What if gentrification was about healing communities instead of displacing them? | Liz Ogbu

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: congmei Han

I grew up in a family of social scientists,

我在社會科學家的家庭中長大，

but I was the weird child who drew.

但我是個怪小孩，我畫畫。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

From making sketches of the models in my mom's Sears catalog ...

我母親的西爾斯目錄的 模特兒都是我素描的對象…

to a bedroom so full of my craft projects

我的臥房滿滿都是我的工藝作品，

that it was like my own personal art gallery,

就像是我個人的美術館，

I lived to make.

我活著是為了製造。

I don't think anyone in my family was surprised when I became an architect.

我想，當我成為建築師時， 我的家人都不覺得意外。

But to be honest with you,

但老實說，

the real foundation of the architect I became

我成為建築師，背後的積累成因，

was not laid in that bedroom art gallery

其實並不是歸因於我的臥房美術館，

but by the conversations around my family's dinner table.

而是我們一家在晚餐時的對話。

There were stories of how people lived and connected to one another,

我們聊的一些故事是關於 人們的居住狀況以及彼此關聯，

from the impact of urban migration on a village in Zambia

從都市遷徒對於尚比亞的 村落有什麼影響，

to the complex health care needs

到舊金山街頭的

of the homeless in the streets of San Francisco.

流浪人群亟待健康照護的複雜局面。

Now, it would be fair

此刻，我並不意外

if you're looking over at your seatmate

如果你正與坐你鄰座的人對視，

and wondering, "What the hell does that have to do with architecture?"

並納悶：「那到底和建築 有什麼關係啊？」

Well, all of these stories involved space

其實，所有那些故事都涉及空間，

and how it did or didn't accommodate us.

以及空間有或沒有容納我們。

The fact is,

事實是，

we share some of our deepest connections

我們在實體空間中共有一些

in physical space.

最深層的關聯。

And our stories play out,

即使是在這個

even in this crazy age of texting and tweeting,

網路傳訊和推特瘋速發展的年代， 我們的故事也發生在

in physical space.

實體空間中。

Unfortunately, architecture hasn't done a great job

遺憾的是，建築師沒把工作做好，

of telling all of our stories equally.

沒有均等地講述我們的故事。

Too often, we see the building of monuments like the Gherkin

我們太常見到紀念塔式的建築， 像英國的小黃瓜大樓

or even Trump Tower ...

抑或是川普世界大廈…

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

that tell the story of the haves rather than the have-nots.

它們講述的故事主角都是「有」 而不是「沒有」。

Throughout my career,

在我的職涯中，

I've actively resisted the practice

我會主動抗拒設計那些為

of building monuments to certain peoples' stories --

某些人的故事建造紀念塔式的建築，

usually white, male, rich --

通常都是為有錢的白人男性而建，

and bulldozing other peoples' stories --

然後把其他人的故事夷為平地，

usually people of color

通常是那些來自低收入社區的

from low-income communities.

有色人種。

I've tried to create a practice

我想要設計的建築是

that is rooted in elevating the stories

根基於提升那些總是

of those who have most often been silenced.

被迫沉默的人群的故事。

That work --

那份工作

it's been a mission in spatial justice.

是一個維護空間正義的任務。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now, spatial justice means that we understand

空間正義意味著我們了解

that justice has a geography,

正義也有地理學，

and that the equitable distribution of resources, services and access

指資源、服務及使用權的公平分配

is a basic human right.

是一種基本人權。

So what does spatial justice look like?

那麼，空間正義是什麼樣子的？

Well, I'd like to share a story with you.

嗯，我想和各位分享一個故事。

For years,

多年來，

I've been working in the historically African-American neighborhood

我一直在一個歷史上是屬於 非裔美國人的街坊中工作，

of Bayview Hunters Point in San Francisco,

位在舊金山的灣景獵人區，

on a plot of land that once held a power plant.

以前在那塊地上有座發電廠。

Back in the '90s,

在九○年代時，

a community group led by mothers who lived in the public housing

有一個社區團體，由住在 電廠上方山丘上的

on the hill above the plant

母親們所領導，

fought for its closure.

為關閉電廠而戰。

They won.

她們贏了。

The utility company finally tore it down,

公用事業公司終於把它拆除，

cleaned the soil

把土壤清乾淨

and capped most of the site with asphalt

用瀝青覆蓋該地點大部分的區域

so that the clean soil wouldn't blow away.

這樣乾淨土壤才不會吹走。

Sounds like a success story, right?

聽起來是個成功故事，對嗎？

Well, not so fast.

別急，還沒完。

You see, because of various issues like land entitlements,

因為各種議題，比如土地權利、

lease agreements, etc.,

租約協議等等，

the land actually couldn't be redeveloped for at least five to 10 years.

至少五到十年間， 該土地無法被再開發。

What that meant is that this community

那意味著，這個社區

that had been living near a power plant for decades,

已經在電廠附近住了數十年，

now had 30 acres of asphalt in their backyard.

現在他們的後院有三十英畝的瀝青。

To put that in context for you,

為各位說明一下，

30 acres is equal to about 30 football fields.

三十英畝差不多等同 三十個美式足球場。

Now, the utility company didn't want to be the bad guy here.

公用事業公司不想 在這件事上當壞人。

Recognizing that they owed the community,

他們承認他們虧欠這個社區，

they actually put out a call for designers

他們開始徵尋設計師

to propose temporary uses for this site,

提出對這塊地的暫時使用提案，

hoping to turn it into a community benefit

希望把它轉成社區的利益

rather than blight.

而不是禍害。

I'm part of the diverse team of designers that responded to that call,

我是回應該公司的多樣化 設計師團隊中的一員，

and for the last four years,

在過去四年間，

we've been collaborating with those mothers

我們一直和那些母親

and other residents,

以及其他居民、

as well as local organizations and the utility company.

地方組織，及該公用事業公司合作。

We've been experimenting with all types of events

我們在實驗各種活動

to try and address issues of spatial justice.

試圖處理空間正義的議題。

Everything from job training workshops

從工作訓練研習營

to an annual circus

到年度馬戲團

to even a beautiful, new shoreline trail.

甚至到美麗的海岸線新小徑。

In the four years that we've been operational,

我們在營運的這四年間，

over 12,000 people have come and done something on this site

有超過一萬兩千人來到 這個地方做出貢獻，

that we hope has transformed their relationship to it.

我們希望能轉變他們 與這個地方的關係。

But lately,

但，近期，

I'm starting to realize that events are not enough.

我開始了解到，只有活動還不夠。

A few months ago,

幾個月前，

there was a community meeting in this neighborhood.

在這個街坊有一場社區會議。

The utility company was finally ready to talk concretely

公用事業公司終於 準備好要具體地來談

about long-term redevelopment.

長期的重新開發。

That meeting was kind of a disaster.

那場會議可說是場災難。

There was a lot of yelling and anger.

有很多吼叫和怒火。

People asked things like,

大家會問這類問題：

"If you're going to sell it to a developer,

「若你要把它賣給開發商，

wouldn't they just build luxury condos like everyone else?"

他們難道不會像別人一樣 建造奢侈的公寓嗎？」

And "Where has the city been?"

以及「城市跑到哪兒去了？」

"Why aren't there more jobs and resources in this neighborhood?"

「為什麼在這個街坊 沒有更多工作和資源？」

It was not that our events had failed to bring joy.

並不是我們的活動沒有帶來喜悅。

But in spite of that, there was still pain here.

但儘管如此，這裡還是有痛苦。

Pain from a history of environmental injustice

這痛苦來自環境不公平的歷史，

that left many industrial uses in this neighborhood,

在這個街坊留下很多工業的使用，

leaving residents living near toxic waste

讓居民住在有毒廢物

and, literally, shit.

和可說是糞便的附近。

There's pain from the fact

有些痛苦是來自

that this zip code still has one of the lowest per capita income,

這個郵遞區號的地區仍然是 每人收入最低的地區之一，

highest unemployment

還有最高的失業率，

and highest incarceration rates

以及最高的監禁率，

in a city which tech giants like Twitter, Airbnb and Uber call home.

這個城市可是科技巨人，如推特、 Airbnb，以及優步的家鄉。

And those tech companies --

而那些科技公司，

hm --

嗯，

they've actually helped to trigger a gentrification push

他們其實是在助推中產階級化，

that is rapidly redefining this neighborhood,

那會快速重新定義這個街坊，

both in terms of identity and population.

在身分上以及人口上皆是如此。

Now let me pause for a moment to talk about gentrification.

我先暫停一下，來談談中產階級化。

I suspect for a lot of us, it's kind of like a dirty word.

我懷疑，對我們很多人而言， 這就像是一個髒字。

It's become synonymous with the displacement

它變成了遷移的同義字，

of poor residents from their neighborhood

貧窮的居民遷離他們的街坊，

by wealthier newcomers.

由有錢的新來者接手。

If you've ever been displaced,

如果你曾經被迫遷移，

then you know the agony of losing a place that held your story.

就知道失去保有 你故事的地方有多痛苦。

And if you haven't experienced this,

如果你沒有這種經驗，

then I'm going to ask you to try and imagine your way into it right now.

我想請你現在想像一下這個情況。

Think about what it would be like to find your favorite local spot,

想想看，你在當地最喜歡的地點，

a place where you often went and hung out with the old-timers or your friends,

你常常和老居民或朋友 去打發時間的地方，

had vanished.

它消失了。

And then you get home,

接著，你回到家，

and you find a letter from your landlord,

你發現一封你房東寫的信，

saying that your rent's been doubled.

寫說你的房租要加倍。

The choice to stay --

留下的選擇

it's not yours to make.

不是你能決定的。

You no longer belong in your home.

你不再屬於你的家。

And know that this feeling you're feeling right now,

你現在感受到的這個感覺，

it would be the same

它都會是一樣的，

regardless of whether or not the person who harmed you meant to do so.

不論傷害你的人是有心或無心。

Developer Majora Carter once said to me,

開發者馬喬拉卡特曾經告訴我：

"Poor people don't hate gentrification.

「窮人並不痛恨中產階級化。

They just hate that they rarely get to hang around long enough

他們只是痛恨他們 無法在這裡待得夠久，

to enjoy its benefits."

以享受它帶來的益處。」

Why is it that we treat culture erasure and economic displacement as inevitable?

為什麼我們會把文化抹除 和經濟位移視為不可避免？

We could approach development

我們在發展時，

with an acknowledgment of past injustices --

仍然可以承認過去的不公正——

find value not only in those new stories

不只在新故事中，

but the old ones, too.

也在舊故事中找到價值。

And make a commitment to build people's capacity to stay --

並承諾保證所建立出來的 容量能讓大家留下，

to stay in their homes,

留在家中，

to stay in their communities,

留在他們的社區中，

to stay where they feel whole.

留在讓他們感覺完整的地方。

But to do this rethink,

但若要做這種重新思考，

it requires looking at those past injustices

就需要去檢視那些過去的不公正

and the pain and grief that is interwoven into them.

以及和它們交織 在一起的痛苦和悲慟。

And as I started to reflect on my own work,

當我開始反思我自己的工作，

I realized that pain and grief have been recurring themes.

我了解到，痛苦和悲慟 是不斷重覆發生的主題。

I heard it early on in the Bayview Hunters Point project

我先前在灣景獵人區計畫中聽到

when a man named Daryl said,

有個叫做戴洛的人說：

"We've always been set aside like an island --

「我們一直都被擱到一旁， 就像島嶼一樣，

a no-man's-land."

無人的島嶼。」

I also heard it in Houston,

我在也休士頓聽過，

when I was working on a project with day laborers.

當時我和計日工在進行一項計畫。

And as Juan told me stories of being robbed of his wages many times

璜告訴我的故事是 他的薪資曾多次被搶劫，

on the corner in which he stood every day

就在他每天為了支助家人生計

to earn a living to support his family,

所站的角落，

he asked,

他問：

"Why can't anyone see the sacredness of this site?"

「為何沒人能看到 這個地方的神聖性？」

You know, you've seen the pain, too.

你們也看過這些痛苦。

From campaigns around statue removals in Charlottesville and New Orleans ...

從夏洛蒂鎮以及紐奧良的 雕像拆除運動…

to towns that have lost their industrial lifeblood

到失去了產業命脈而現在正在

and are now dying,

步向死亡的鄉鎮，

like Lorain, Ohio and Bolton, England.

比如俄亥俄的洛蘭及英國的博爾頓。

We often rush to remake these places,

我們通常會急著要重造這些地方，

thinking that we can ease their pain.

認為我們能緩和他們的痛苦。

But in our boundless desire to do good,

但雖然我們有無限慾望想要做善事、

to get past all of our mistakes,

想克服我們所有的錯誤，

to build places that hold possibility,

來建立具有可能性的地方，

we often maintain a blissful ignorance

我們卻常有著樂而忘憂的無視，

of a landscape filled with a very long trail of broken promises

忽略了地景上滿是 一長串被違背的承諾，

and squelched dreams.

以及被碾碎的夢想。

We are building on top of brokenness.

我們在斷垣殘壁上建造。

Is it any wonder that the foundations cannot hold?

有人納悶過，地基可能不穩嗎？

Holding space for pain and grief was never part of my job description

我身為建築師的工作內容從未包括

as an architect --

留出空間給痛苦和悲慟。

after all, it's not expedient,

畢竟，那不是權宜的，

focused on beauty,

其焦點不在美好上，

and hell, even requested by my clients.

而且我的客戶也沒有要求這點。

But I've seen what happens when there's space for pain.

但我見過留些空間給痛苦會怎樣，

It can be transformational.

是可以轉型的。

Returning to our story,

回到我們的故事，

when we first started working in the neighborhood,

當我一開始在這個街坊工作時，

one of the first things we did

我們最先做的事之一，

was go out and interview the activists who had led the fight to close the plant.

就是出去訪問那些要求關閉 電廠的激進分子領導者。

We consistently heard and felt from them a sense of impending loss.

我們從他們那裡聽到和感受到， 有種即將發生的失去感。

The neighborhood was already changing,

這個街坊已經在改變，

even back then.

即使是在那時。

People were leaving or dying of old age,

大家都離開了，或是年老過世，

and with those departures, stories were being lost.

隨著他們離去，故事也遺失了。

To those activists,

對那些激進分子而言，

no one was going to know the amazing things

將來沒有人會知道在這個社區

that had happened in this community,

發生過不可思議的事，

because to everyone on the outside,

因為對於局外人而言

it was the ghetto.

它就是個貧民窟。

At worst, a place of violence;

最糟的情況是暴力之地，

at best, a blank slate.

最好的情況是空白的石板。

Neither was true, of course.

當然，兩者都不是真的。

So my colleagues and I, we reached out to StoryCorps.

所以我同事和我向 StoryCorps 求援。

And with their support,

有他們以及公用事業公司的支援

and that of the utility company,

we built a listening booth on our site.

我們在這建立了一個傾聽站。

And we invited the residents to come

我們邀請居民過來

and have their stories recorded for posterity.

說他們的故事，記錄下來給後世。

After a few days of recording,

在錄製了幾天之後，

we held a listening party

我們舉行了一場傾聽派對。

where we played clips,

播放一些片段，

much like what you hear on NPR every Friday morning.

就像你每個星期五早晨 在 NPR 聽到的一樣。

That party --

那場派對

it was one of the most amazing community meetings

是我所參與過

I've ever been a part of.

最棒的社區會議之一。

In part because we didn't just talk about joy

有部分原因是我們不只談喜悅，

but also pain.

也談痛苦。

Two stories that I remember well --

我清楚記得兩個故事。

AJ talked about what it was like to grow up in the neighborhood.

AJ 談到在這個街坊長大的情況。

There was always a kid to play with.

總是可以找到小孩一起玩。

But he also spoke with sadness

但他也談到悲傷，

of what it was like to first be stopped and questioned by a police officer

談到與其他人相比， 他更可能先被警察攔下來盤查，

when he was 11.

那時他才十一歲。

GL also talked about the kids,

GL 也談到孩子，

and the ups and downs of the experience of living in this neighborhood,

以及住在這個街坊的苦與樂，

but he also spoke with pride

但他也談到自豪，

of some of the organizations that had sprung up

有些突然出現的組織

to provide support and empowerment.

來提供支援和賦能。

He wanted to see more of that.

他想要看到更多那種現象。

By holding space to first express pain and grief,

藉由保有表述痛苦和悲慟的空間，

we were then able to brainstorm ideas for a site --

我們才能針對這個地方 腦力激盪想法。

amazing ideas that then became the seeds of what we did over the next four years.

有些很棒的想法成了種子， 促成了接下來四年的作為。

So why the radically different meeting now?

所以，為何現在的會議如此不同？

Well ...

嗯…

the pain and grief woven into these spaces was not created in a day.

與這些空間交織的痛苦和悲慟 並不是一天造成的。

Healing also takes time.

治癒也需要時間。

After all, who here thinks you can go to therapy just once and be cured?

畢竟，有人認為只要去 做一次治療就能被治好嗎？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Anyone?

有人嗎？

I didn't think so.

我也認為沒有。

In retrospect,

現在回顧起來，

I wish that we had held more listening sessions,

我希望我們當初做過 更多的傾聽時段，

not just joyful events.

不只是歡樂的活動。

My work's taken me all over the world,

我的工作帶我到世界各地，

and I have yet to set foot in a place where pain didn't exist

我去過的每個地方都一定會有痛苦，

and the potential for healing was absent.

也有療癒的可能性。

So while I've spent my career honing my skills as an architect,

雖然我在整個職涯中 都在磨練建築師的技能，

I realize that I'm now also a healer.

我了解到，現在我也是個治療者。

I suppose this is the point in the talk where I should be telling you

我想，演講進行到這裡， 我應該要告訴各位

those five steps to healing,

療癒的五個步驟，

but I don't have the solution --

但我沒有解決方案，

yet.

目前還沒有。

Just a path.

只有路徑。

That being said,

雖然如此，

there are a few things I have learned along the way.

這一路上我還是學到了幾件事。

First --

第一件事：

we cannot create cities for everyone

我們無法做到為每個人創建城市，

unless we're first willing to listen to everyone.

除非我們願意先傾聽每個人。

Not just about what they hope to see built in the future

不只是聽他們希望看到 未來能建造出什麼，

but also about what has been lost or unfulfilled.

也聽他們過去失去了什麼 或有什麼沒實現的。

Second --

第二件事：

healing is not just for "those people."

療癒並不只給「那些人」，

For those of us with privilege,

社會中那些有特權的人，

we have to have a reckoning with our own guilt,

我們得要去計算我們自己的罪過、

discomfort and complicity.

不安穩，以及共謀。

As non-profit leader Anne Marks once observed,

非營利領導人安馬克斯曾觀察到：

"Hurt people hurt people;

「被傷害的人會去傷害別人；

healed people heal people."

被療癒的人會去療癒別人。」

And third --

第三件事：

healing is not about the erasure of pain.

療癒的重點並不是消除痛苦。

We often have a tendency to want to put a clean slate over our pain,

我們通常傾向於 清除所有的痛苦記錄，

much like that asphalt on the soil in Bayview Hunters Point.

就像在灣景獵人區 土壤上的瀝青一樣。

But it doesn't work that way.

但療癒不是這樣運作的。

Healing is about acknowledging pain

療癒的重點是要承認痛苦

and making peace with it.

並且同它和平共存。

One of my favorite quotes says that healing renews our faith

我最喜歡的引言之一是

在「成為」的過程中 療癒能夠恢復我們的信念。

in the process of becoming.

I stand here before you as an architect-healer

我以建築師和治療者的身分 站在各位面前，

because I'm ready to see what I can become,

因為我準備好要看看我能成為什麼，

what my community and those that I work with can become,

我的社區和與我合作的人 能成為什麼，

and what this country,

以及這個國家，

and frankly, this world can become.

還有這個世界，能成為什麼。

And I was not meant to take that journey alone.

我不打算獨自一人踏上這段旅程。

I believe that many of you are unhappy with the way that things are now.

我相信許多人對現狀感到不開心。

Believe that it can be different.

請相信，它能有所不同。

I believe that you all are far more resilient than you think.

我認為，你們都比你們 所想像的還要更有恢復力。

But the first step requires courage.

但踏出第一步需要勇氣。

The courage to see each other's pain,

看見彼此痛苦的勇氣，

and to be willing to stay in the presence of it,

在遇到痛苦時即使感到很不舒服，

even when it gets uncomfortable.

也不逃走的勇氣。

Just imagine the change that we can make together

想像若我們都能投入，

能同心協力做出多大的改變。

if we all committed to that.

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）