The Magical, Mesmerizing Migration of Monarch Butterflies | Jaime Rojo | TED

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

Few insects have captured our imagination like the monarch butterfly.

Nema mnogo insekata koji su nam zaokupili maštu kao leptir monarh.

Their migration is one of the most iconic wildlife spectacles in North America,

Njihova migracija je jedan od najupečatljivijih prizora iz divljine

u Severnoj Americi,

but they are also one of the best environmental indicators we have

ali oni su i jedan od najboljih ekoloških indikatora koji imamo

of the health of our ecosystems.

o zdravlju naših ekosistema.

And they have been in decline for the last 40 years.

A njihov broj je u opadanju u poslednjih 40 godina.

So they might be telling us a bigger story.

Stoga nam možda pričaju veću priču.

A story about our relationship with the natural world.

Priču o našoj vezi sa prirodnim svetom.

Every year, these amazing insects

Svake godine ovi divni insekti

undertake one of the most extraordinary journeys on this planet.

kreću na jedno od najizvanrednijih putovanja na ovoj planeti.

It takes from three to five generations of monarchs

Potrebno je tri do pet generacija monarha

to complete the whole migration.

da završe čitavu migraciju.

And it starts in Mexico in the spring,

A ona započinje u Meksiku u proleće,

when the monarchs that spend the winter there

kada se monarsi koji su tu proveli zimu

travel back north to lay their eggs.

vraćaju nazad na sever da polegnu jaja.

So the first and second generation of monarchs

Dakle, prva i druga generacija monarha

are born and remain in the USA,

su rođeni i ostaju u SAD-u,

and they live up to six weeks, more or less.

i žive do šest nedelja, više-manje.

But most migratory monarchs belong to the third and fourth generation,

Međutim, većina migracijskih monarha pripada trećoj i četvrtoj generaciji,

and they emerge in the late summer, early fall

a oni se pojavljuju u kasno leto ili ranu jesen

when the days start to get shorter

kada dani postaju kraći

and it's cooler and they feel it

i hladnije je, i oni to osećaju,

and they undergo a hormonal change in their bodies called the diapause.

te prolaze kroz hormonske promene koje se nazivaju dijapauza.

And this puts their mating instinct on hold.

A ovo odlaže njihove instikte za parenje.

And they live longer then.

I tada žive duže.

This super generation will live up to nine months.

Ova supergeneracija će da živi do devet meseci.

And they will complete the trip to Mexico,

I dovršiće putovanje u Meksiko,

3,000 miles to a place where they have never been before.

4 800 kilometara, do mesta na kom nikad pre nisu bili.

Because remember, they are the great granddaughters

Jer, setitie se, oni su praunučad

of the butterflies that left in the spring.

leptira koji su napustili Meksiko u proleće.

How they do it, how they find the exact same location remains a mystery,

Kako to rade, kako pronađu potpuno istu lokaciju ostaje tajna,

especially if we consider that the sanctuaries,

naročito ako uzmemo u obzir da su utočišta,

the forests they are looking for

šume za kojima tragaju,

are located only on 12 isolated mountaintops

smeštene na svega 12 izolovanih planinskih vrhova

in central Mexico,

u centralnom Meksiku,

and these are the perfect conditions for the monarchs.

a to su savršeni uslovi za monarhe.

It is cool and moist in high elevations.

Hladno je i vlažno na velikim visinama.

But for years scientists have been trying to answer the same question:

Međutim, godinama naučnici pokušavaju da odgovore na isto pitanje:

how do they exactly find their way?

kako tačno pronađu put?

There are many hypotheses.

Postoji mnogo hipoteza.

Some say it has to do with geomagnetism.

Neki tvrde da to ima veze sa geomagnetizmom.

There are evidences that they use visual cues from the landscape.

Postoje dokazi da koriste vizuelne znakove iz pejzaža.

You know, the ridges of the mountains.

Znate, planinske grebene.

There's even theories about the odor of the pheromones of previous butterflies

Postoje čak i teorije o mirisu feromona prethodnih leptira

that were there the year before.

koji su tu bili godinu ranije.

But the truth is that we don't know exactly.

Istina je pak da uistinu ne znamo.

And they are continually actively researching this topic.

A u kontinuitetu se aktivno istražuje ova tema.

Physiologist Christine Merlin discovered that the monarchs use their antennae

Fiziološkinja Kristin Merlin je otkrila da monarsi koriste svoje antene

as part of a very sophisticated solar compass.

kao deo veoma prefinjenog solarnog kompasa.

And researchers from the University of Iowa

A istraživači sa Univerziteta u Ajovi

are using this radio tracker

koriste ovaj radijski tragač

to monitor the short-range movement of the monarchs when they feed.

kako bi pratili kretanja manjeg opsega dok se monarsi hrane.

But this thing, as you can imagine, is very cumbersome.

Ovo je, kao što pretpostavljate, veoma glomazno.

You cannot track the long-distance migration of a monarch with this.

Niste mogli ovim da pratite daleke migracije monarha.

Until recently.

Sve do nedavno.

A team from University of Michigan is developing

Ekipa sa Univerziteta u Mičigenu razvija

nešto što obećava da bude revolucionarna tehnologija:

what promises to be a breakthrough technology:

an ultra-light sensor

ultralaki senzor

that, combined with an algorithm,

koji će, kada se ukombinuje sa algoritmom,

will, for the first time, be able to track

biti, prvi put, u stanju da prati

the single path of one monarch

pojedinačnu stazu jednog monarha

when they make it to Mexico, which is very exciting.

kada stigne u Meksiko, a to je veoma uzbudljivo.

But often for these complex problems,

Međutim, često za ove složene probleme

the best and most efficient solutions are the simplest ones.

najbolja i najefikasnija rešenja su ona najjednostavnija.

We have been tagging monarchs for 30 years.

Obeležavamo monarhe već 30 godina.

We use these stickers that are very light,

Koristimo ove nalepnice koje su veoma lake,

and they contain coded information and information about their origin.

a sadrže šifrovane informacije, kao i informacije o njihovom poreklu.

And this is how we discovered

Tako smo otkrili

where the monarchs were spending the winter in the '70s.

gde su monarsi provodili zime tokom ’70-ih.

And today, it continues to be one

A danas, to nastavlja da bude jedna

of the most popular environmental education [activities] in North America,

od najpopularnijih ekoloških obrazovnih aktivnosti u Severnoj Americi,

with volunteers having tagged more than two million butterflies in 30 years.

gde su volonteri obeležili preko dva miliona leptira tokom 30 godina.

Now all these challenges that we face to track the monarchs

Svi ovi izazovi s kojima se suočavamo prilikom praćenja monarha

are nothing if we compare them

su beznačajni kada ih uporedimo

to what the monarchs themselves have to face

sa onim sa čime sami monarsi moraju da se suoče

throughout their long journey,

tokom njihovog dugog putovanja,

especially starting in the prairies of North America,

naročito započinjući u prerijama Severne Amerike,

or at least what is left of them.

ili bar onome što je ostalo od njih.

Because every year we are losing one million acres of prairie

Jer svake godine izgubimo milion jutara prerije

being transformed into land development and agricultural fields.

koji se transformišu u zemljišta za razvoj i poljoprivredna polja.

And in the '90s, this problem got worse

A tokom ’90-ih, ovaj problem se pogoršao

because the widespread use of herbicides combined with genetically modified crops

jer su rasprostranjena upotrebe herbicida zajedno sa genetički modifikovanim usevima

created a new problem.

stvorili novi problem.

They basically wiped out the native grasses from the fields,

U suštini su izbrisali autohtone trave na poljima,

including the milkweed.

uključujući i mlečiku.

And the milkweed is the host plant of the monarchs.

A mlečika je biljka domaćin za monarhe.

That means they need it to lay their eggs and to feed their hungry caterpillars.

To znači da im je potrebna za polaganje jaja i za ishranu gladnih gusenica.

Without milkweed, the monarch population started to collapse.

Bez mlečike, populacija monarha počinje da se urušava.

Now our monarchs will continue their journey south,

Sada će naši monarsi da nastave svoje putovanje ka jugu

and they will have to face new threats,

i moraće da se suoče sa novim pretnjama,

like roadkill that kills three percent of monarchs every year,

na primer, udari vozila ubiju tri procenta monarha svake godine,

or even light pollution from big cities that confuses them,

pa čak i svetlosna zagađenost velikih gradova koja ih zbunjuje,

it alters their patterns of sleep.

menjajući njihov obrazac spavanja.

But they will endure and eventually will reach Mexico.

Međutim, opstaće, i vremenom će da stignu do Meksika.

Aha, a last surprise, deforestation.

Aha, poslednje iznenađenje, krčenje šuma.

Deforestation makes them more vulnerable to climate change.

Zbog krčenja šuma podložniji su klimatskim promenama.

And as many of you know, climate change has many faces:

A kao što većina vas zna, klimatske promene imaju mnoga naličja:

droughts, heat waves

suše, toplotni talasi,

or even snowstorms, like the one you are seeing in this picture,

pa čak i snežne oluje, poput one koju vidite na ovoj slici,

have become the major challenge for the monarchs in the short term.

postali su značajan izazov za monarhe u kratkom vremenskom rasponu.

So I have to ask you

Zato ću da vas zamolim

don't let this beautiful illusion of plenty fool you,

da vas ova prelepa izluzija izobilja ne zavara

because the monarchs are in serious trouble.

jer su monarsi u ozbiljnom problemu.

But there's also good news,

Međutim, imamo i dobre vesti,

there's many people trying to protect them.

postoji mnogo ljudi koji pokušavaju da ih zaštite.

Working with the local communities in Mexico

Saradnja sa lokalnim zajednicama u Meksiku

has been essential to control the deforestation rates.

je bila ključna da se obuzdaju stope krčenja šuma.

Farmers are working with conservationists,

Zemljoradnici sarađuju sa konzervatorima

and they are using drones

i koriste dronove

to analyze vast tracts of fields in search of milkweed.

kako bi analizirali ogromna livadska prostranstva u potrazi za mlečikom.

Jer nauka je jasna,

Because the science is very clear,

all the monarchs need is their habitat back.

sve što je monarsima potrebno je da im se vrati stanište.

And we can do that by planting milkweed

A to možemo postići sadnjom mlečike

and by planting native grasses with flowers.

i sadnjom autohtonih trava i cveća.

That's why thousands of citizens along the migratory route

Zbog toga na hiljade građana duž migracijskih ruta

are turning their backyards into habitat for the monarchs.

pretvara svoja dvorišta u staništa za monarhe.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Even small parks in big cities like Chicago can help,

Čak i mali parkovi u velikim gradovima poput Čikaga mogu da pomognu,

because these are like gas stations,

jer to je nalik benzinskim pumpama,

pit stops for the monarchs when they travel.

pit stopovima za monarhe dok putuju.

And as you can imagine, farmers play an essential part.

I kao što pretpostavljate, zemljoradnici igraju ključnu ulogu.

These strips that you see in the picture are called prairie strips

Ove trake koje vidite na slici se nazivaju prerijskim trakama

and are strategically located into areas of the field to attract pollinators.

i strateški su smeštene na delovima livada da privuku oprašivače.

But they also protect the soil and conserve the water,

Međutim, one takođe štite tlo i čuvaju vodu,

so they benefit the farming.

te unapređuju zemljoradnju.

And all I can say is they work

I sve što mogu da kažem je da deluju

because the only pair of mating monarchs

jer jedini par monarha u parenju

that I was able to photograph during this story

koji sam uspeo da fotografišem tokom ove priče,

was during a visit to one of these prairie strips in Iowa.

zatekao sam prilikom posete jedne od ovih prerijskih traka u Ajovi.

It will be the offspring of these butterflies

Potomci ovih leptira

that in subsequent generations will complete the cycle

će u narednim generacijama da dovrše krug

and make it back to Mexico.

i uspeće da se vrate u Meksiko.

And here they will be receiving high honors.

A ovde će ih dočekati sa visokim počastima.

(Laughter)

For the Mazahua people in Mexico,

(Smeh)

Za ljude Masaua u Meksiku,

the monarchs are the souls of their ancestors,

monarsi predstavljaju duše njihovih predaka,

and the day of the Dead on November 1, honors this tradition.

i Dan mrtvih 1. novembra odaje poštu ovoj tradiciji.

And as you can see,

Kao što možete da vidite,

monarchs have become the undisputed pop icon

monarsi su nesporno postali pop ikone

of this celebration.

ovog slavlja.

Now our monarchs now continue their life cycle in an alien world.

Sada naši monarsi nastavljaju svoj životni ciklus u stranom svetu.

Everything is different for them.

Sve je drugačije za njih.

They have never been here, they are tired,

Nikad nisu bili ovde, umorni su,

they huddle together.

zbijaju se jedni uz druge.

Stoga su tokom prvih dana sezone istinski ranjivi.

So the first days of the season they are really vulnerable.

(Video) I have spent the last 10 days doing the same thing in the mornings.

(Video) Proveo sam poslednjih 10 dana radeći jedno te isto svakog jutra.

They are getting so close to the branches I want.

Približavaju se granama koje želim.

I think I have it, for the first time in many days.

Mislim da je imam, prvi put nakon mnogo dana.

By many days, I mean 20 days.

Pod mnogo dana, mislim 20 dana.

But I did get the shots that I needed.

Međutim, uspeo sam da napravim slike koje su mi potrebne.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Now as new waves of monarch make it to Mexico,

Kako novi talasi monarha pristižu u Meksiko,

the branches soon fill up with clusters,

grane se uskoro ispunjavaju grozdovima,

and it is now when Dr. Green and his team will travel to Mexico,

i tada će dr Grin i njegova ekipa da se zapute u Meksiko

and they will try to locate a signal from that sensor they installed earlier.

gde će pokušati da lociraju signal sa senzora koji su ranije postavili.

They need just one, one signal

Potreban im je svega jedan signal

that can answer some of the questions

koji će da odgovori na neka pitanja

that we have about the migration.

koja imamo o migraciji.

I, as a photographer, I needed one monarch, just one,

I meni kao fotografu je potreban jedan monarh, samo jedan,

but from a very different perspective.

ali iz drugačije perspektive.

(Video) You see this tree that is behind me,

(Video) Vidite ovo drvo koje je iza mene,

and it's packed with monarchs.

ispunjeno je monarsima.

So if you get to see what I'm doing, there is this nice pattern.

Ako možete da vidite šta radim, imate ovu finu šaru.

There's always one late monarch that tries to find the spot

Uvek imamo jednog monarha koji kasni i koji pokušava da pronađe mesto

half an hour later than everyone else.

pola sata nakon svih ostalih.

And that's what I'm waiting for.

I to je ono što čekam.

The flashy orange butterfly in a texture of roosting monarchs.

Drečeći narandžasti leptir na teksturi postelje od monarha.

So we'll see.

Videćete.

So I would be that late monarch.

Ja sam taj monarh što kasni.

20 years chasing monarchs,

Dvadeset godina jurenja monarha

and I cannot get enough of this kind of images.

i nikad mi nije dosta ovakvih slika.

They are really effective, in my opinion.

Uistinu su upečatljive, prema mom mišljenju.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you very much.

Mnogo vam hvala.

There is an increase in the temperature

Temperatura se povećava

kako godišnje doba napreduje, i monarsi postaju aktivniji.

as the season advances, and the monarchs start to get more active.

They start to hang out in the local pub,

Počinju da vise u lokalnom pabu,

which is the stream that runs down the hill.

a to je potok koji teče nizbrdo.

Sa porastom aktivnosti, dolazi i do porasta turizma.

And with that increase of activity, there's also an increase in the tourism.

And the tourism is the economic engine for this region during the winter months.

A turizam je ekonomski pokretač ovog regiona tokom zimskih meseci.

I svi oni žele da vide ovu prelepu scenu

And they all want to see this beautiful scene,

the monarchs flying over the blue skies,

gde monarsi preleću preko plavih nebesa,

an amazing sight.

izvanredan prizor.

Sometimes it never happens, and sometimes it’s OK.

Nekad se uopšte ne desi, a nekad bude u redu.

But one day, one day, I got to witness something really extraordinary.

Međutim, jednog dana sam bio svedok nečemu neverovatnom.

(Video) I have been to this reserve so many times,

(Video) Posetio sam ovaj rezervat toliko puta,

and I have never seen something like what we have encountered today.

i nikad nisam video nešto slično onome što smo danas zatekli.

It's just amazing.

Prosto je izvanredno.

You can see the sky is covered in butterflies.

Vidite da je nebo prekriveno leptirima.

(Camera shutter clicking)

(Zvuk fotografisanja)

(Speaking in Spanish)

(Govori na španskom)

All I want to do is to photograph.

Sve što želim je da fotografišem.

And I see your faces, I know what you're thinking,

I vidim vaša lica, znam šta mislite,

that this was the easiest picture of my assignment.

da je ovo najlakša fotografija na mom zadatku.

It took me 20,000 frames to get this thing right.

Trebalo mi je 20 000 kadrova da ova stvar ispadne kako treba.

So it was not easy at all.

Te uopšte nije bilo lako.

So after all this time,

Dakle, nakon sveg ovog vremena,

I know for sure that if there is one iconic species in North America,

zasigurno znam da ukoliko postoji vrsta koja je zaštitni znak Severne Amerike

this is the monarch.

onda je to monarh.

We are living in very polarized times,

Živimo u vremenu podela,

and the story of the monarchs can inspire hope again,

i priča o monarhu može ponovo da udahne nadu,

can bring unity across our borders -- we need that.

može da postigne zajedništvo duž naših granica - to nam je potrebno.

And most importantly,

I što je najvažnije,

it can reconnect us again with the natural world.

može da nas ponovo poveže sa prirodnim svetom.

North America will be a much sadder place,

Severna Amerika će biti mnogo sumornije mesto,

this planet will be a much sadder place,

ova planeta će biti mnogo sumornije mesto,

if we lose the monarch.

ukoliko izgubimo monarha.

There is a growing movement to protect them,

Imamo sve širi pokret za njihovu zaštitu,

but we need to act now.

ali moramo da delujemo odmah.

So, muchisimas gracias, thank you very much.

Dakle, muchisimas gracias, mnogo vam hvala.

(Applause and cheers)

(Aplauz i ovacije)

Thank you, thank you very much.

Hvala, mnogo vam hvala.

(Applause and cheers)

(Aplauz i ovacije)