Our immigration conversation is broken -- here's how to have a better one | Paul A. Kramer

53,458 views

2019-12-02 ใƒป TED


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Our immigration conversation is broken -- here's how to have a better one | Paul A. Kramer

53,458 views ใƒป 2019-12-02

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Mirim Han ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jooyeon Hong
00:12
We often hear these days that the immigration system is broken.
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์ด๋ฏผ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง, ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
00:16
I want to make the case today that our immigration conversation is broken
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์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฏผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ
00:21
and to suggest some ways that, together, we might build a better one.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ „ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
In order to do that, I'm going to propose some new questions
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
about immigration,
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์ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ,
00:31
the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ,
00:32
and the world,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
00:33
questions that might move the borders of the immigration debate.
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„์š”.
00:39
I'm not going to begin with the feverish argument that we're currently having,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ์œ„ํƒœ๋กญ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:43
even as the lives and well-being of immigrants are being put at risk
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์—ด๋œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€
00:48
at the US border and far beyond it.
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์ž ์‹œ ์ ‘์–ด๋‘๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
Instead, I'm going to begin with me in graduate school
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๋จผ์ € ์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ . 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜,
00:54
in New Jersey in the mid-1990s, earnestly studying US history,
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์ „ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
which is what I currently teach as a professor at Vanderbilt University
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋”๋นŒํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ
01:01
in Nashville, Tennessee.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
01:03
And when I wasn't studying,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ „ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ํ˜น์€
01:05
sometimes to avoid writing my dissertation,
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๊ฐ€๋”์€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ํ•‘๊ณ„๋กœ
01:07
my friends and I would go into town
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ๊ฐ€๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
to hand out neon-colored flyers, protesting legislation
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์— ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:15
that was threatening to take away immigrants' rights.
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ํ˜•๊ด‘์ƒ‰์˜ ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:19
Our flyers were sincere, they were well-meaning,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ง„์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:22
they were factually accurate ...
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:24
But I realize now, they were also kind of a problem.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:27
Here's what they said:
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์ „๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
"Don't take away immigrant rights to public education,
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"๊ณต๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ, ๋ณต์ง€ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
01:33
to medical services, to the social safety net.
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋นผ์•—์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.
01:36
They work hard.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ 
01:37
They pay taxes.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ๋„ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ
01:39
They're law-abiding.
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๋ฒ•์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค.
01:41
They use social services less than Americans do.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋œ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
They're eager to learn English,
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์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:47
and their children serve in the US military all over the world."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ตฐ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค."
01:52
Now, these are, of course, arguments that we hear every day.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋งค์ผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
Immigrants and their advocates use them
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:59
as they confront those who would deny immigrants their rights
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
02:03
or even exclude them from society.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง๋กœ ๋งž์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
And up to a certain point, it makes perfect sense
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€
02:09
that these would be the kinds of claims that immigrants' defenders would turn to.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
But in the long term, and maybe even in the short term,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„๋„
02:18
I think these arguments can be counterproductive.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
Why?
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์™œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:23
Because it's always an uphill battle
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:25
to defend yourself on your opponent's terrain.
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์•„์ฃผ ํž˜๋“  ์‹ธ์›€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
And, unwittingly, the handouts my friends and I were handing out
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์คฌ๋˜ ์ผ์ด๋‚˜
02:33
and the versions of these arguments that we hear today
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:37
were actually playing the anti-immigrants game.
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์‹ค์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
We were playing that game in part by envisioning
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
02:43
that immigrants were outsiders,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์—
02:45
rather than, as I'm hoping to suggest in a few minutes,
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๊นŠ์ด ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
02:48
people that are already, in important ways, on the inside.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋ฅผ '์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:54
It's those who are hostile to immigrants, the nativists,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํžˆ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์ฆ‰, ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€
02:57
who have succeeded in framing the immigration debate
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉด์„œ
03:00
around three main questions.
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์ด๋ฏผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
First, there's the question of whether immigrants can be useful tools.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
How can we use immigrants?
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€
03:12
Will they make us richer and stronger?
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ
03:17
The nativist answer to this question is no,
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
immigrants have little or nothing to offer.
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋„์›€์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
03:24
The second question is whether immigrants are others.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ์ด๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
Can immigrants become more like us?
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
03:34
Are they capable of becoming more like us?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€
03:37
Are they capable of assimilating?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋™ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€
03:39
Are they willing to assimilate?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Here, again, the nativist answer is no,
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
immigrants are permanently different from us and inferior to us.
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ด๋“ฑํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
03:49
And the third question is whether immigrants are parasites.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
Are they dangerous to us? And will they drain our resources?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž์›์„ ์†Œ๋ชจ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:59
Here, the nativist answer is yes and yes,
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
immigrants pose a threat and they sap our wealth.
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•ด ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
04:07
I would suggest that these three questions and the nativist animus behind them
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด
04:11
have succeeded in framing the larger contours of the immigration debate.
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๋” ํฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
These questions are anti-immigrant and nativist at their core,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€
04:20
built around a kind of hierarchical division of insiders and outsiders,
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๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋”์™€ ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
us and them,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค๋กœ์š”.
04:28
in which only we matter,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:31
and they don't.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
04:33
And what gives these questions traction and power
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
04:36
beyond the circle of committed nativists
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
is the way they tap into an everyday, seemingly harmless sense
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋งค์ผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:43
of national belonging
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๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์•…์˜ ์—†๋Š”
04:45
and activate it, heighten it
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ์  ์†Œ์†๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
04:47
and inflame it.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:50
Nativists commit themselves to making stark distinctions
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋”์™€ ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”๋ฅผ
04:55
between insiders and outsiders.
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์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
But the distinction itself is at the heart of the way nations define themselves.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:02
The fissures between inside and outside,
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์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋”์™€ ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋” ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ท ์—ด์€
05:06
which often run deepest along lines of race and religion,
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์ธ์ข…๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊นŠ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:11
are always there to be deepened and exploited.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์•…์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
And that potentially gives nativist approaches resonance
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋„˜์–ด
05:19
far beyond those who consider themselves anti-immigrant,
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๋” ํฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:23
and remarkably, even among some who consider themselves pro-immigrant.
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์ด๋Š” ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
So, for example, when Immigrants Act allies
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์€
05:32
answer these questions the nativists are posing,
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์—
05:35
they take them seriously.
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์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
They legitimate those questions and, to some extent,
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์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋˜๊ณ ,
05:40
the anti-immigrant assumptions that are behind them.
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์–ด๋Š ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ฏผ์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:44
When we take these questions seriously without even knowing it,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ฉด
05:48
we're reinforcing the closed, exclusionary borders
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์ด๋ฏผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ์‡„์ , ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ
05:51
of the immigration conversation.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
So how did we get here?
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์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:56
How did these become the leading ways that we talk about immigration?
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์ด๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:01
Here, we need some backstory,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
which is where my history training comes in.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
06:05
During the first century of the US's status as an independent nation,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์€
06:11
it did very little to restrict immigration at the national level.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ง‰์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
In fact, many policymakers and employers worked hard
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž์™€ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์€
06:17
to recruit immigrants
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ
06:20
to build up industry
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์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ 
06:22
and to serve as settlers, to seize the continent.
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์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
But after the Civil War,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„
06:29
nativist voices rose in volume and in power.
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€์ฃ .
06:35
The Asian, Latin American, Caribbean and European immigrants
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์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€
06:40
who dug Americans' canals,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šดํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ 
06:43
cooked their dinners,
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์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
06:44
fought their wars
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์ „์Ÿ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ ,
06:46
and put their children to bed at night
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:48
were met with a new and intense xenophobia,
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํ˜์˜ค์ž๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
which cast immigrants as permanent outsiders
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”๋กœ ๋ชป๋ฐ•์•˜๊ณ 
06:56
who should never be allowed to become insiders.
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์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋”๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
By the mid-1920s, the nativists had won,
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1920๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜, ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€
07:02
erecting racist laws
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์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
07:04
that closed out untold numbers of vulnerable immigrants and refugees.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํž˜์—†๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
Immigrants and their allies did their best to fight back,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งž์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
but they found themselves on the defensive,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์„ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:16
caught in some ways in the nativists' frames.
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
07:20
When nativists said that immigrants weren't useful,
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ์†Œ์šฉ์—†๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
07:25
their allies said yes, they are.
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์ด๋ฏผ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
When nativists accused immigrants of being others,
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉด
07:33
their allies promised that they would assimilate.
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์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณง ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋™ํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
07:37
When nativists charged that immigrants were dangerous parasites,
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด
07:43
their allies emphasized their loyalty, their obedience,
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์ด๋ฏผ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ถฉ์‹คํ•จ, ์ˆœ์ข…,
07:46
their hard work and their thrift.
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๋…ธ๊ณ , ์ ˆ์•ฝ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
Even as advocates welcomed immigrants,
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์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„
07:53
many still regarded immigrants as outsiders to be pitied, to be rescued,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ, ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
08:00
to be uplifted
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ๋‹์•„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:02
and to be tolerated,
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๋„ˆ๊ทธ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
but never fully brought inside as equals in rights and respect.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์กด์ค‘์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
08:11
After World War II, and especially from the mid-1960s until really recently,
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2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„, ํŠนํžˆ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€
08:17
immigrants and their allies turned the tide,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒํšŒํ•˜์—ฌ
08:20
overthrowing mid-20th century restriction
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
and winning instead a new system that prioritized family reunification,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
08:28
the admission of refugees
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๋‚œ๋ฏผ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
08:29
and the admission of those with special skills.
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ํŠนํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
But even then,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
08:34
they didn't succeed in fundamentally changing the terms of the debate,
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๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:39
and so that framework endured,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๋…ผ์ ์€ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
08:41
ready to be taken up again in our own convulsive moment.
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๊ฒฉ๋™์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
That conversation is broken.
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์ด๋ฏผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:50
The old questions are harmful and divisive.
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์˜ˆ์ „์˜ ๋…ผ์ ์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์—ด๋งŒ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
So how do we get from that conversation
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
08:58
to one that's more likely to get us closer to a world that is fairer,
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋” ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:02
that is more just,
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๋” ์ •์˜๋กญ๊ณ 
09:04
that's more secure?
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๋” ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:07
I want to suggest that what we have to do
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:09
is one of the hardest things that any society can do:
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์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด ๋  ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
09:13
to redraw the boundaries of who counts,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
of whose life, whose rights
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์ธ๊ตฌ, ์ƒํ™œ, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ
09:20
and whose thriving matters.
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๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:23
We need to redraw the boundaries.
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๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
We need to redraw the borders of us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
In order to do that, we need to first take on a worldview that's widely held
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๋จผ์ € ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
but also seriously flawed.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
09:39
According to that worldview,
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์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
09:41
there's the inside of the national boundaries, inside the nation,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€, ์ฆ‰ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์•ˆ์€
09:45
which is where we live, work and mind our own business.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
And then there's the outside; there's everywhere else.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ง€์—ญ, ์ฆ‰ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:53
According to this worldview, when immigrants cross into the nation,
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์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ผ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€
09:57
they're moving from the outside to the inside,
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๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ '์•ˆ'์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
10:00
but they remain outsiders.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
Any power or resources they receive
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋‚˜ ์ž์›์€
10:07
are gifts from us rather than rights.
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๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
10:11
Now, it's not hard to see why this is such a commonly held worldview.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
It's reinforced in everyday ways that we talk and act and behave,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:20
down to the bordered maps that we hang up in our schoolrooms.
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๊ต์‹ค์— ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋‘” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ง€๋„๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ ์š”.
10:23
The problem with this worldview is that it just doesn't correspond
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์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‚˜
10:27
to the way the world actually works,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ž˜์™”๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ
10:29
and the way it has worked in the past.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
Of course, American workers have built up wealth in society.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋ถ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
But so have immigrants,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:39
particularly in parts of the American economy that are indispensable
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€
10:43
and where few Americans work, like agriculture.
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๋†์—…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์š”.
10:46
Since the nation's founding,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ตญ ์ด๋ž˜
10:48
Americans have been inside the American workforce.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
Of course, Americans have built up institutions in society
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
10:59
that guarantee rights.
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๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
But so have immigrants.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ฃ .
11:02
They've been there during every major social movement,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์šด๋™์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
like civil rights and organized labor,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ ํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:08
that have fought to expand rights in society for everyone.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:12
So immigrants are already inside the struggle
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์„œ์„œ
11:15
for rights, democracy and freedom.
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์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜, ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ธ์›Œ์˜จ ์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋”์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
And finally, Americans and other citizens of the Global North
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€
11:24
haven't minded their own business,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์—๋งŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ 
11:26
and they haven't stayed within their own borders.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์žˆ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
They haven't respected other nations' borders.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
11:31
They've gone out into the world with their armies,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ 
11:33
they've taken over territories and resources,
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์˜ํ† ์™€ ์ž์›์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
11:35
and they've extracted enormous profits from many of the countries
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
that immigrants are from.
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:42
In this sense, many immigrants are actually already inside American power.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŒŒ์›Œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:49
With this different map of inside and outside in mind,
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์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋”์™€ ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
11:54
the question isn't whether receiving countries
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„
11:57
are going to let immigrants in.
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
They're already in.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
The question is whether the United States and other countries
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด
12:04
are going to give immigrants access to the rights and resources
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์›์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ƒ์ฃ .
12:09
that their work, their activism and their home countries
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
12:13
have already played a fundamental role in creating.
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์ด๋ฏธ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
With this new map in mind,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:20
we can turn to a set of tough, new, urgently needed questions,
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ฃผ์ œ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
radically different from the ones we've asked before --
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์ „์— ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
12:29
questions that might change the borders of the immigration debate.
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
Our three questions are about workers' rights,
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ
12:38
about responsibility
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์ฑ…์ž„
12:40
and about equality.
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ํ‰๋“ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
First, we need to be asking about workers' rights.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
12:48
How do existing policies make it harder for immigrants to defend themselves
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •์ฑ… ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํž˜๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
12:52
and easier for them to be exploited,
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๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ˜น์‚ฌ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
driving down wages, rights and protections for everyone?
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์ž„๊ธˆ๋„, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ค„๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:58
When immigrants are threatened with roundups, detention and deportations,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ, ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋‹นํ•  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
13:02
their employers know that they can be abused,
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๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ 
13:04
that they can be told that if they fight back,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
13:06
they'll be turned over to ICE.
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์ถœ์ž…๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์†Œ์— ๋„˜๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
13:09
When employers know
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๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์€
13:11
that they can terrorize an immigrant with his lack of papers,
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๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
13:16
it makes that worker hyper-exploitable,
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๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
and that has impacts not only for immigrant workers
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์ด๋Š” ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:21
but for all workers.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
Second, we need to ask questions about responsibility.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
What role have rich, powerful countries like the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํž˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด
13:31
played in making it hard or impossible
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์™œ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์—์„œ
13:34
for immigrants to stay in their home countries?
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์‚ด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
Picking up and moving from your country is difficult and dangerous,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
but many immigrants simply do not have the option of staying home
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๊ตญ์„ ๋– ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
if they want to survive.
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์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:47
Wars, trade agreements
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๋ถ๋ฐฉ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘”
13:49
and consumer habits rooted in the Global North
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์ „์Ÿ, ๋ฌด์—ญ ํ˜‘์ •, ์†Œ๋น„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š”
13:51
play a major and devastating role here.
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์••๋„์ ์ด๊ณ ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
What responsibilities do the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€
14:00
the European Union and China --
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์–ด๋–ค ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:02
the world's leading carbon emitters --
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ตญ๋“ค๋กœ์„œ
14:04
have to the millions of people already uprooted by global warming?
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
And third, we need to ask questions about equality.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
Global inequality is a wrenching, intensifying problem.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋น„ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์ ์  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
Income and wealth gaps are widening around the world.
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์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:23
Increasingly, what determines whether you're rich or poor,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:26
more than anything else,
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
14:28
is what country you're born in,
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
which might seem great if you're from a prosperous country.
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๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒŒ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:33
But it actually means a profoundly unjust distribution
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ์กฑํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์žํ•ด๋„
14:37
of the chances for a long, healthy, fulfilling life.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ์‹ฌํžˆ ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
When immigrants send money or goods home to their family,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:46
it plays a significant role in narrowing these gaps,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ขํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ
14:49
if a very incomplete one.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:51
It does more than all of the foreign aid programs
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๋Œ€์™ธ ์›์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
in the world combined.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฌถ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
14:58
We began with the nativist questions,
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์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
15:01
about immigrants as tools,
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๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค
15:04
as others
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์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค
15:05
and as parasites.
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๊ธฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
Where might these new questions about worker rights,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ,
15:11
about responsibility
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์ฑ…์ž„,
15:12
and about equality
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‰๋“ฑ์€
15:14
take us?
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์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
15:16
These questions reject pity, and they embrace justice.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋™์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
These questions reject the nativist and nationalist division
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ
15:25
of us versus them.
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๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
They're going to help prepare us for problems that are coming
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์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ž์— ๋†“์ธ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€
15:30
and problems like global warming that are already upon us.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
It's not going to be easy to turn away from the questions that we've been asking
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๊ธฐ์กด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋’ค๋กœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:39
towards this new set of questions.
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์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
It's no small challenge
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:43
to take on and broaden the borders of us.
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ํฐ ๋„์ „์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:48
It will take wit, inventiveness and courage.
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๊ธฐ์ง€์™€ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ, ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
The old questions have been with us for a long time,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ ‘ํ•ด ์™”์ฃ .
15:55
and they're not going to give way on their own,
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
and they're not going to give way overnight.
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ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์—†์–ด์ง€์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:01
And even if we manage to change the questions,
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋ณธ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
16:04
the answers are going to be complicated,
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๋‹ต์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
16:06
and they're going to require sacrifices and tradeoffs.
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ํฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
And in an unequal world, we're always going to have to pay attention
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํž˜์„
16:13
to the question of who has the power to join the conversation
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์—
16:17
and who doesn't.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
But the borders of the immigration debate
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š”
16:21
can be moved.
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์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
It's up to all of us to move them.
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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