How Testosterone and Culture Shape Behavior | Carole K. Hooven | TED

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

As I look around the room,

Dok posmatram prostoriju,

I can see,

vidim

I think it's about half of you have been exposed

da je, verujem, oko polovina vas izložena

to high levels of a powerful chemical,

visokim nivoima snažne hemikalije,

and it is circulating in your blood as we speak.

koja cirkuliše u vašoj krvi u ovom trenutku.

It's flowing freely through almost all of your cells,

Slobodno teče kroz gotovo sve vaše ćelije,

including neurons,

uključujući neurone,

where it affects whether they live or die

gde utiče na to da li će neuroni živeti ili umreti

and how they grow and function.

kao i to kako će rasti i funkcionisati.

So this one chemical has profound and lasting effects --

Dakle, ova hemikalija ima istinske i trajne uticaje -

not just on your body,

ne samo na vaše telo,

but also on your brain and behavior.

već i na vaš mozak i ponašanje.

This is testosterone.

Radi se o testosteronu.

Both sexes have it,

Oba pola ga imaju,

but men have much more than women,

ali ga muškarci imaju mnogo više od žena,

about 15 to 20 times more.

oko 15 do 20 puta više.

And that is what explains why half of you are bigger and hairier

I to objašnjava zašto je polovina vas krupnija i dlakavija

than the other half, on average,

od druge polovine, u proseku,

like all sex differences.

kao što je slučaj sa svim polnim razlikama.

For the last 20 years,

Poslednjih 20 godina

I've been teaching about behavioral endocrinology,

podučavam o bihejvioralnoj endokrinologiji,

and this is a field that focuses on how hormones affect behavior

a to je oblast koja se usredsređuje na to kako hormoni utiču na ponašanje

and vice versa.

i obratno.

And I'm particularly drawn to testosterone

A naročito me privlači testosteron

because it explains so much about why the sexes are different.

jer objašnjava toliko toga kada je različitost među polovima u pitanju.

But this area of science has become deeply entangled in the culture wars.

Međutim, ova oblast nauke je postala duboko isprepletena sa kulturnim ratovima.

And now, simply saying things that are obvious to most biologists,

I sada prosto izgovaranje stvari koje su očigledne većini biologa,

like that there are two reproductive classes,

poput toga da postoje dve reproduktivne klase,

male and female,

mužjaci i ženke,

can land you in a heap of trouble.

može da vas uvali u gomilu problema.

And I know because I've had some personal experience with this.

I ja to znam jer sam imala lično iskustvo s tim.

And I also know that for some trans people,

Takođe znam da za neke trans ljude,

their allies and others,

njihove saveznike i ostale,

that this language about the biology of sex can feel painful

ovaj jezik u vezi sa biologijom pola može da bude bolan

and that others are trying to weaponize the science.

i da neki pokušavaju da pretvore nauku u oružje.

And here I do not have the answers,

I nemam odgovore na ovo,

but I can tell you

ali mogu vam reći

that my students have really enjoyed learning about this science,

da su moji studenti zaista uživali učeći o ovoj nauci,

partly because it helps them understand more about their own bodies

delimično zato što im pomaže da bolje razumeju sopstvena tela

and feelings.

i osećanja.

And they come away with a sense of more compassion for other people

I sticali su više saosećanja prema drugim ljudima

who are different from themselves.

koji su različiti od njih.

So I'm going to be talking about sex differences in play

Dakle, govoriću o polnim razlikama tokom igre

to try to convince you that this science is fascinating,

kako bih vas pokušala ubediti da je ova nauka očaravajuća,

and it can help us all be better off.

i može da pomogne da nam svima bude bolje.

So first, I want to share the results from a joint project

Prvo, želim da podelim rezultate sarađivačkog projekta

I started 15 years ago,

koji sam započela pre 15 godina,

in which I grew two small organs,

u kome sam uzgajala dva malena organa,

that secreted testosterone,

koji luče testosteron,

in my uterus.

u mojoj materici.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Those organs were attached to the new human I was growing in there.

Ti organi su bili prikačeni za novo ljudsko biće koje je tu raslo.

And now ...

I sada...

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And now you can observe the behavior of that human

I sada možete da posmatrate ponašanje tog ljudskog bića

in this video of two boys wrestling each other.

u ovom snimku gde se dva dečaka rvu.

It's from a few years ago,

Ovo je bilo pre nekoliko godina,

and my son is the one with the short hair.

a moj sin je onaj sa kratkom kosom.

This kind of rough-and-tumble play is more common in boys than girls

Ovaj vid grube igre je uobičajeniji kod dečaka nego kod devojčica

everywhere in the world.

svuda u svetu.

And when my son was growing inside of me,

A kada je moj sin rastao u mojoj utrobi,

his tiny little testes were cranking out the testosterone.

njegovi maleni testisi su proizvodili testosteron.

And at that early stage,

I u toj ranoj fazi,

it has some very big and important jobs to do.

on ima veoma velike i važne poslove da obavi.

It has to masculinize the genitalia,

Mora da maskulinizuje genitalije,

and it has to ensure that everything is set up for sperm to be produced

i mora da se postara da je sve spremno za proizvodnju sperme

and delivered later on.

i njenu kasniju isporuku.

And it is also acting in the brain

A takođe utiče i na mozak

to motivate later behaviors, like play fighting,

kako bi motivisao kasnija ponašanja, poput igranja borbe,

that are particularly beneficial to many male mammals.

koja su naročito blagotvorna za mnoge mužjake sisare.

I never gave much thought to testosterone

Nikad nisam naročito razmišljala o testosteronu

until I spent the better part of a year in western Uganda

dok nisam provela skoro čitavu godinu u zapadnoj Ugandi

studying wild chimpanzees.

izučavajući divlje šimpanze.

And as I watched them living their lives --

I dok sam ih posmatrala kako žive svoje živote -

eating, playing, sleeping, fighting, having sex --

jedu, igraju se, spavaju, tuku, upražnjavaju seks -

I was really struck by our shared patterns of behavior.

zapanjili su me obrasci ponašanja koji su nam zajednički.

And particularly relevant to this talk was the fact

A od naročitog značaja za ovaj govor je činjenica

that the little males did much more play fighting than the little females.

da su se mladi mužjaci više igrali borbe od mladih ženki.

And these connections to us are so striking

Ove veze sa nama su toliko zapanjujuće

because we don't share any culture with chimpanzees.

jer ne delimo nikakvu kulturu sa šimpanzama.

But we do share almost all of our genes and our hormones,

Međutim, delimo gotovo sve naše gene i hormone,

including higher levels of testosterone in the males.

uključujući veće nivoe testosterona kod mužjaka.

And another pattern of behavior we share is that relative to females,

A drugi obrazac ponašanja koji delimo je da u odnosu na ženke,

male chimps spend much more time and energy competing for social dominance.

mužjaci šimpanze provode mnogo više vremena i energije

boreći se za društvenu dominaciju.

And in chimps, this involves lots of fighting

A kod šimpanzi, ovo uključuje mnogo borbe

and also lots of threats

i takođe mnogo pretnji,

and having a sense about when to challenge other males

kao i osećaj u vezi s tim kada izazvati druge mužjake,

but also when to submit and when to flee.

ali i kada se predati i pobeći.

And these males aren't fighting each other

A ti mužjaci se međusobno ne bore

because they know that this is a great way

jer znaju da je to sjajan način

to get more sex with fertile females.

da imaju više seksa sa plodnim ženkama.

But males who behave this way

Međutim, mužjaci koji se ovako ponašaju

do tend to pass on more of their genes into future generations,

obično prenesu više svojih gena budućim generacijama,

and then their sons inherit similar propensities.

a onda njihovi sinovi naslede slične sklonosti.

So simply surviving without passing on one's genes

Dakle, puko preživljavanje bez prenošenja gena

is an evolutionary dead end.

je evolucijski ćorsokak.

So in addition to survival skills,

Pa uz veštine preživljavanja,

young animals like chimps also need to learn reproductive skills,

mlade životinje poput šimpanzi moraju da nauče i veštine razmnožavanja,

and they do that through play.

a to rade kroz igru.

And our ancestors also practiced these skills through play.

Naši preci su takođe vežbali ove veštine kroz igru.

And that legacy is reflected in our own kids.

A to nasleđe se odražava kroz našu sopstvenu decu.

Now not all boys have any desire to tackle their friends,

Sad, nemaju svi dečaci nagon da se rvu sa svojim prijateljima,

and they would rather play house or dress up,

i radije bi se igrali domaćinstva i preoblačili,

and they should go for it.

i trebalo bi da tako i nastave.

There are no hard rules in nature about how the sexes should play.

Ne postoje stroga pravila u prirodi kod toga kako polovi treba da se igraju.

When I was little,

Kada sam bila mala,

I used to wrestle with my three older brothers,

rvala sam se sa svoja tri starija brata

and I played Little League baseball.

i igrala bejzbol u juniorskoj ligi.

But when I played with my girlfriends, like my best friend Annie,

Kad sam se pak igrala sa prijateljicama, poput moje najbolje prijateljice Ani,

she's the dominant one there in the stripes,

to je ona koja dominira tu u haljini na pruge,

and she's sitting right here.

i ona sedi tu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Our play just didn't involve that kind of roughhousing

Naša igra prosto nije uključivala taj vid grubosti

that my son and his friends were into.

koji se sviđa mom sinu i njegovim prijateljima.

Annie and I would do stuff like have tea

Ani i ja smo radile stvari poput pripremanja čaja

and run class for our stuffed animals --

i držanja lekcija našim plišanim igračkama -

sorry, I'm just getting a little emotional because she's here --

izvinite, malo sam emotivna jer je ona ovde -

the smallest of whom lived in a doll house.

a najmanja igračka je živela u kućici za lutke.

And for some reason,

I iz nekog razloga,

we loved playing office.

volele smo da se igramo kancelarije.

And -- I know, crazy.

I - znam, nenormalno je.

And we developed a filing system and --

I razvile smo sistem datoteka i -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And we spent a lot of time filling out forms.

I mnogo vremena smo provodile ispunjavajući obrasce.

OK, I'm not kidding.

U redu, ne šalim se.

Filling out forms,

Ispunjavajući obrasce,

and I'm saying something publicly I've never said before,

i javno izgovaram nešto što nisam pre izgovorila,

and I'm sorry, Annie.

izvinjavam se, Ani.

You know what I'm going to say.

Znaš šta ću da kažem.

Filling out forms from junk mail,

Ispunjavajući obrasce od poštanskog otpada

which we might have stolen from neighborhood mailboxes.

koji smo moguće ukrale iz komšijskih poštanskih sandučića.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

OK, so wait, wait,

U redu, dakle, čekajte, čekajte,

am I really trying to tell you that knowing how to set up tea for five

da li vam zaista pokušavam reći da bi znati servirati čaj za pet osoba

or subscribe to "National Geographic"

ili pretplatiti se na „Nacionalnu geografiju”

was supposed to make us better moms or whatever?

trebalo da nas učini boljim majkama ili šta god?

OK, not exactly.

U redu, ne baš.

The specifics of play are always influenced by culture,

Na pojedinosti igre uvek utiče kultura,

but social play in general helps to develop skills that both sexes need,

ali društvena igra uopšteno pomaže da razvijemo veštine potrebne za oba pola,

like how to resolve conflict, how to take turns,

poput toga kako da razrešite konflikt, kako da čekate na svoj red,

and even to figure out just what you can get away with.

pa čak i da razumete sa čime sve možete da se izvučete.

So ...

Dakle...

But the sex-specialization part,

Međutim, deo koji se tiče polne specijalizacije,

with more nurturing play in girls

gde se devojčice više igraju negovateljstva,

and more fighting play in boys,

a dečaci tuče,

did likely evolve

najverovatnije je evoluirao

because these are skills that each sex needs to learn how to reproduce.

jer su to veštine potrebne svakom polu da bi naučili kako da se razmnožavamo.

OK, that's a little evolutionary background.

U redu, to je malo evolutivne pozadine.

And now we can ask why scientists think that testosterone drives any of this.

Sad možemo da pitamo zašto naučnici misle da testosteron pokreće bilo šta od ovoga.

So our strongest evidence comes from experiments in other animals.

Naši najčvršći dokazi potiču iz eksperimenata na drugim životinjama.

And here's a couple of headlines.

A evo nekoliko naslova.

So in females, in rats and monkeys anyway,

Dakle, kod ženki, bar kod pacova i majmuna,

jacking up testosterone during that early developmental period

pojačavanje testosterona tokom ranog perioda razvoja

causes rough play to increase dramatically.

uzrokuje da se gruba igra drastično poveća.

And in males, the reverse is true.

A kod mužjaka, obrnuto je tačno.

Blocking testosterone during that same early period

Blokiranje testosterona tokom tog istog ranog perioda

causes rough play to plummet.

uzrokuje da gruba igra naglo opadne.

And in humans, of course, we can't go messing around

A kod ljudi se naravno ne možemo petljati

with the kind of hormones that fetuses are exposed to,

sa tipom hormona kojima su izloženi fetusi,

so we have to rely on less direct evidence.

pa se moramo oslanjati na manje direktne dokaze.

And we do have a wealth of studies

A imamo obilje istraživanja

on the play styles of girls

o stilovima igre kod devojčica

who were exposed to unusually high testosterone levels in the womb.

koje su u materici bile izložene neobično visokim nivoima testosterona.

And there, study after study shows

I tu, istraživanje za istraživanjem pokazuje

that these girls do have an increased preference for rough play.

da te devojčice imaju pojačanu sklonost ka gruboj igri.

So we still have so much to learn about how genes,

Dakle, imamo još toliko toga da naučimo o tome kako geni,

hormones and culture all interact to produce sex differences in behavior.

hormoni i kultura interaguju kako bi proizveli polne razlike u ponašanju.

But all of the evidence we do have points in the same direction.

Međutim, svi dokazi koje imamo pokazuju u istom smeru.

And that is that differences in testosterone

A to je da razlike u testosteronu

and evolutionary pressures explain why boys more than girls,

i evolutivni pritisci objašnjavaju zašto dečaci više od devojčica

think it's a great idea to tackle their friends.

smatraju da je sjajna ideja rvati se sa prijateljima.

OK, so let's just assume

U redu, hajde da prosto pretpostavimo

that there is something natural about all this.

da ima nešto prirodno u vezi sa svim ovim.

It's also natural to hook up with your ex.

Takođe je prirodno smuvati se sa bivšim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

OK?

Je l’ da?

But that does not mean it's a good thing to do.

Međutim, to ne znači da je dobro za vas.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And according to one mom,

A prema jednoj majci,

rough play in boys is also something we should probably reconsider.

gruba igra kod dečaka je takođe nešto što bi trebalo da preispitamo.

And she expressed this view in a parenting magazine, quote,

I ona je ovaj stav izrazila u časopisu o roditeljstvu, citiram:

"Letting my boys wrestle with each other only reinforces toxic masculinity,

„Odobravajući rvanje među mojim dečacima samo osnažujem toksičnu muževnost,

and I want no part of it."

i ja ne želim da učestvujem u tome.”

OK, so perhaps we could create more peaceful men

U redu, dakle, možda bismo mogli da stvorimo miroljubivije muškarce

by nipping it in the bud

tako što ćemo to saseći u korenu

and just preventing them from practicing aggression when they were little.

i prosto ih sprečiti da praktikuju agresivnost kada su mali.

OK, that's one idea.

U redu, to je jedna zamisao.

Except the available evidence just doesn’t support it.

Samo što dostupni dokazi prosto ne idu tome u prilog.

So, for instance,

Dakle, na primer,

depriving male rats of the kind of rough play they want

lišavanje mužjaka pacova tipa grube igre koju žele

leads to adult male rats

dovodi do odraslih mužjaka pacova

who never learned how to manage their aggressive impulses.

koji nikad nisu naučili kako da kontrolišu svoje agresivne impulse.

They actually end up more rather than less aggressive.

Zapravo, na kraju budu više, a ne manje agresivni.

They fail to cooperate,

Neuspešni su u saradnji,

they fail to respond appropriately to social cues,

ne uspevaju da prikladno odgovore na društvene znake

and ultimately they fail to find mates.

i naposletku ne uspevaju da nađu partnere.

And having males like these around doesn't help anybody.

A postojanje ovakvih mužjaka ne pomaže nikome.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So we are not rats, and we are not chimpanzees.

Dakle, mi nismo pacovi, niti smo šimpanze.

For one thing, if you men were chimpanzees,

Pod jedan, kad biste vi muškarci bili šimpanze,

you would be ripping each other to shreds.

kidali biste jedni druge na komadiće.

If you were meeting for the first time, that is.

To jest kada se susretnete prvi put.

It would be mayhem.

Nastao bi haos.

And we humans have something no other animal has.

A mi ljudi imamo nešto što nijedna druga životinja nema.

And that is the ability to reflect on,

A to je sposobnost refleksije,

talk about and, together, to determine

međusobnog razgovora i odlučivanja

how we can control some of our more harmful impulses.

o tome kako da kontrolišemo naše štetnije nagone.

And culture here makes all the difference.

A ovde kultura igra najveću ulogu.

For example, men here in Canada are much less violent

Na primer, muškarci ovde u Kanadi su daleko manje nasilni

than our male neighbors over the southern border.

od naših muških komšija preko južne granice.

Apart from hockey, apparently.

Izuzimajući hokej, očito.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And that is not because Canadian men have lost their testicles or ...

A to nije zato što su kanadski muškarci izgubili testise ili...

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Or because Canadian boys don't wrestle each other.

Ili zato što se kanadski dečaci ne rvu međusobno.

Instead, it's because of differences in the Canadian culture,

Umesto toga, radi se o razlikama u kanadskoj kulturi,

perhaps in the gun laws or in the health care system

moguće u zakonima o oružju, u zdravstvenom sistemu

or in levels of socioeconomic inequality.

ili u nivoima socioekonomske nejednakosti.

So as a society, we lose a lot

Dakle, kao društvo, mnogo gubimo

if we leave the science of sex out of the conversation

kada izostavljamo iz razgovora nauku o polu

or distort the facts.

ili kada izvrćemo činjenice.

And that science strongly suggests

A ta nauka snažno nagoveštava

that male typical play is not budding toxic masculinity.

da tipična muška igra nije izvorište toksične muževnosti.

Instead, it is a healthy behavior that we should not discourage.

Umesto toga, radi se o zdravom ponašanju koje ne bi trebalo obeshrabrivati.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So exaggerating only slightly,

Samo blago preterujući,

testosterone from those tiny --

testosteron iz tih sićušnih -

Sorry, tiny testes I grew 15 years ago,

Izvinjavam se, sićušnih testisa koje sam uzgojila pre 15 godina

made my son who he is today.

su pretvorili mog sina u ono što je danas.

And he is still a great kid,

A on je i dalje sjajno dete,

even with his testosterone reaching record levels.

čak i sa testosteronom koji dostiže rekordne nivoe.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And I want him and all of you to be captivated by the science of sex

I želim da on i svi vi budete očarani naukom o polu

and to feel comfortable talking about it.

i da vam bude ugodno razgovarati o njoj.

And last, I hope that all our kids

I za kraj, želim svoj našoj deci

can just play more in real rather than virtual life,

prosto da se više igraju u stvarnom, a ne virtuelnom životu,

and preferably outside.

i po mogućstvu napolju.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause and cheers)

(Aplauz i ovacije)