How forgiveness can create a more just legal system | Martha Minow

59,980 views ใƒป 2020-04-27

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Alicia Chong ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
Would you ever forgive a person who kills a member of your family?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์šฉ์„œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:19
In September of 2019,
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2019๋…„ 9์›”,
00:21
Dallas police officer Amber Guyger was sentenced for murder,
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๋‹ฌ๋ผ์Šค ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์•ฐ๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:27
and then the brother of the victim
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ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ์ด
00:31
forgave her.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์šฉ์„œํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:33
Brandt Jean was 18 years old,
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๋ธŒ๋žœํŠธ ์žฅ์€ 18์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
and I joined the rest of the country watching on television in awe
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์ €๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ ผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:42
at that act of grace.
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์€ํ˜œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ผœ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
But I also worried.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
I worried that people who are African American like Brandt Jean
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๋ธŒ๋žœํŠธ ์žฅ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘์ธ๋“ค๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
00:52
are expected to forgive more often than other people.
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๋” ์ž์ฃผ ์šฉ์„œ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
And I worried that a white police officer like Amber Guyger
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์— ๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ€์ด์–ด ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด
01:00
receives a lesser sentence
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๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ด์ธ์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
01:02
than other people who commit wrongful killings.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
But because I'm a law professor,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฒ•ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
01:09
I also worried about the law itself.
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๋ฒ• ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
The law leans so severely towards punishment these days
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•ด
01:18
that it's part of the problem.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
And that's what I want to talk about here.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
01:25
The powerful example of one individual's forgiveness
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์šฉ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€
01:29
makes me worry that lawyers and officials too often overlook the tools
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๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ด ๋ฒ• ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
01:35
that law itself creates to allow forgiveness,
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๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ๋ด ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
when the principle should be the cornerstone of a thriving society.
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์‹ค์€ ์›์น™์ด ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ดˆ์„์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:46
I worry that lawyers and officials do not adequately use the tools of forgiveness,
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค์ด ์šฉ์„œ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฑ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
by which I mean letting go of justified grievance.
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์ฆ‰, ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
And those tools are many.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
They include pardons, commutations, expungement,
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์„œ๋ฉด, ๊ฐํ˜•, ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ง์†Œ,
02:03
bankruptcy for debt
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ํŒŒ์‚ฐ,
02:05
and the discretion that's held by police and prosecutors and judges.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž์œ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
But I also worry -- I worry a lot --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:14
I worry that these tools, when used, replicate the disparities,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ๋•Œ,
02:20
the inequities along the lines of race and class and other markers
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์ธ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ์˜ ํ‘œ์‹์„
02:24
of advantage and disadvantage.
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๋ณต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
Biases or privileged access are at work
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด
02:30
when United States presidents pardon people charged with crimes.
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ํ•  ๋•Œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Historically, white people are pardoned four times as often
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„, ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:41
as members of minority groups for the same crime, same sentence.
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์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋ณด๋‹ค 4๋ฐฐ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Forgiveness between individuals is supported by every religious tradition,
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๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์šฉ์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๊ต์  ์ „ํ†ต,
02:53
every philosophic tradition.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ „ํ†ต์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
And medical evidence now shows
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:58
the health benefits of letting go of grievances and resentments.
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๋ถˆ๋งŒ๊ณผ ์›ํ•œ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ์˜ ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
As Nelson Mandela led South Africa's transition
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๋„ฌ์Šจ ๋งŒ๋ธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„
03:08
from apartheid to democracy,
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์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์„ ์ด๋Œ๋ฉด์„œ
03:10
he explained,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:12
"Resentment is like drinking a poison and hoping it will kill your enemies."
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"์›๋ง์ด๋ž€ ๋…์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์ ์ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
03:20
Law can remove the penalties for those who apologize and seek forgiveness.
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๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์™€ ์šฉ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์„ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
For example, in 39 states in the United States
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— 39๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์™€
03:28
and the District of Columbia,
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์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C์—์„œ๋Š”
03:30
there are laws that allow medical professionals to apologize
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์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
when something goes wrong
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ํ˜น์‹œ๋‚˜ ์ผ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„
03:35
and not fear that that statement could later be used against them
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๊ทธ ์ง„์ˆ ์ด ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์†ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ
03:40
in an action for damages.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘๋ ค์›€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ผœ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
More actively, bankruptcy law offers debtors, under some conditions,
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ
03:47
the chance to start anew.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
Pardons and expungements sealing criminal records can, too.
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์‚ฌ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ๋ง์†Œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ด‰์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
I have been teaching law for almost 40 years, hard to believe,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 40๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“œ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
04:01
but recently, I realized
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์ตœ๊ทผ์—์„œ์•ผ ์ €๋„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
that we don't teach law students about the tools of forgiveness
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ•ํ•™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด์—์žˆ๋Š”
04:08
that are within the legal system,
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์šฉ์„œ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
04:10
and nor do law schools usually explore
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋กœ์Šค์ฟจ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:14
the potential for new avenues for forgiveness
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๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”
04:17
that law can adopt or assist.
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์šฉ์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
These are lost opportunities.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†“์น˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
These are lost obligations, even,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†“์นœ ์˜๋ฌด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
because the students that I teach
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด
04:28
will become prosecutors, judges, governors, presidents.
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ํ›—๋‚  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ํŒ์‚ฌ, ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Barack Obama, my former student,
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์ œ ์ „์ง ํ•™์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฒ„๋ฝ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋Š”
04:37
used his power as the President of the United States to give pardons.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด๋ž€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
That released several hundred people from prison after the law changed
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„๋ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
to provide shorter sentences for the same drug crimes
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๋งˆ์•ฝ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ๋„
04:51
for which they had been convicted.
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๋” ์งง์€ ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:53
But if he hadn't used his pardon power, they would still be in prison.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ โ€‹โ€‹๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์žˆ์„์ˆ˜์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:58
Legal tools of forgiveness should be used more,
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์šฉ์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
but not without reason and not with bias.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ , ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๋„ ์—†์–ด์•ผํ•ด์š”.
05:05
A "New Yorker" cartoon shows a judge with a big nose and a big mustache
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์–ด๋Š ๋‰ด์š”์ปค ์žก์ง€ ๋งŒํ™”์— ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์ฝ”์™€ ์ฝง์ˆ˜์—ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
05:10
looking down at a defendant with the exact same nose
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ฝ”์™€ ์ฝง์ˆ˜์—ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
05:13
and exact same mustache
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ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:15
and says, "Obviously not guilty."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์จ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ  "๋ณด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ฌด์ฃ„์•ผ."
05:17
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:19
Forgiveness could undermine the commitment that law has
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์šฉ์„œ๋ž€, ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
05:23
to treat people the same under the same circumstances,
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๋ฒ•์˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
to apply rules evenly.
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๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
In this age of resentment, mass incarceration,
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์›๋ง๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ต๋„์†Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๊ณผ
05:34
widespread consumer debt,
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์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ถ€์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์—,
05:36
we need more forgiveness, but we need a philosophy of forgiveness.
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์šฉ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฉ์„œ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
We need to forgive fairly.
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๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šฉ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ด์š”.
05:44
Contrast the treatment globally of child soldiers
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋…„๋ณ‘์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์šฐ์™€
05:49
with the treatment of juvenile offenders in the United States.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:54
International human rights condemn and punish adults
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๊ตญ์ œ์ธ๊ถŒ์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ์•„๋™์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃจ์‹œํ‚จ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์„
05:57
who involve children in armed conflict
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๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
as those most responsible,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—์š”.
06:02
but treat the children themselves quite differently.
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์ •์ž‘ ์•„์ด๋“ค ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์šฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
The International Criminal Court,
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๊ตญ์ œํ˜•์‚ฌ์žฌํŒ์†Œ๋Š”
06:08
now with 122 member nations,
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122๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ๋‹น์‚ฌ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
06:12
convicted Thomas Lubanga, warlord in the [Democratic Republic of the] Congo,
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์ฝฉ๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋ฒŒ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋ฃจ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ ์ฃ„๋กœ ์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
for enlisting, recruiting and deploying children, teens, as soldiers.
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๋‚จ๋…€ ์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์„ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋™์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Many nations commit to ensuring that people under the age of 15
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด 15์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด
06:29
do not become child soldiers,
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์†Œ๋…„๋ณ‘์ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ „๋…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:30
and most nations treat those who do become soldiers
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๊ทธ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
06:35
not as objects of punishment
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ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
06:37
but as people deserving a fresh start.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
Compare and contrast how the United States treats juvenile offenders,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์šฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:46
where we severely punish minors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„์ž๋“ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
often moving them to adult courts, even adult prisons.
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๋ณดํ†ต ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ •์— ์„ธ์šฐ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ํ˜น์€ ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ต๋„์†Œ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
And yet, like child soldiers,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋…„๋ณ‘๋“ค ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:56
teens and children are drawn into violent activity in the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
when there are few options,
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์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ,
07:02
when they are threatened
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์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ๋•Œ,
07:04
or when adults induce them with money or ideology.
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋…์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๋•Œ์š”.
07:09
The rhetoric of innocence is resonant when we talk about child soldiers,
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๋ฌด์ฃ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋…„๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณต๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
but not when we talk about teen gang members in the United States.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
07:20
Yet in both settings, youth are caught in worlds that are made by adults,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋‘, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
and forgiveness can offer both accountability and fresh starts.
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์šฉ์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
What if, instead, young people caught in criminal activity and violence
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ํญ๋ ฅ์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฐ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์ด
07:35
could have chances to accept responsibility
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
07:38
while learning and rebuilding their lives and their own communities?
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
07:44
Legal frameworks inviting youth to describe their conduct
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์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:48
could also involve community members to hear and forgive.
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์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์šฉ์„œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
Called "restorative justice,"
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "ํšŒ๋ณต์  ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
07:54
such efforts emphasize accountability and service
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:58
rather than punishment.
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์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
08:01
Many schools in the United States have turned to use restorative justice methods
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์€ ํšŒ๋ณต์  ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:06
to resolve conflicts and to prevent them,
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๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋ฉฐ
08:09
and to disrupt the school-to-prison pipeline.
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ํ•™๊ต-๊ต๋„์†Œ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
Some American high schools have replaced automatic suspensions
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋“ค์€ ์ž๋™ ์ •ํ•™์„
08:17
with opportunities for victims to narrate their experiences
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ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€
08:21
and for offenders to take responsibility for their actions.
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๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
As they describe their experiences and feelings about a theft
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์ ˆ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์„ค๋ช… ํ• ๋•Œ,
08:29
or hateful graffiti or a verbal or physical assault,
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ํ˜น์€ ํ˜์˜ค์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผํ‹ฐ ๋‚™์„œ๋‚˜ ์–ธ์–ดํญํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํญํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ๋•Œ
08:33
the victims and offenders often express strong emotions.
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ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์™€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And other members of the community take turns
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์†ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ
08:40
describing the impact of the offense on them.
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
The leader is often a student peer, who is trained to deescalate the conflict
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๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
08:50
and orchestrate a conversation about what the offender can do
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๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
08:54
that would help the victim.
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์œจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
Together, they come to an agreement about how to move forward,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ,
09:00
what the wrongdoer can do to repair the injury
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๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
09:03
and what all could do to better avoid future conflicts.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Consider this example, recently in a publication.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ์— ๋ฐœํ–‰๋œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
09:12
A young woman named Mercedes M. transferred, in California,
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์„ธ๋ฐ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
from one high school to another
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋กœ ์ „ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
09:18
after she was so repeatedly suspended in her old high school
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์‹ธ์›€์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ
09:22
for getting into fights.
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•™ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:24
And here in her new high school,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ „ํ•™์˜จ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋Š”
09:26
two other young women accused her of lying
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ๋‘๋ช…์ด ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋‰˜๋ช…์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ 
09:31
and called her the b-word.
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๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์š•์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:35
A counselor came over and talked to her and earned enough trust
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๊ต๋‚ด ์นด์šด์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด
09:39
that she acknowledged she had stolen the shoes of one of the other classmates.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ํ›”์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
Turns out, the three of them had known each other for a long time,
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
09:48
and they didn't know any other way to deal with each other
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์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”
09:51
other than to fight.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
The facilitator invited them to participate in a circle,
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์ง„ํ–‰์ž๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
09:57
a confidential conversation about what happened,
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์จํด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:59
and they agreed.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
And initially, each of them expressed a lot of emotion.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—์—” ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
And then Mercedes apologized.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์„ธ๋ฐ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:10
And she said she had stolen the shoes,
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ํ›”์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:13
but she did so because she wanted to sell them
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ํ›”์นœ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ํŒ”์•„
10:16
and take the money to pay for a drug test
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
10:21
so that her mother could show she was clean
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์„ฑ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ 
10:24
and try to regain custody of two younger children
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ฃผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘ ์ž๋…€์˜
10:27
who were then in state protective care.
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์–‘์œก๊ถŒ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
The other girls heard this,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
10:35
saw Mercedes crying
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์šธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋จธ์„ธ๋ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ 
10:36
and they hugged her.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•„์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
They did not ask her to return what she'd stolen,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ›”์นœ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ ค๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
10:41
but they did say they wanted a restart.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:44
They wanted a reason they could trust her.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
Later, Mercedes explained
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์„ธ๋ฐ์Šค๋Š”
10:48
that she was sure she would have been suspended
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด
10:51
if they hadn't had this process.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ •ํ•™์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:52
And her high school has reduced suspensions by more than half
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํšŒ๋ณต์  ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:56
through the use of this kind of restorative justice method.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •ํ•™์„ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ ์ค„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
Restorative justice alternatives involve offenders and victims
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ํšŒ๋ณต์  ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž์™€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ
11:05
in communicating in ways
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์˜์‚ฌ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
that an adversarial and defensive process does not allow,
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์ ๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—์š”.
11:10
and it's become the go-to method
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์ด๋“ค ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—์š”.
11:13
in places like the District of Columbia juvenile justice system
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์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์™€
11:16
and innovations like Los Angeles's Teen Court.
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๋กœ์Šค์—”์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•์ • ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ์š”.
11:21
If tuned to fairness,
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๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์— ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:24
forgiveness methods like bankruptcy would be available
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ํŒŒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฉ์„œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
11:28
not only for the for-profit college that goes belly-up
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์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:33
but also for the students stuck with the loans;
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๋Œ€์ถœ์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
pardons would not be given to campaign contributors;
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์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
11:39
and black men would no longer have 20 percent longer criminal sentences
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ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ด์ƒ 20% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์„
11:45
than do white men,
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๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
due to how judges exercise discretion.
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ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์š”.
11:50
Forgiveness across the board is one way to avoid such biases.
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
Sometimes, a society just needs a reset
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ
12:00
when it comes to punishment and debt.
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์žฌ์„ค์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
The Bible calls for periodic forgiveness of debts
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์„ฑ์„œ์—์„œ๋„ ๋นš์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์„œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
12:08
and freeing prisoners,
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์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
12:10
and it recently helped to inspire a global movement.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์šด๋™์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
Jubilee 2000 joined Pope John Paul II
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์ฃผ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ 2000์€ ๊ตํ™ฉ ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์˜ค๋กœ 2์„ธ์™€
12:19
and rock star Bono and over 60 nations
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๋ก์Šคํƒ€ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์™€ 60๊ฐœ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
12:21
in an effort to seek the cancellation and succeed in canceling
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
12:26
the debt of developing countries,
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์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ทจ์ง€๋กœ
12:29
amounting to over 100 billion dollars
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1,000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”
12:32
of debt canceled,
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๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ํƒ•๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:35
resulting in measurable reduction in poverty.
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๊ทธ๋กœ์ธํ•ด ์ธก์ • ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ๋นˆ๊ณค์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
In a similar spirit, there are people who are copying the techniques
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ, ์ƒ์—… ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ๋Œ€ํ–‰์—…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๋Š”
12:44
of commercial debt collectors
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
who purchase debt for pennies on the dollar
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๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ
12:48
and then seek to enforce it.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
Late-night television host John Oliver partnered with a nonprofit group
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์‹ฌ์•ผ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž ์กด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋Š”
12:55
called RIP Medical Debt,
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RIP Medical Debt์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ์ œํœด๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
and for only 60,000 dollars,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ
13:02
they purchased 15 million dollars' worth of medical debt,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 1,500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋‹น์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:07
and then they forgave it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฉ์„œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:16
That allowed nearly 9,000 people to have a restart in their lives.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ 9,000๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ถ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:22
This kind of precedent should trigger and encourage more such actions.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ „๋ก€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋” ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
It's time for a reset,
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์žฌ์„ค์ • ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
given mass incarceration,
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ต๋„์†Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๊ณผ
13:31
medical and consumer debt
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์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ถ€์ฑ„์™€
13:33
and given indigent criminal defendants
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
who are charged and put in debt
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ด€๊ณผ
13:38
because they're expected to pay for their own probation officers
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ „์ž ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:42
and their own electronic monitors.
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๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜๊ณ  ๋นš์„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:46
Forgiving violations of law
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๋ฒ•์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฉ์„œํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
13:48
or promises to pay back loans
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๋Œ€์ถœ ์ƒํ™˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:51
does pose risks.
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์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
Forgiveness may encourage more violations.
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์šฉ์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์„ ๋…๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
Economists even have a name for it.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
They call it "moral hazard."
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"๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์š”.
14:01
Should there be amnesty for immigration violations?
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์ด๋ฏผ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
14:05
Should a president offer pardons to protect himself
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:08
or to induce lawbreaking?
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๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์œ„๋ฐ˜์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
14:11
These are tough questions for our time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
14:14
But escalating resentments hold their own dangers.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„๋…ธ ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
So does attributing blame to individuals
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ํ†ต์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
14:22
for circumstances largely outside their own control.
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
To ask how law may forgive is not to deny the fact of wrongdoing.
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๋ฒ•์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฉ์„œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
Rather, it's to widen the lens
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€
14:36
to enable glimpses of the larger patterns
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๋” ํฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
14:39
and to enable new choices that can go forward
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
if we can wipe the slate clean.
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ผ์„ ์žŠ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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