望用这片地造福社区，

rather than blight.

而不是为社区增添负担。

I'm part of the diverse team of designers that responded to that call,

我是这支多样化设计师团队中的一员， 我们接手了这项工作，

and for the last four years,

在过去 4 年间，

we've been collaborating with those mothers

我们跟这些母亲

and other residents,

还有其他居民，

as well as local organizations and the utility company.

以及当地组织和 公共事业公司展开了合作。

We've been experimenting with all types of events

我们举办了各式各样的活动，

to try and address issues of spatial justice.

尝试解决空间公平问题——

Everything from job training workshops

从提供职业培训讲座

to an annual circus

到年度马戏表演，

to even a beautiful, new shoreline trail.

甚至修筑了一条漂亮的、 全新的沿海小道。

In the four years that we've been operational,

在我们开展项目的 4 年间，

超过 12000 人来到这个地方， 做出了自己的贡献，

over 12,000 people have come and done something on this site

that we hope has transformed their relationship to it.

我们希望能够改变 他们同这块地的关系。

But lately,

但是后来，

I'm starting to realize that events are not enough.

我开始意识到光有活动还不够。

A few months ago,

几个月前，

there was a community meeting in this neighborhood.

社区举办了一次会议。

The utility company was finally ready to talk concretely

公共事业公司终于准备好要商讨

about long-term redevelopment.

长期重建计划。

That meeting was kind of a disaster.

然而，那次会议简直就是场灾难——

There was a lot of yelling and anger.

全程充满了愤怒与咆哮。

People asked things like,

人们问了各种问题，比如

"If you're going to sell it to a developer,

“如果你们把它卖给开发商，

他们难道不会像其他人一样 盖上豪华公寓楼吗？”

wouldn't they just build luxury condos like everyone else?"

And "Where has the city been?"

“市政府都在干什么？”

"Why aren't there more jobs and resources in this neighborhood?"

“为什么不能给这个社区 提供更多的就业机会和资源？”

It was not that our events had failed to bring joy.

这种结果并不意味着 我们组织的活动没能带来快乐。

But in spite of that, there was still pain here.

但是问题是，痛苦依然还在。

Pain from a history of environmental injustice

痛苦来源于环境不公正的历史

that left many industrial uses in this neighborhood,

为社区遗留了很多工业问题，

leaving residents living near toxic waste

留下的居民生活在 充斥着有毒废弃物的环境中，

and, literally, shit.

基本上就等于生活在垃圾堆中。

There's pain from the fact

痛苦来源于一个事实，

that this zip code still has one of the lowest per capita income,

这个区域仍然是人均收入最低、

highest unemployment

失业率最高、

and highest incarceration rates

监禁率最高的地区之一，

in a city which tech giants like Twitter, Airbnb and Uber call home.

它就位于推特、爱彼迎、优步 这些科技巨头的故乡。

And those tech companies --

而这些科技公司呢，

hm --

呵呵，

they've actually helped to trigger a gentrification push

他们实际上助推了 中产阶级化的过程，

that is rapidly redefining this neighborhood,

从自我认同和人口两方面

both in terms of identity and population.

迅速重新定义了这个社区。

Now let me pause for a moment to talk about gentrification.

我们暂且把这个话题放一边， 先来聊聊中产阶级化。

I suspect for a lot of us, it's kind of like a dirty word.

我猜对我们大部分人而言， 这是个贬义词。

It's become synonymous with the displacement

它意味着贫穷的当地居民

of poor residents from their neighborhood

被富有的外来者

by wealthier newcomers.

挤出了社区。

If you've ever been displaced,

如果你曾经无家可归过，

then you know the agony of losing a place that held your story.

那你一定明白，失去 承载你故事的地方的痛苦。

And if you haven't experienced this,

如果你没有经历过这些，

then I'm going to ask you to try and imagine your way into it right now.

那我现在就请你们尝试着想象一下。

Think about what it would be like to find your favorite local spot,

想想你家附近， 你最爱去的一个地方，

a place where you often went and hung out with the old-timers or your friends,

你经常去那儿跟一些老人家 或者朋友聊天，

had vanished.

而这地方突然消失了。

And then you get home,

当你回到家，

and you find a letter from your landlord,

发现房东给你留了一封信，

saying that your rent's been doubled.

告诉你房租要翻倍。

The choice to stay --

你根本无权选择

it's not yours to make.

要不要留下来。

You no longer belong in your home.

你不再属于这个家。

And know that this feeling you're feeling right now,

记住，无论伤害你们的人 是有意或无意，

it would be the same

你们现在的感受本身

regardless of whether or not the person who harmed you meant to do so.

是没有任何区别的。

Developer Majora Carter once said to me,

开发商马乔拉·卡特 有次跟我说，

"Poor people don't hate gentrification.

“穷人并不痛恨中产阶级化。

They just hate that they rarely get to hang around long enough

他们痛恨的是没有办法长期享受

to enjoy its benefits."

它带来的好处。”

Why is it that we treat culture erasure and economic displacement as inevitable?

为什么我们认为文化消除 和经济迁移是不可避免的？

We could approach development

我们可以通过了解 历史上的不公正现象

with an acknowledgment of past injustices --

来寻求发展——

find value not only in those new stories

不仅从新故事中寻找价值，

but the old ones, too.

也要关注老故事。

And make a commitment to build people's capacity to stay --

要承诺让人们居者有其屋——

to stay in their homes,

让他们留在自己家里，

to stay in their communities,

留在自己的社区，

to stay where they feel whole.

留在那些让自己觉得完整的地方。

But to do this rethink,

但是要做到重新思考，

it requires looking at those past injustices

需要我们回顾历史上的不公正现象，

and the pain and grief that is interwoven into them.

正视交织其中的痛苦和悲伤。

And as I started to reflect on my own work,

当我开始思考我的工作，

I realized that pain and grief have been recurring themes.

我意识到痛苦和悲伤 是反复出现的主题。

I heard it early on in the Bayview Hunters Point project

这种情况早在 湾景猎人角项目的时候就出现过。

when a man named Daryl said,

当时一位叫达里尔的男士说，

"We've always been set aside like an island --

“我们总是像一座无人孤岛一样

a no-man's-land."

被放逐。”

I also heard it in Houston,

同样的话我也在休斯顿听到过，

when I was working on a project with day laborers.

当时我在跟一群上白班的体力劳动者 合作完成一个项目。

And as Juan told me stories of being robbed of his wages many times

胡安告诉我， 他的工资被抢劫了许多次，

on the corner in which he stood every day

就在他每天劳动的街角，

to earn a living to support his family,

他在那儿辛苦劳动，为了养家糊口。

he asked,

他问我，

"Why can't anyone see the sacredness of this site?"

“为什么就没有人觉得 这个角落也是神圣的呢？”

You know, you've seen the pain, too.

其实你们也见证过这种痛苦。

From campaigns around statue removals in Charlottesville and New Orleans ...

从夏洛茨维尔和新奥尔良的 雕像清除运动，

to towns that have lost their industrial lifeblood

到那些失去了工业命脉

and are now dying,

走向衰亡的城镇，

like Lorain, Ohio and Bolton, England.

比如俄亥俄州的洛雷恩 和英格兰的博尔顿。

We often rush to remake these places,

我们经常急于重建这些地方，

thinking that we can ease their pain.

认为我们可以抚平人们的伤痛。

But in our boundless desire to do good,

然而我们怀揣着无限的行善欲，

to get past all of our mistakes,

想纠正我们的所有错误，

to build places that hold possibility,

打造充满可能性的地点，

we often maintain a blissful ignorance

却常常对一片充满了破碎的承诺

of a landscape filled with a very long trail of broken promises

和被压制的梦想的风景保持着

and squelched dreams.

一种幸福的无知。

We are building on top of brokenness.

我们是在一片废墟上搞建设。

Is it any wonder that the foundations cannot hold?

有没有人想过 用废墟作地基可能不稳？

Holding space for pain and grief was never part of my job description

作为建筑设计师，维持一个 充满痛苦和悲伤的空间

as an architect --

并不是我的工作范畴，

after all, it's not expedient,

毕竟，这不是权宜之计，

focused on beauty,

也并不专注于美感——

and hell, even requested by my clients.

更不会有客户提出这样的要求。

But I've seen what happens when there's space for pain.

但是我知道如果存在 能够容纳痛苦的空间意味着什么，

It can be transformational.

它具有转变的力量。

Returning to our story,

回到我们的故事，

when we first started working in the neighborhood,

我们刚开始在社区展开工作的时候，

one of the first things we did

做的第一件事

was go out and interview the activists who had led the fight to close the plant.

就是去找那些 牵头关闭电厂的活动者们。

We consistently heard and felt from them a sense of impending loss.

我们不断从他们那里听到和感受到 一种即将失去的感觉。

The neighborhood was already changing,

社区已经在改变，

即便在当时也是。

even back then.

People were leaving or dying of old age,

人们离开或者逝去，

and with those departures, stories were being lost.

这些离别也导致了故事的失传。

To those activists,

对于那些活动家而言，

no one was going to know the amazing things

没有人知道在这个社区

that had happened in this community,

发生的美妙的事情，

because to everyone on the outside,

因为对于外界的人而言，

it was the ghetto.

这里只是个贫民区。

At worst, a place of violence;

往差了说，是个充满暴力的地方；

at best, a blank slate.

往好了说，是一片空白之地。

Neither was true, of course.

当然，这两种说法都不对。

So my colleagues and I, we reached out to StoryCorps.

于是我和同事们联系了

StoryCorps（故事团：记录和 分享美国民间故事的非盈利机构）。

And with their support,

在他们和公共事业公司的支持下，

and that of the utility company,

我们在场地内搭建了一个小录音间。

we built a listening booth on our site.

And we invited the residents to come

我们邀请住户

and have their stories recorded for posterity.

把他们的故事录下来，留给后代。

After a few days of recording,

在录了几天之后，

we held a listening party

我们举行了一场“倾听派对”，

where we played clips,

并播放了那些录音片段，

much like what you hear on NPR every Friday morning.

就像你在周五早上 听到的全国公共广播一样。

That party --

那个派对，

it was one of the most amazing community meetings

是我参加过的最棒的

I've ever been a part of.

社区见面会之一。

In part because we didn't just talk about joy

一部分原因在于， 我们不光讨论快乐，

but also pain.

也在谈论痛苦。

Two stories that I remember well --

有两个故事我记得很清楚，

AJ talked about what it was like to grow up in the neighborhood.

AJ 讲述了他是如何在社区长大的。

总有小伙伴陪他玩。

There was always a kid to play with.

But he also spoke with sadness

但他也分享了自己的悲伤，

of what it was like to first be stopped and questioned by a police officer

就是他 11 岁那年， 第一次被警察拦住，

when he was 11.

接受盘问。

GL also talked about the kids,

GL 谈到了小伙伴们，

and the ups and downs of the experience of living in this neighborhood,

还有在社区生活的酸甜苦辣，

but he also spoke with pride

但是他也骄傲地讲到

of some of the organizations that had sprung up

那些如雨后春笋般出现的组织，

to provide support and empowerment.

如何为他们提供援助，赋予他们权利。

He wanted to see more of that.

他希望这样的事情越多越好。

By holding space to first express pain and grief,

我们保留住这些最初用来 帮助人们表达痛苦和悲伤的空间，

we were then able to brainstorm ideas for a site --

之后才可以让大家针对

amazing ideas that then became the seeds of what we did over the next four years.

如何来建设这个地方各抒己见， 并以此作为我们接下来 4 年的工作基础。

So why the radically different meeting now?

为何现在的见面会完全不同了呢？

Well ...

我觉得，

the pain and grief woven into these spaces was not created in a day.

这些地方的痛苦和悲伤 不是一天形成的。

Healing also takes time.

治愈它也需要时间。

After all, who here thinks you can go to therapy just once and be cured?

在座的各位有没有人 去看一次医生，病就被治好的？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Anyone?

有吗？

I didn't think so.

我觉得没有。

In retrospect,

现在看来，

I wish that we had held more listening sessions,

我当初应该举办更多的分享会，

not just joyful events.

而不仅仅组织快乐的活动。

My work's taken me all over the world,

因为工作的原因，我走遍了全世界，

and I have yet to set foot in a place where pain didn't exist

每个地方都有痛苦，

and the potential for healing was absent.

但每个地方也都有被治愈的潜力。

So while I've spent my career honing my skills as an architect,

于是我在磨练自己 作为建筑设计师技能的同时，

I realize that I'm now also a healer.

意识到自己也是个治愈者。

I suppose this is the point in the talk where I should be telling you

演讲进行到这里， 我想我应该告诉大家，

治愈分为哪五步，

those five steps to healing,

but I don't have the solution --

但其实我还没有找到解决方法，

yet.

暂时没有。

Just a path.

只有一个大方向。

That being said,

就是说，

there are a few things I have learned along the way.

至少，我在这个过程中 学到了一些东西。

First --

首先，

we cannot create cities for everyone

除非我们愿意倾听每个人的需求，

unless we're first willing to listen to everyone.

否则将无法建造 适合每一个人的城市。

Not just about what they hope to see built in the future

不仅仅是他们希望看到的未来，

but also about what has been lost or unfulfilled.

还有他们曾经失去 或者没被满足的需求。

Second --

其次，

healing is not just for "those people."

治愈不仅仅是为了“那一部分人”。

For those of us with privilege,

对于我们当中那些有特权的人，

we have to have a reckoning with our own guilt,

我们必须针对自己的过错，

discomfort and complicity.

不安和共谋行为进行反省。

As non-profit leader Anne Marks once observed,

一位非盈利组织的领导人 安妮·马克斯评论道，

"Hurt people hurt people;

“受伤之人伤人，

healed people heal people."

被救之人救人。”

And third --

第三，

healing is not about the erasure of pain.

治愈不是要抹掉痛苦。

We often have a tendency to want to put a clean slate over our pain,

我们通常想要彻底忘掉痛苦，

much like that asphalt on the soil in Bayview Hunters Point.

就像在湾景猎人角， 覆盖在土地上的沥青一样。

But it doesn't work that way.

这并不能让我们如愿以偿。

Healing is about acknowledging pain

治愈是要承认痛苦，

and making peace with it.

并且与之和平相处。

One of my favorite quotes says that healing renews our faith

我最喜欢的一句话是， 治愈会在我们成长的过程中

in the process of becoming.

不断更新我们的信念。

I stand here before you as an architect-healer

我以一名建筑设计治疗师的身份 站在你们面前，

because I'm ready to see what I can become,

因为我已经准备好 看看自己能变成什么样，

what my community and those that I work with can become,

我的社区和与我共事的人 会变成什么样，

and what this country,

这个国家，

and frankly, this world can become.

甚至这个世界能变成什么样。

And I was not meant to take that journey alone.

我并不想独自完成这段旅程。

I believe that many of you are unhappy with the way that things are now.

我相信你们中间有很多人 对现状不满。

Believe that it can be different.

坚信现状最终得以改变。

I believe that you all are far more resilient than you think.

我相信你们的适应能力 比自己想象的更强。

But the first step requires courage.

但踏出第一步需要勇气。

The courage to see each other's pain,

要敢于发现彼此的痛苦，

and to be willing to stay in the presence of it,

要愿意与痛苦共存，

even when it gets uncomfortable.

即使这会让你感到不适。

Just imagine the change that we can make together

想象一下，如果我们做到这些，

if we all committed to that.

将会创造多大的改变。

Thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause)

（掌声）