Why monkeys (and humans) are wired for fairness | Sarah Brosnan

72,901 views ใƒป 2020-12-21

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeongyeon Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
My first year in graduate school, studying cooperation in monkeys,
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์ €๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์›์ˆญ์ด์™€์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•  ๋•Œ
00:16
I spent a lot of time outside,
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€
00:18
just watching our groups of capuchin monkeys interact.
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์ผœ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
One afternoon, I was out back feeding peanuts to one of our groups,
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์–ด๋ˆ„ ์˜คํ›„, ์›์ˆญ์ด ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋จน์ด๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™”๋Š”๋ฐ
00:25
which required distracting one of our males, Ozzie,
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์˜ค์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์„œ
00:28
enough so that the other monkeys could get some.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:31
Ozzie loved peanuts,
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์˜ค์ง€๋Š” ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:33
and he always tried to do anything he could to grab some.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
On that day, however,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‚ ์—
00:38
he began trying to bring other things from his enclosure to me
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€
00:42
and trade them with me in order to get a peanut.
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๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์ €์™€ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
Now, capuchins are smart, so this wasn't necessarily a surprise.
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์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž„ ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
But what was a surprise
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:50
was that some of the things that he was bringing me,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
00:53
I was pretty sure he liked better than peanuts.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋•…์ฝฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
First, he brought me a piece of monkey chow,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ์Œ์‹ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ
00:58
which is like dried dog food --
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์›์ˆญ์ด ๊ฐ„์‹ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
it was even made by Purina --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ“จ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:02
and for a monkey, is about as worthless as it gets.
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์›์ˆญ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Of course, I didn't give him a peanut for that.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
But he kept trying,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:10
and eventually, he brought me a quarter of an orange
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๊ณ 
01:13
and tried to trade it with me for a peanut.
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๋•…์ฝฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
Now, oranges are a valuable monkey commodity,
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์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
01:20
so this trade seemed, shall I say, a little bit nuts?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด ๊ตํ™˜์€ ๊ฝค ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
Now you may be wondering how we know what monkeys prefer.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•„๋Š” ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
Well, we ask them,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
01:28
by giving them a choice between two foods
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์Œ์‹ ์ค‘ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
01:30
and seeing which one they pick.
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
Generally speaking, their preferences are a lot like ours:
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ทจํ–ฅ์€ ์ €ํฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
the sweeter it is, the more they like it.
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๋” ๋‹ฌ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
So, much like humans prefer cupcakes to kale,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ€์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปต์ผ€์ต์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
01:40
monkeys prefer fruits, like oranges or grapes,
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์ด๊ฐ™์€ ์ฑ„์†Œ์™€
01:43
to vegetables like cucumbers,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์›์ˆญ์ด ์Œ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
01:45
and all of this to monkey chow.
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์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€๋‚˜ ํฌ๋„๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ผ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
And peanuts are not bad.
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๋•…์ฝฉ๋„ ๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
01:49
However, they definitely don't prefer them to a chunk of orange.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋งŒํผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
So when Ozzie tried to trade a quarter of an orange for a peanut,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋•…์ฝฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
01:56
it was a surprise,
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๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:58
and I began to wonder if he suddenly wanted that peanut
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ
02:02
because everybody else in his group was getting one.
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๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
In case you're wondering, I did give Ozzie his peanut.
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ํ˜น์‹œ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ค๊นŒ๋ด ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์˜ค์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋•…์ฝฉ์€ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
But then I went straight to my graduate adviser,
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์กฐ๊ต์ธ
02:11
Frans de Waal,
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ํ”„๋ž€์Šค ๋“œ ์™ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ”๊ณ 
02:12
and we began to design a study
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด
02:14
to see how the monkeys would respond
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๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:16
when somebody else in their group got a better reward than they did
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๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:20
for doing the same work.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
It was a very simple study.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
We took two monkeys from the same group
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์— ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ
02:26
and had them sit side by side,
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๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์•‰ํžˆ๊ณ 
02:28
and they would do a task,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ €์™€ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”
02:29
which was trading a token with me,
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์ผ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:31
and if they did so successfully,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด
02:34
they got a reward.
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๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
The catch was that one monkey always got a piece of cucumber,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
02:39
and the other monkey sometimes got a piece of cucumber,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค์ด์™€ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ
02:42
but sometimes got a grape.
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๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
And if you'll recall,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
02:45
grapes are much preferred to cucumbers
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์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—์„œ๋Š”
02:48
on the capuchin monkey hierarchy.
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์˜ค์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
These are two of my capuchin monkeys.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์ œ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
Winter, on the right, is trading for a grape,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์›ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํฌ๋„์™€ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:54
and Lance, on the left, is trading for a cucumber.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋ž€์Šค๋Š” ์˜ค์ด์™€ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
You can see that she -- and yes, Lance is actually a female --
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์—ฌ์ž ์›์ˆญ์ด์ธ ๋ž€์Šค๋Š”
03:01
is at first perfectly happy with her cucumber,
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์œˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋„์™€ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
03:04
until she sees Winter trading for a grape.
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์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
Suddenly, Lance is very enthusiastic about trading.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ž€์Šค๋Š” ๊ตํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์—ด์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
She gets her cucumber, takes a bite and then --
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ž… ๋จน์€ ํ›„์—
03:15
throws it right back out again.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
Meanwhile, Winter trades again and gets another grape
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์œˆํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•ด ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ 
03:21
and has Lance's undivided attention while she eats it.
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๋ž€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
This time,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š”
03:26
Lance is not so enthusiastic about trading.
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๋ž€์Šค๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜์— ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
But eventually, she does so.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
But when she gets the cucumber this time around,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฒˆ์— ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด
03:35
she doesn't even take a bite
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•œ ์ž… ๋จน์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ 
03:38
before she throws it back out again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
Apparently, Lance only wants a cucumber
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๋ž€์Šค๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์œˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
03:43
when she hasn't just watched Winter eat a grape.
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์˜ค์ง ์˜ค์ด ๋งŒ์„ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
And Lance was not alone in this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œˆํ„ฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
All of my capuchins were perfectly happy with their cucumbers
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์ œ ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค๋„ ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ•œ
03:52
as long as the other monkeys were getting cucumbers too.
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์˜ค์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
But they often weren't so happy with their cucumbers
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋Š”
03:57
when other monkeys were getting a grape.
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์˜ค์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
The obvious question is why?
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š” ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
If they liked those cucumbers before,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ „์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:06
what changed?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:07
Now, I'm a scientist,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ด๊ณ ,
04:09
and scientists are famously shy about reading too much into our studies,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
04:12
especially when it comes to what other animals
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
04:15
are thinking or feeling,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:16
because we can't ask them.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
But still, what I was seeing in my monkeys
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:20
looked an awful lot like what we humans would call a sense of fairness.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ฎ์•˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
After all,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
04:25
the difference in that cucumber was that it came after Winter got a grape,
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์˜ค์ด์™€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์œˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„์—
04:30
rather than before.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
We humans are obsessed with fairness.
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์ €ํฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
I have a younger sister,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:36
and when we were little,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ
04:38
if my sister got a bigger piece of the pie than me,
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์ œ ๋™์ƒ์ด ์ €๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ํŒŒ์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด
04:40
even by a crumb,
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04:42
I was furious.
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์ €๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
It wasn't fair.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:46
And the childhood me is not alone.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ €๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
We humans hate getting less than another so much
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์ €ํฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
that one study found
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ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
04:55
that if humans were given a hypothetical choice
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 25,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ๊ณ 
04:58
between earning 50,000 dollars a year
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์ž์‹ ์€ 1๋…„์— 50,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
05:00
while others earned 25,000 dollars,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 25๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ ๋•Œ
05:03
or earning 100,000 dollars a year
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์ž์‹ ์€ 10๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์„ ํƒ ์ค‘์—
05:05
while others earned 250,000 dollars,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ค‘ ๋ฐ˜์€
05:08
nearly half the subjects
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฒŒ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
05:10
prefer to earn 50,000 dollars a year less money
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1๋…„์— 5๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:14
to avoid earning relatively less than someone else.
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์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
That's a pretty big price to pay.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
What drives people
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
05:21
to this sort of apparently irrational decision-making?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
05:24
After all,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
05:26
throwing away your cucumber because someone else got a grape
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:29
only makes sense if it makes things more fair.
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๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋ง์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Otherwise, Winter has a grape, and you have nothing.
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ํ˜น์€ ์œˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:36
Of course humans are not capuchin monkeys.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
But on the surface,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ
05:40
sacrificing 50,000 dollars
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋” ๋ฒŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:42
because somebody else is going to earn more money than you
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5๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:45
makes no more sense than throwing away that cucumber.
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์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
Except maybe it does.
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ํ˜น์€ ์•„๋งˆ ๋ง์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:51
Some economists think
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
05:52
that the sense of fairness in humans is tied to cooperation.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ณต์ •ํ•จ์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
In other words, we need that sense of fairness
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ผํ•  ๋•Œ
05:59
when we're working with somebody else
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์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
06:01
to know when we're getting the short end of the stick.
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๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
Think about it this way.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:04
Let's say you have a colleague at work who's having a hard time
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํž˜๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
06:07
and needs a little extra help.
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์ง์žฅ ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:09
You're probably more than happy to help out,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋…€๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๋•Œ ๋„์™€์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:11
especially if she does the same for you when you need it.
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๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋„์™€์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
In other words, if things even out.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋งŒ์š”.
06:17
But now,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ
06:18
let's say that colleague is always slacking off
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๊ทธ ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ๊ณ 
06:20
and dumping extra work on you.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ๋– ๋„˜๊ธด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:22
That's infuriating.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์งœ์ฆ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Or worse,
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ํ˜น์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ
06:25
what if you're doing all the work, and she's getting paid more.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:29
You're outraged, right?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฒฉ๋…ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
06:31
As well you should be.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
That righteous fury is your sense of fairness
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์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:37
telling you that, well, it's not fair.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
You need to get your fair share from the people you're working with,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:44
or it's exploitation, not cooperation.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
You may not be able to leave every job where you're treated unfairly,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ทจ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์ด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
06:51
but in a perfect world,
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์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„, ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„,
06:52
one without racism and sexism
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
06:54
and the frictions associated with finding a new job,
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์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์—†๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”
06:57
it's your sense of fairness that would let you know
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์ด ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
when it was time to move on.
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07:02
And if you couldn't?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
07:03
Well, that smoldering frustration might make you throw your cucumbers too.
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๊ทธ ํƒ€๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋˜์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And humans are not alone in this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
In the previous study, there was nothing Lance could do about it,
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์ด์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ž€์Šค๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:14
but what if there had been?
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:17
It turns out
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์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•œ ํ›„์—
07:18
that capuchins simply refuse to cooperate with other capuchins
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
07:21
who don't give them their share after they worked together.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
And refusing to work together with another monkey
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด์™€ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:27
is a pretty straightforward way of leveling the playing field.
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๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
Apparently, no monkey getting anything at all
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค
07:33
is better than another monkey getting more.
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๋” ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
But much like you and your coworker,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:38
they're perfectly happy with a little short-term inequality
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:41
as long as everything evens out over the long run.
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๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
This economic connection between fairness and cooperation
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์ด ๊ณตํ‰ํ•จ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€
07:48
makes sense to me as an evolutionary biologist.
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์ง„ํ™” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
After all,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
07:52
your ancestors didn't get to pass on their genes
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ 
07:55
because they did well in some absolute sense,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:58
but because they did better than others.
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๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
We don't call it survival of the fit,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
08:02
we call it survival of the fittest.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
As in more fit than others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:07
It's all relative.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
OK.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
So my capuchins don't like it when they get less than another.
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์ œ ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
And they're perfectly happy to sacrifice their cucumbers
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:16
to level the playing field.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ƒ๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
That's great.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
But what we would call a sense of fairness in humans
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:22
also means that we care when we get more than someone else.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์ƒ๊ด€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
What about my monkeys?
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์ œ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
08:28
It turns out
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:29
that primates do notice when they get more than others,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด
08:33
or at least some of them do.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
My capuchins do not.
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์ œ ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
But in one of my studies,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—์„œ๋Š”
08:40
my chimpanzees would sometimes refuse a grape
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ํ•œ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด
08:43
if another chimpanzee in their group got a cucumber,
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ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:47
which is pretty impressive, given how much my chimpanzees like grapes.
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์ œ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ์•„๋Š” ์ €๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ์ƒ๊นŠ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
However, they were still more upset when they got less than another chimp
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋” ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:57
as compared to when they got more.
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๋œ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ํ™”๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
You may not think it's fair when you have more than your neighbor,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ด์›ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ € ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
09:02
but you really don't think it's fair when your neighbor has more than you.
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์ด์›ƒ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
Here's an important question, though.
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์ด์ฏค์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
Why do we care about inequality or unfairness
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์ด๋“์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:10
when we are the ones who are unfairly benefiting?
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•จ์— ์™œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ธ๊นŒ์š”?
09:13
If evolution is about survival of the fittest,
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์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
09:16
wouldn't it make sense to grab any advantage you can get?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ป๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์žก์•„์•ผ ๋ง์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”?
09:20
Here's the thing though.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
I do better if I get more than you, sure.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๋” ์ž˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
But best of all is if you and I can work together
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ 
09:28
and get more than either one of us could have gotten on our own.
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
But why would you work with me if you don't think I'm going to play fair?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์šฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์™œ ์ €์™€ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:35
But if you think I'm going to notice when I've got more than you
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
09:38
and do something about it,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:40
then you will work with me.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ €์™€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
Evolution has selected us to accept the occasional short-term loss
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:47
in order to maintain these all-important long-term relationships.
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๊ฐ€๋”์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์†์‹ค์€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
This is true in chimpanzees,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๊ณ 
09:54
but it is even more important in humans.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Humans are incredibly interconnected and interdependent,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์ ์ด๊ณ 
10:00
and we have the advanced cognitive abilities
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:02
to be able to plan far into the future.
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์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜
10:05
And to recognize the importance
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์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
10:08
of maintaining these cooperative partnerships.
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
Indeed, if anything,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค,
10:13
I think we are likely underplaying
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์ €๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
10:15
how important the sense of fairness is for people.
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๊ณต์ •ํ•จ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
One of the biggest differences between humans and capuchin monkeys
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
10:22
is the sheer magnitude and ubiquity of cooperation in humans.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ํ”ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
In other words,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
10:27
we're a lot more cooperative than capuchin monkeys are.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
Legal and economic systems literally only exist
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๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ €ํฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ์ง€๋งŒ
10:34
if we all agree to participate in them.
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์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
And if people feel left out of the rewards and benefits
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜œํƒ์ด
10:39
of those systems,
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๋ถ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉด
10:40
then they stop participating,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
10:42
and the whole system falls apart.
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์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
Many of the protests and uprisings we're seeing,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
10:47
both in the US and around the globe,
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์‹œ์œ„์™€ ํญ๋™์€
10:49
are explicitly framed in terms of fairness,
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๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์˜ ํ‹€์— ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:51
which is not surprising to me.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
Whether it's about disproportionate access to resources,
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์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด๋“ 
10:57
or that some groups are being disproportionately impacted
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด
11:00
by the legal system or the effects of a virus,
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๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋“ 
11:03
these protests are the logical outcome
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์ด ์‹œ์œ„๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ธตํ™”์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„
11:06
of our long evolutionary tendency to reject unfairness
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธด ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์˜
11:10
combined with our long history of social stratification.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
And the systemic inequalities
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
11:16
that have resulted from that stratification.
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์ธตํ™”์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Layer on top of this the fact that by many measures
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ
11:22
economic inequality is skyrocketing.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
Chris Boehm wrote a book called "Hierarchy in the Forest,"
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ด„์€ "์ˆฒ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ"๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์—์„œ
11:29
in which he argued that humans have reverse hierarchies
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋“์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋„๋ก
11:33
in which those at the bottom band together
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๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ญ‰์น˜๋Š”
11:36
to keep those at the top from taking advantage of them.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
Perhaps these protests are simply the latest manifestation
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์ด ์‹œ์œ„๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ท ํ˜•์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์—์„œ
11:43
of humans' tendency to rebalance the hierarchy.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
Perhaps the biggest difference between us and capuchin monkeys
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์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
11:50
is that we can recognize this problem
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:52
and actively work to do something about it.
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์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
Of course we recognize when we're disadvantaged.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
But we can and we must also recognize
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด
12:02
when we're advantaged at the expense of someone else,
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ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
12:05
and recognize fairness
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์„
12:07
as the balance between these two inequalities,
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์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
because our society literally depends upon it.
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:14
Indeed, my research shows
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
12:16
that not all primate species care about inequality.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
It's only those that rely on cooperation,
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๊ทธ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
12:24
which most definitely includes humans.
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
We evolved to care about fairness
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:29
because we rely on each other for our cooperative society.
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๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ฐ๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
And the more unfair the world gets,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋” ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
12:35
and the less we care about each other,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
12:37
the more peril we will face.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
Our issues are more complex than grapes and cucumbers,
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํฌ๋„์™€ ์˜ค์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
12:42
but as the capuchins have taught us,
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์นดํ‘ธ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
12:44
we will all do better when we all play fair.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋” ์ž˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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