How we look kilometers below the Antarctic ice sheet | Dustin Schroeder

33,636 views

2018-03-22 ・ TED


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How we look kilometers below the Antarctic ice sheet | Dustin Schroeder

33,636 views ・ 2018-03-22

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yoonkeun Ji κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I'm a radio glaciologist.
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μ €λŠ” μ „νŒŒ(radio) λΉ™ν•˜ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
That means that I use radar to study glaciers and ice sheets.
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즉 λΉ™ν•˜μ™€ μ–ΌμŒμΈ΅μ„ λ ˆμ΄λ”λ₯Ό 톡해 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
And like most glaciologists right now,
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ν˜„μž¬ λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λΉ™ν•˜ν•™μžμ²˜λŸΌ
00:21
I'm working on the problem of estimating
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μ €λŠ” ν–₯ν›„ μ–ΌμŒμ΄ λ…ΉμœΌλ©΄μ„œ ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄μ„
00:23
how much the ice is going to contribute to sea level rise in the future.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μƒμŠΉμ‹œν‚¬μ§€ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ— 맀달리고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
So today, I want to talk to you about
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였늘 μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ
00:30
why it's so hard to put good numbers on sea level rise,
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μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄ μƒμŠΉ 방지에 λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ비λ₯Ό νˆ¬μžν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄μ§€
00:33
and why I believe that by changing the way we think about radar technology
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또 μ™œ μ œκ°€ λ ˆμ΄λ” 기술과 지ꡬ과학 κ΅μœ‘μ— κ΄€ν•œ 우리의 생각을 λ°”κΏˆμœΌλ‘œμ¨
00:37
and earth-science education,
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더 λ§Žμ€ 것을 얻을 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³ 
00:39
we can get much better at it.
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λ―ΏλŠ”μ§€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
When most scientists talk about sea level rise,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄ μƒμŠΉμ„ 이야기할 λ–„
00:44
they show a plot like this.
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κ·Έ λ‚΄μš©μ€ 이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„κ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
This is produced using ice sheet and climate models.
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λŒ€λ₯™ λΉ™ν•˜μ™€ κΈ°ν›„ λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”.
00:48
On the right, you can see the range of sea level
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κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ—μ„œ 이 κΈ°ν›„ λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ μš©ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ ν–₯ν›„ 100λ…„ κ°„ μ˜ˆμƒλ˜λŠ”
00:51
predicted by these models over the next 100 years.
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ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄μ˜ λ³€ν™” 좔이λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
For context, this is current sea level,
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흰색 ν™”μ‚΄ν‘œκ°€ κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” 지점이 ν˜„μž¬ ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄μ˜ λ†’μ΄κ³ μš”.
00:57
and this is the sea level
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ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄μ΄ 이만큼 μƒμŠΉν•˜λ©΄
00:58
above which more than 4 million people could be vulnerable to displacement.
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4백만λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이주λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 상황이 λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
So in terms of planning,
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가섀에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ”°μ Έλ³΄μžλ©΄
01:04
the uncertainty in this plot is already large.
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이 κ°€μ„€μ—μ„œ λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±μ€ 이미 λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
However, beyond that, this plot comes with the asterisk and the caveat,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 무엇보닀 이 가섀은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 μ „μ œμ‘°κ±΄μ΄ λΆ™μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
"... unless the West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapses."
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"μ„œλ‚¨κ·Ή λΉ™ν•˜κ°€ λΆ•κ΄΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄"
01:15
And in that case, we would be talking about dramatically higher numbers.
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μ„œλ‚¨κ·Ή λΉ™ν•˜κ°€ λΆ•κ΄΄ν•  경우 μˆ˜μΉ˜λŠ” κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
They'd literally be off the chart.
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό 뚫고 μ˜¬λΌκ°€μ£ .
01:21
And the reason we should take that possibility seriously
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μ„œλ‚¨κ·ΉλΉ™ν•˜ λΆ•κ΄΄μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ§„μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ κ³ λ―Όν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
01:24
is that we know from the geologic history of the Earth
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ μ§€μ§ˆν•™ 역사λ₯Ό 톡해 μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
01:27
that there were periods in its history
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 역사 μ€‘μ—λŠ”
01:29
when sea level rose much more quickly than today.
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ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄μ΄ μ§€κΈˆλ³΄λ‹€ 더 λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„λ‘œ μƒμŠΉν•œ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
And right now, we cannot rule out
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그리고 ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 같은 일이 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ¦¬λΌ
01:34
the possibility of that happening in the future.
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λ°°μ œν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μƒν™©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
So why can't we say with confidence
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λŒ€λ₯™ 규λͺ¨μ˜ λΉ™ν•˜μ˜ 상당뢀뢄이
01:40
whether or not a significant portion of a continent-scale ice sheet
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λ¬΄λ„ˆμ§ˆμ§€ 그렇지 μ•Šμ„μ§€ μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
01:46
will or will not collapse?
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ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ 닡을 내릴 수 μ—†λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:48
Well, in order to do that, we need models
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κ·Έ 닡을 μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
01:50
that we know include all of the processes, conditions and physics
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μ•žμ„œ μ„€λͺ…ν•œ λΆ•κ΄΄κ°€ 일어날 λ•Œ μˆ˜λ°˜λ˜λŠ”
01:54
that would be involved in a collapse like that.
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λͺ¨λ“  κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 쑰건과 물리법칙을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
01:57
And that's hard to know,
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가상 λͺ¨λΈμ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
because those processes and conditions are taking place
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ–ΌμŒμ˜ 수 ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„° λ°‘μ—μ„œ
02:01
beneath kilometers of ice,
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μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  변화와 상황 및
02:03
and satellites, like the one that produced this image,
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이 사진을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ μœ„μ„±λ“€μ€
02:05
are blind to observe them.
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우리 μ‹œμ•Όμ—μ„œ κ°€λ €μ Έ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
In fact, we have much more comprehensive observations of the surface of Mars
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사싀을 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ©΄, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν™”μ„±μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ„ λ‚¨κ·Ήμ˜ λΉ™ν•˜ 속보닀
02:12
than we do of what's beneath the Antarctic ice sheet.
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더 ν¬κ΄„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μ°°, μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
And this is even more challenging in that we need these observations
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또 남극 λΉ™ν•˜μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ 규λͺ¨μ˜ μž₯μ†Œ
02:19
at a gigantic scale in both space and time.
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 점은 더 큰 μž₯애물이 되고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
In terms of space, this is a continent.
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곡간에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜μžλ©΄, 여기에 λŒ€λ₯™μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
And in the same way that in North America,
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그리고 뢁미 λŒ€λ₯™μ²˜λŸΌ
02:27
the Rocky Mountains, Everglades and Great Lakes regions are very distinct,
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둝킀 μ‚°λ§₯, μ—λ²„κΈ€λ ˆμ΄λ“œ μŠ΅μ§€, μ˜€λŒ€ν˜Έλ₯Ό 확인할 수 있죠
02:31
so are the subsurface regions of Antarctica.
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λ‚¨κ·Ήμ˜ ν‘œλ©΄ 밑도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
And in terms of time, we now know
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄λΌλŠ” μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
02:36
that ice sheets not only evolve over the timescale of millennia and centuries,
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λŒ€λ₯™λΉ™ν•˜κ°€ 수백 수천 λ…„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ„ κ°–κ³  λ³€ν™”ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 점뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:40
but they're also changing over the scale of years and days.
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λ…„(year)κ³Ό 일(day)의 λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œλ„ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ²ͺλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:44
So what we want is observations beneath kilometers of ice
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 것은 λŒ€λ₯™ 규λͺ¨μ˜ λΉ™ν•˜
02:48
at the scale of a continent,
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κ·Έ λΉ™ν•˜μ˜ 수 ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„° μ•„λž˜λ₯Ό
02:50
and we want them all the time.
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κΎΈμ€€νžˆ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν™˜κ²½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
So how do we do this?
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자 그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 ν™˜κ²½μ„ μ‘°μ„±ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:54
Well, we're not totally blind to the subsurface.
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ν‘œλ©΄ 밑을 μ „ν˜€ 확인할 수 μ—†λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
I said in the beginning that I was a radio glaciologist,
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맨 처음 μ œκ°€ μ „νŒŒ λΉ™ν•˜ν•™μžλΌκ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ ΈλŠ”λ°μš”.
03:01
and the reason that that's a thing
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” κ³΅μ€‘μ—μ„œ μ–ΌμŒμ„
03:03
is that airborne ice-penetrating radar is the main tool we have
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뚫고 κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ ˆμ΄λ” λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ–ΌμŒ 속을
03:07
to see inside of ice sheets.
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κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
So most of the data used by my group is collected by airplanes
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 우리 연ꡬ진이 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€
03:13
like this World War II-era DC-3,
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λ²Œμ§€ λŒ€μ „νˆ¬μ—μ„œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν™œμ•½ν–ˆλ˜
03:15
that actually fought in the Battle of the Bulge.
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2μ°¨λŒ€μ „ μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ DC-3등을 톡해 μˆ˜μ§‘ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
You can see the antennas underneath the wing.
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λ‚ κ°œ 밑을 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ μ•ˆν…Œλ‚˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
These are used to transmit radar signals down into the ice.
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이 μ•ˆν…Œλ‚˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ „νŒŒ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ–ΌμŒ λ°‘κΉŒμ§€ λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
And the echos that come back contain information
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μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ˜λŒμ•„μ˜€λ©΄μ„œ μ–ΌμŒ λ°‘μ—μ„œ 무슨 일이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€
03:26
about what's happening inside and beneath the ice sheet.
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κ·Έ 정보λ₯Ό ν•¨κ»˜ κ°€μ Έμ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
While this is happening,
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κ·Έ λ™μ•ˆ
03:31
scientists and engineers are on the airplane
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κ³Όν•™μžμ™€ κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 비행기에
03:34
for eight hours at a stretch,
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8μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ νƒ‘μŠΉν•˜μ—¬
03:35
making sure that the radar's working.
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λ ˆμ΄λ”κ°€ 정상 μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
And I think this is actually a misconception
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μΌλ°˜μΈλ“€μ΄ ν˜„μž₯ μ—°κ΅¬λΌλŠ” 말을 λ“€μœΌλ©΄
03:40
about this type of fieldwork,
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많이 μ˜€ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이
03:42
where people imagine scientists peering out the window,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ°½ 밖을 내닀보며
03:45
contemplating the landscape, its geologic context
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경치λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³  μ§€μ§ˆν•™μ  μ—°λŒ€λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³ 
03:48
and the fate of the ice sheets.
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λΉ™ν•˜μ˜ 운λͺ…이 μ–΄λ– ν•˜λ¦¬λΌκ³  μΆ”μ •ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
03:50
We actually had a guy from the BBC's "Frozen Planet" on one of these flights.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ BBC의 "ν”„λ‘œμ¦Œ ν”Œλž˜λ‹›"의 μ œμž‘μ§„ ν•œ λͺ…κ³Ό 같이 λΉ„ν–‰ν–ˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
03:53
And he spent, like, hours videotaping us turn knobs.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬Έ μ†μž‘μ΄λ₯Ό λŒλ¦¬λŠ” μž₯면만 λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„μ„ 찍어야 ν–ˆμ£ .
03:57
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:59
And I was actually watching the series years later with my wife,
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λͺ‡ λ…„ 뒀에 ν”„λ‘œμ¦Œ ν”Œλž˜λ‹›μ„ 아내와 ν•¨κ»˜ 봀을 λ•Œ
04:03
and a scene like this came up, and I commented on how beautiful it was.
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이 μž₯면이 λ‚˜μ™€μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ› λŠ”μ§€ λ§ν•΄μ€¬μ–΄μš”.
04:07
And she said, "Weren't you on that flight?"
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그러자 μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ "당신은 같이 λΉ„ν–‰ν•œ 게 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ–΄?"라고 ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
04:09
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:11
I said, "Yeah, but I was looking at a computer screen."
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” "응 λ‚œ 컴퓨터 화면을 ν™•μΈν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ±°λ“ "이라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:15
So when you think about this type of fieldwork,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ ν˜„μž₯ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 상상할 λ–„
04:17
don't think about images like this.
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이런 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:19
Think about images like this.
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이런 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬μ‹œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:21
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:22
This is a radargram, which is a vertical profile through the ice sheet,
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이건 λΌλ””μ˜€κ·Έλž¨μΈλ°μš”, λΉ™ν•˜ λŒ€λ₯™μ˜ μˆ˜ν‰ 단면을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” κΈ°κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
kind of like a slice of cake.
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케이크 μ‘°κ°μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
04:27
The bright layer on the top is the surface of the ice sheet,
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제일 μœ„μ˜ 밝은 측이 λΉ™ν•˜λŒ€λ₯™μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
the bright layer on the bottom is the bedrock of the continent itself,
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κ°€μž₯ λ°‘μ˜ 밝은 측이 λΉ™ν•˜λŒ€λ₯™μ˜ 기반으둜써
04:33
and the layers in between are kind of like tree rings,
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이 두 μΈ΅ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 곡간은 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ λ‚˜μ΄ν…Œμ²˜λŸΌ
04:36
in that they contain information about the history of the ice sheet.
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이 λΉ™ν•˜λŒ€λ₯™μ˜ 역사 정보λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
And it's amazing that this works this well.
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λ ˆμ΄λ”λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ λΉ™ν•˜λ₯Ό 이처럼 속속듀이 κΏ°λš«μ„ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 게 λ†€λžμ£ .
04:42
The ground-penetrating radars that are used
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μ§€ν•˜ 탐지 λ ˆμ΄λ”λŠ”
04:44
to investigate infrastructures of roads or detect land mines
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λ•… 속 수 λ―Έν„°κΉŒμ§€ λ“€μ–΄κ°€
04:47
struggle to get through a few meters of earth.
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λ„λ‘œμ˜ κΈ°λ°˜μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  지뒰λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:49
And here we're peering through three kilometers of ice.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ ˆμ΄λ”λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ–ΌμŒμ„ 수 ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°κΉŒμ§€ 뚫고 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ£ .
04:52
And there are sophisticated, interesting, electromagnetic reasons for that,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—” μ•„μ£Ό μ„Έλ ¨λ˜κ³  ν₯미둜운 μ „μžκΈ°μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”
04:56
but let's say for now that ice is basically the perfect target for radar,
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ 일단 μ–ΌμŒμ΄ λ ˆμ΄λ”λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°μ— μ•ˆμ„±λ§žμΆ€μΈ λŒ€μƒμ΄λΌκ³ λ§Œ 해두죠.
05:00
and radar is basically the perfect tool to study ice sheets.
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또 λ ˆμ΄λ”λ„ 기본적으둜 λΉ™ν•˜λŒ€λ₯™μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° 졜적의 μˆ˜λ‹¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
These are the flight lines
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이 사진은 남극 μƒκ³΅μ—μ„œ
05:05
of most of the modern airborne radar-sounding profiles
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λ ˆμ΄λ” 음ν–₯ μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
05:09
collected over Antarctica.
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μ™„μ„±ν•œ κ·Έλ¦Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
This is the result of heroic efforts over decades
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ 온 μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€κ³Ό ꡭ제 ν˜‘λ ₯을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
05:13
by teams from a variety of countries and international collaborations.
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μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ ν—Œμ‹ μ μΈ λ…Έλ ₯을 λ“€μ—¬ μ™„μ„±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
And when you put those together, you get an image like this,
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이 사진듀을 ν•œλ° λͺ¨μœΌλ©΄ μœ„μ™€ 같은 사진이 μ™„μ„±λ˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
05:20
which is what the continent of Antarctica would look like
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μ–ΌμŒμ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ λ…Ήμ•˜μ„ λ•Œ λ‚¨κ·ΉλŒ€λ₯™μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„
05:23
without all the ice on top.
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λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
And you can really see the diversity of the continent in an image like this.
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남극 λŒ€λ₯™μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ§€ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
The red features are volcanoes or mountains;
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뢉은 뢀뢄은 ν™”μ‚°κ³Ό μ‚°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
the areas that are blue would be open ocean
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νŒŒλž€ 뢀뢄은 μ–ΌμŒμ΄ λ…ΉμœΌλ©΄ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜λŠ”
05:35
if the ice sheet was removed.
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λ°”λ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
This is that giant spatial scale.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 규λͺ¨μ£ .
05:39
However, all of this that took decades to produce
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μˆ˜μ‹­ 년에 걸쳐 μ™„μ„±ν•œ, λ‚¨κ·Ήμ˜ μ§€ν‘œλ©΄ 밑을 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄λŠ”
05:42
is just one snapshot of the subsurface.
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이 사진은 ν•œ μž₯의 사진에 λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
It does not give us any indication of how the ice sheet is changing in time.
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이 μ‚¬μ§„λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΉ™ν•˜κ°€ μ‹œκ°„μ— 따라 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν•  지 μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ£ .
05:51
Now, we're working on that, because it turns out
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이제 우리 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 점을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ €κ³  연ꡬ μ€‘μΈλ°μš”
05:53
that the very first radar observations of Antarctica were collected
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λ‚¨κ·Ήμ˜ 졜초 λ ˆμ΄λ” κ΄€μ°° 기둝은
05:57
using 35 millimeter optical film.
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35mm κ΄‘ν•™ ν•„λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ μ΄¬μ˜λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
And there were thousands of reels of this film
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μΊ λΈŒλ¦Ώμ§€ λŒ€ν•™μ˜μŠ€μ½§ 남극 연ꡬ κΈ°κ΄€μ˜
06:02
in the archives of the museum of the Scott Polar Research Institute
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박물관에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ 기둝 λ³΄κ΄€μ†Œμ—λŠ”
06:05
at the University of Cambridge.
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수백 ν†΅μ˜ 필름이 λ³΄κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
So last summer, I took a state-of-the-art film scanner
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μ§€λ‚œ 여름 μ €λŠ” μ΅œμ‹ ν˜• 필름 μŠ€μΊλ„ˆλ₯Ό κ΅¬μž…ν–ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
06:09
that was developed for digitizing Hollywood films and remastering them,
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ν—λ¦¬μš°λ“œ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ””μ§€ν„Έν™”ν•˜κ³  λ¦¬λ§ˆμŠ€ν„°λ§ν•  λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ œμž‘λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
and two art historians,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 λͺ…μ˜ 예술 역사가와 ν•¨κ»˜
06:14
and we went over to England, put on some gloves
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영ꡭ으둜 κ±΄λ„ˆκ°€ μ•žμ„œ λ§ν•œ 필름을 μ „λΆ€
06:16
and archived and digitized all of that film.
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λ””μ§€ν„Έν™”ν•˜μ—¬ κΈ°λ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:19
So that produced two million high-resolution images
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ 200만 μž₯의 κ³ ν™”μ§ˆ 사진을 μ–»μ—ˆμ£ .
06:22
that my group is now working on analyzing and processing
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우리 연ꡬ진은 이 사진을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ ν˜„μž¬ λ‚¨κ·Ήμ˜ μƒνƒœμ™€
06:26
for comparing with contemporary conditions in the ice sheet.
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비ꡐ, λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ—…μ„ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
And, actually, that scanner -- I found out about it
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μ œκ°€ μŠ€μΊλ„ˆμ— κ΄€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό 얻은 것은 μ˜ν™” 예술 κ³Όν•™ μ•„μΉ΄λ°λ―Έμ˜
06:31
from an archivist at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
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ν•œ 기둝 보관 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œμ„œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
So I'd like to thank the Academy --
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ €λŠ” μ•„μΉ΄λ°λ―Έμ—κ²Œ
06:37
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:40
for making this possible.
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이 μ„±κ³Όμ˜ 곡을 돌리고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:42
And as amazing as it is
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50λ…„ 전에 λ‚¨κ·Ήμ˜ ν‘œλ©΄ λ°‘μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ”
06:44
that we can look at what was happening under the ice sheet 50 years ago,
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일은 정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
this is still just one more snapshot.
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이건 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 사진 κ·Έ μ΄μƒμ΄μ—μš”.
06:50
It doesn't give us observations
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이 μ‚¬μ§„λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” ν•΄λ‚˜ κ³„μ ˆμ— λ”°λ₯Έ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό
06:52
of the variation at the annual or seasonal scale,
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μ•Œ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μš”.
06:55
that we know matters.
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이런 μš”μ†Œλ‘œ μΈν•œ 영ν–₯이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°λ„ 말이죠.
06:57
There's some progress here, too.
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이 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œλ„ μ–΄λŠ 정도 진보가 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
There are these recent ground-based radar systems that stay in one spot.
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졜근 지상 ν•œ 지점에 μ •μ°©ν•΄μ„œ λ ˆμ΄λ” 탐사λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμ„€λ“€μ΄ μƒκ²ΌλŠ”λ°μš”.
07:03
So you take these radars and put them on the ice sheet
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남극 μœ„μ—μ„œ λ ˆμ΄λ”λ₯Ό μ„Έμš°κ³ 
07:05
and you bury a cache of car batteries.
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μžλ™μ°¨ 배터리λ₯Ό λ•… 속에 νŒŒλ¬»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
And you leave them out there for months or years at a time,
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그리고 λͺ‡ λ‹¬μ—μ„œ λͺ‡ 년을 λ‚΄λ²„λ €λ‘‘λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:10
and they send a pulse down into the ice sheet
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κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ 이 λ ˆμ΄λ”λŠ” 맀 λΆ„ ν˜Ήμ€ 맀 μ‹œ κ°„κ²©μœΌλ‘œ
07:12
every so many minutes or hours.
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남극 ν‘œλ©΄ λ°‘μœΌλ‘œ λ ˆμ΄λ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
So this gives you continuous observation in time --
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이 방법을 톡해 ν•œ 지점을
07:16
but at one spot.
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κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 있죠.
07:18
So if you compare that imaging to the 2-D pictures provided by the airplane,
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항곡기λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ–»λŠ” 2μ°¨μ›μ˜ κ·Έλ¦Όκ³Ό 비ꡐ해보면
07:22
this is just one vertical line.
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이 κ³ μ • λ ˆμ΄λ”λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μˆ˜μ§μ„ μ— λΆˆκ³Όν•˜μ£ .
07:25
And this is pretty much where we are as a field right now.
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λ™μ‹œμ— μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜„μž¬ 맀달리고 μžˆλŠ” 뢄야이기도 ν•˜μ£ .
07:28
We can choose between good spatial coverage
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 항곡 음ν–₯ λ ˆμ΄λ”λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄
07:31
with airborne radar sounding
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κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 곡간 정보λ₯Ό μ–»κ±°λ‚˜
07:32
and good temporal coverage in one spot with ground-based sounding.
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νŠΉμ • 쒁은 지역을 지상 기반 λ ˆμ΄λ”λ‘œ μ‹œκ°„ κ΄€λ ¨ 정보λ₯Ό 얻을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
But neither gives us what we really want:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‘˜ 쀑 μ–΄λŠ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλ„ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§„μ§œ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 정보λ₯Ό 얻진 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
both at the same time.
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두 가지 방법 λͺ¨λ‘ 말이죠.
07:40
And if we're going to do that,
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 정보λ₯Ό μ–»μœΌλ €λ©΄
07:42
we're going to need totally new ways of observing the ice sheet.
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남극을 νƒμ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 방법을 μ‹œλ„ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:45
And ideally, those should be extremely low-cost
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λΉ„ν˜„μ‹€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ“€λ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ£Ό μ €λΉ„μš©μ΄μ–΄μ„œ
07:47
so that we can take lots of measurements from lots of sensors.
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수 λ§Žμ€ μ„Όμ„œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
Well, for existing radar systems,
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ λ ˆμ΄λ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€
07:54
the biggest driver of cost is the power required
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λ ˆμ΄λ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 일 μžμ²΄μ—
07:57
to transmit the radar signal itself.
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κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ€ λΉ„μš©μ„ μ†Œλͺ¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
So it’d be great if we were able to use existing radio systems
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λ”°λΌμ„œ ν˜„μž¬ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” λΌλ””μ˜€ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
08:03
or radio signals that are in the environment.
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μžμ—°μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μ „νŒŒ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ•ˆμ„±λ§žμΆ€μ΄κ² μ£ .
08:06
And fortunately, the entire field of radio astronomy
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„ μ „νŒŒ μ²œλ¬Έν•™ 전체가
08:09
is built on the fact that there are bright radio signals in the sky.
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μš°μ£Όμ— 밝은 λΌλ””μ˜€ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ§Žλ‹€λŠ” 사싀에 κ·Όκ±°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
And a really bright one is our sun.
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특히 νƒœμ–‘μ΄ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ°μ•„μš”.
08:15
So, actually, one of the most exciting things my group is doing right now
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 우리 μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ€ νƒœμ–‘μ΄ λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” λ ˆμ΄λ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ „νŒŒλ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•˜λ €λŠ”
08:18
is trying to use the radio emissions from the sun as a type of radar signal.
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κ³„νšμ„ μΆ”μ§„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
This is one of our field tests at Big Sur.
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이건 λΉ…μ„œ(Big Sur)μ—μ„œ μ§„ν–‰ν•œ ν˜„μž₯ μ‹€ν—˜μΈλ°μš”.
08:24
That PVC pipe ziggurat is an antenna stand some undergrads in my lab built.
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이 PVC νŒŒμ΄ν”„ μ§€κ΅¬λΌνŠΈλŠ” 제 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œ μ†Œμ† 학뢀생듀이 λ§Œλ“  μ•ˆν…Œλ‚˜ μ§€μ§€λŒ€μ£ .
08:29
And the idea here is that we stay out at Big Sur,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이곳 λΉ…μ„œμ—μ„œ 머무λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ
08:32
and we watch the sunset in radio frequencies,
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주파수λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ 일λͺ°μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³ 
08:34
and we try and detect the reflection of the sun off the surface of the ocean.
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νƒœμ–‘μ΄ λ°œν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ νƒœν‰μ–‘ ν‘œλ©΄μ— λΆ€λ”ͺν˜€ λŒμ•„μ˜€λŠ” 것을 ν¬μ°©ν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
08:39
Now, I know you're thinking, "There are no glaciers at Big Sur."
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ "λΉ…μ„œμ—λŠ” λΉ™ν•˜κ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ μ—†λŠ”λ°" 라고 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 건 저도 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:43
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:44
And that's true.
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사싀이죠.
08:45
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:46
But it turns out that detecting the reflection of the sun
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νƒœμ–‘μ΄ λ‚΄λΏœμ€ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ νƒœν‰μ–‘ ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ λ°˜μ‚¬λœ 것을
08:50
off the surface of the ocean
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μž‘μ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 것과
08:52
and detecting the reflection off the bottom of an ice sheet
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λΉ™ν•˜ λŒ€λ₯™μ˜ λ°‘λ°”λ‹₯의 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό κ°μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 일이
08:54
are extremely geophysically similar.
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지ꡬ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ ꡉμž₯히 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 λ°ν˜€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
And if this works,
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이것이 κ°€λŠ₯해지면
08:57
we should be able to apply the same measurement principle in Antarctica.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 같은 방법을 λ‚¨κ·ΉλŒ€λ₯™μ—λ„ μ μš©ν•  수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
And this is not as far-fetched as it seems.
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그리 λ¨Ό 미래의 일이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
The seismic industry has gone through a similar technique-development exercise,
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내진 μ‚°μ—… 업계도 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 기술 λ°œμ „ 과정을 κ±°μ³€λŠ”λ°μš”
09:07
where they were able to move from detonating dynamite as a source,
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진원(ιœ‡ζΊ)을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‹€μ΄λ„ˆλ§ˆμ΄νŠΈλ₯Ό ν„°λœ¨λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
09:10
to using ambient seismic noise in the environment.
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μžμ—°μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μ£Όλ³€μ˜ 진동 μ†ŒμŒμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
And defense radars use TV signals and radio signals all the time,
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방곡 λ ˆμ΄λ”λŠ” TV μ‹ ν˜Έλ‚˜ λΌλ””μ˜€ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 항상 λ°œμ‹ ν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
09:16
so they don't have to transmit a signal of radar
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λ ˆμ΄λ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 전솑할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†κ³ 
09:19
and give away their position.
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μ–Έμ œλ“ μ§€ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
So what I'm saying is, this might really work.
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그럼 우리 κ³„νšμ΄ μ •λ§λ‘œ μ‹€ν˜„λ μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
And if it does, we're going to need extremely low-cost sensors
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄ 거의 λ¬΄λ£Œμ— κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μ„Όμ„œλ“€μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
so we can deploy networks of hundreds or thousands of these on an ice sheet
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 수백 수천 개의 μ„Όμ„œλ₯Ό λΉ™ν•˜μœ„μ— 놓고
09:30
to do imaging.
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λΉ™ν•˜μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ 그릴 수 있게 λ˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:31
And that's where the technological stars have really aligned to help us.
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이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ 도움을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
Those earlier radar systems I talked about
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μ œκ°€ μ•žμ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° 초기의 λ ˆμ΄λ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œλ“€μ€
09:37
were developed by experienced engineers over the course of years
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κ΅­κ°€ μ—°κ΅¬μ‹œμ„€μ—μ„œ μ΄ˆκ³ κ°€ μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•΄ 수 년에 걸쳐
09:41
at national facilities
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μˆ™λ ¨λœ κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€μ΄
09:43
with expensive specialized equipment.
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κ°œλ°œν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
But the recent developments in software-defined radio,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 졜근 μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄ν™”λœ μ „νŒŒκΈ°μˆ  및
09:48
rapid fabrication and the maker movement,
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급속 제쑰의 λ°œμ „ 및 μ œμž‘μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ λ…Έλ ₯을 톡해
09:50
make it so that it's possible for a team of teenagers
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우리 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λŠ” μ Šμ€ μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€λ„
09:53
working in my lab over the course of a handful of months
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단 λͺ‡ 달 λ§Œμ— λ ˆμ΄λ”μ˜ ν”„λ‘œν† νƒ€μž…μ„
09:56
to build a prototype radar.
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λ§Œλ“€ 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
OK, they're not any teenagers, they’re Stanford undergrads,
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싀은 κ·Έλƒ₯ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μŠ€νƒ ν¬λ“œλŒ€μ˜ 학뢀생듀이죠.
10:00
but the point holds --
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은
10:02
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:03
that these enabling technologies are letting us break down the barrier
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이와 같은 기술이 μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό κ·Έ μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžλ“€
10:07
between engineers who build instruments and scientists that use them.
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μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μž₯벽을 λΆ€μˆœλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
And by teaching engineering students to think like earth scientists
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κ³΅ν•™λ„λ“€μ—κ²Œ 지ꡬ κ³Όν•™μž 같은 사고 방식을 심어주고
10:15
and earth-science students who can think like engineers,
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ μ§€κ΅¬κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ³΅ν•™μžκ°™μ€ 사고방식을 μ‹¬μ–΄μ€ŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨
10:18
my lab is building an environment in which we can build custom radar sensors
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제 μ—°κ΅¬μ†ŒλŠ” μžκΈ°κ°€ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  싢은 λ¬Έμ œμ— 맞좰 λ ˆμ΄λ”λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
10:22
for each problem at hand,
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ν™˜κ²½μ„ μ‘°μ„±ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
that are optimized for low cost and high performance
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μ €λΉ„μš© κ³ μ„±λŠ₯의
10:27
for that problem.
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λ§žμΆ€ν˜• λ ˆμ΄λ”μ£ .
10:29
And that's going to totally change the way we observe ice sheets.
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 λΉ™ν•˜λŒ€λ₯™ 연ꡬ에도 μ»€λ‹€λž€ λ³€ν™”κ°€ 생길 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
Look, the sea level problem and the role of the cryosphere in sea level rise
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ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄ μƒμŠΉ λ¬Έμ œμ™€ 지ꡬ λΉ™κΆŒμ΄ 이에 λΌμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 일은
10:38
is extremely important
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맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 문제이며
10:39
and will affect the entire world.
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μ „ 세계가 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:41
But that is not why I work on it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— λ§€λ‹¬λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
10:44
I work on it for the opportunity to teach and mentor
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μ €λŠ” λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜κ³  μ˜λ¦¬ν•œ 학생듀을
10:47
extremely brilliant students,
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κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κ³  이끌 수 μžˆλŠ” 기회λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:49
because I deeply believe that teams of hypertalented,
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재λŠ₯이 λ„˜μΉ˜κ³ , μ˜μš•μ΄ μΆ©λ§Œν•œ, μ—΄μ • λ„˜μΉ˜λŠ” μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ΄λΌλ©΄
10:52
hyperdriven, hyperpassionate young people
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μ§€κΈˆ 세계가 λ‹Ήλ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 문제λ₯Ό
10:55
can solve most of the challenges facing the world,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  마음 속 깊이 λ―Ώκ³  있으며
10:58
and that providing the observations required to estimate sea level rise
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또 ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄ μƒμŠΉμ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ κ΄€μ°° 기둝을 μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 건
11:02
is just one of the many such problems they can and will solve.
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μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ΄ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 문제 쀑 ν•œ 가지에 λΆˆκ³Όν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:06
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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