5 challenges we could solve by designing new proteins | David Baker

147,533 views ・ 2019-07-16

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Soomin Ha κ²€ν† : Soobin Ahn
00:12
I'm going to tell you about the most amazing machines in the world
0
12982
4059
μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ†€λΌμš΄ 기계듀을 μ†Œκ°œν•΄λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
and what we can now do with them.
1
17065
1768
κ·Έκ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 무엇을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ„μš”.
00:19
Proteins,
2
19396
1163
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€
00:20
some of which you see inside a cell here,
3
20583
2250
이처럼 세포 μ•ˆμ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λ©°
00:22
carry out essentially all the important functions in our bodies.
4
22857
3459
우리 λͺΈμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ€‘μš”ν•œ κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
Proteins digest your food,
5
26972
1879
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ μŒμ‹μ„ μ†Œν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³ ,
00:28
contract your muscles,
6
28875
1706
κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μˆ˜μΆ•μ‹œν‚€κ³ ,
00:30
fire your neurons
7
30605
1577
신경세포λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήν•˜λ©°,
00:32
and power your immune system.
8
32206
1616
면역체계λ₯Ό λ”μš± 곡고히 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
Everything that happens in biology --
9
34400
1976
생λͺ…μ²΄μ—κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  일은
00:36
almost --
10
36400
1151
거의 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
happens because of proteins.
11
37575
1412
00:39
Proteins are linear chains of building blocks called amino acids.
12
39698
4075
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚°μ΄λΌλŠ” μš”μ†Œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ κΈΈλ‹€λž€ 띠 λͺ¨μ–‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
Nature uses an alphabet of 20 amino acids,
13
44366
3233
μžμ—°κ³„μ—” μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜λŠ” 20개의 아미노산이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
some of which have names you may have heard of.
14
47623
2275
κ·Έ 쀑엔 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ“€μ–΄λ³Έ 아미노산도 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
In this picture, for scale, each bump is an atom.
15
50921
3542
이 μ‚¬μ§„μ—μ„œ ν•œ μ•Œκ°±μ΄λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ›μžλ₯Ό λœ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
Chemical forces between the amino acids cause these long stringy molecules
16
55351
4644
μ •λ¦¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κΈ΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ λŠ” μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 화학적 νž˜μ— μ˜ν•΄
01:00
to fold up into unique, three-dimensional structures.
17
60019
3461
λ…νŠΉν•œ 3차원 ꡬ쑰둜 μ ‘νž™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
The folding process,
18
63937
1340
이 μ ‘νž˜ 과정은
01:05
while it looks random,
19
65301
1434
λΆˆκ·œμΉ™ν•΄ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
01:06
is in fact very precise.
20
66759
1963
사싀 ꡉμž₯히 μ •κ΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
Each protein folds to its characteristic shape each time,
21
68746
4397
각 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ νŠΉμ •ν•œ ꡬ쑰둜 μ ‘νžˆκ³ ,
01:13
and the folding process takes just a fraction of a second.
22
73167
3388
이 μ ‘νž˜ 과정은 λͺ‡ λΆ„μ˜ 일 μ΄ˆλ§Œμ— μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
And it's the shapes of proteins
23
78029
1844
그리고 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ꡬ쑰 덕뢄에
01:19
which enable them to carry out their remarkable biological functions.
24
79897
3970
λ†€λΌμš΄ 생물학적 κΈ°λŠ₯듀을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
For example,
25
84520
1151
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄,
01:25
hemoglobin has a shape in the lungs perfectly suited
26
85695
3508
폐 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμ˜ κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ”
μ‚°μ†Œ λΆ„μžμ™€ κ²°ν•©ν•˜κΈ°μ— κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 ν˜•νƒœκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
for binding a molecule of oxygen.
27
89227
1987
01:31
When hemoglobin moves to your muscle,
28
91759
1892
이 ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμ΄ 근윑으둜 μ΄λ™ν•˜λ©΄
01:33
the shape changes slightly
29
93675
1932
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ ꡬ쑰가 μ•½κ°„ λ°”λ€Œμ–΄
01:35
and the oxygen comes out.
30
95631
2191
μ‚°μ†Œ λΆ„μžκ°€ λ°©μΆœλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
The shapes of proteins,
31
99494
1366
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ ꡬ쑰와
01:40
and hence their remarkable functions,
32
100884
2213
그에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ†€λΌμš΄ κΈ°λŠ₯은
01:43
are completely specified by the sequence of amino acids in the protein chain.
33
103121
5778
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 띠λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨λŠ” μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚°μ˜ μˆœμ„œμ— μ˜ν•΄ κ²°μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
In this picture, each letter on top is an amino acid.
34
109331
3941
이 κ·Έλ¦Ό 속 각각의 μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μ€ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 아미노산을 λœ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
Where do these sequences come from?
35
114860
1837
κ·Έ λ°°μ—΄ μˆœμ„œλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ •ν•΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
01:57
The genes in your genome specify the amino acid sequences
36
117586
4824
λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ κ²Œλ†ˆ 속 μœ μ „μžκ°€
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚°μ˜ λ°°μ—΄ μˆœμ„œλ₯Όκ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
of your proteins.
37
122434
1398
02:03
Each gene encodes the amino acid sequence of a single protein.
38
123856
3738
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μœ μ „μžλŠ” ν•œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό λΆ€ν˜Έν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
The translation between these amino acid sequences
39
129515
3802
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚°μ˜ μˆœμ„œμ™€
02:13
and the structures and functions of proteins
40
133341
2458
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ ꡬ쑰 및 κΈ°λŠ₯ κ°„μ˜ 관계가
02:15
is known as the protein folding problem.
41
135823
2057
'λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ ‘νž˜ 문제' μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
It's a very hard problem
42
138439
1545
μ΄λŠ” ꡉμž₯히 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
because there's so many different shapes a protein can adopt.
43
140008
3180
ν•œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” μˆ˜μ—†μ΄ 많기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:24
Because of this complexity,
44
144073
1645
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³΅μž‘μ„± λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:25
humans have only been able to harness the power of proteins
45
145742
2937
인간은 μžμ—°μ—μ„œ 찾은 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° μˆœμ„œμ—
02:28
by making very small changes to the amino acid sequences
46
148703
3468
μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 일으켜
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ κ°€μ§„ λŠ₯λ ₯의 μΌλΆ€λΆ„λ§Œ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
of the proteins we've found in nature.
47
152195
2091
02:34
This is similar to the process that our Stone Age ancestors used
48
154835
3858
그것은 마치 우리의 μ„κΈ°μ‹œλŒ€ 쑰상듀이
02:38
to make tools and other implements from the sticks and stones
49
158717
3359
μ£Όλ³€μ—μ„œ 찾은 λ§‰λŒ€μ™€ λŒμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 도ꡬλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  κ³Όμ •κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
that we found in the world around us.
50
162100
2003
02:45
But humans did not learn to fly by modifying birds.
51
165226
5024
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 인간은 μƒˆλ₯Ό λ³€ν˜•μ‹œμΌœκ°€λ©° ν•˜λŠ˜μ„ λ‚˜λŠ” 법을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ§„ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
02:50
(Laughter)
52
170790
2017
(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:52
Instead, scientists, inspired by birds, uncovered the principles of aerodynamics.
53
172831
6310
λŒ€μ‹ , κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μƒˆμ—μ„œ 아이디어λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄
κ³΅κΈ°μ—­ν•™μ˜ 원리λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•΄λƒˆμ£ .
02:59
Engineers then used those principles to design custom flying machines.
54
179165
4395
μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ“€μ΄ κ·Έ 원리λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ 인간을 μœ„ν•œ λΉ„ν–‰ μž₯치λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆκ³ μš”.
03:04
In a similar way,
55
184195
1245
이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ,
03:05
we've been working for a number of years
56
185464
1942
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μˆ˜λ…„κ°„μ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해
03:07
to uncover the fundamental principles of protein folding
57
187430
3269
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ ‘νž˜μ˜ 근본적 원리λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄κ³ ,
03:10
and encoding those principles in the computer program called Rosetta.
58
190723
4059
λ‘œμ œνƒ€λΌλŠ” 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έ 원리λ₯Ό ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
We made a breakthrough in recent years.
59
195742
2513
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 졜근 큰 λ°œμ „μ„ μ΄λ€„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
We can now design completely new proteins from scratch on the computer.
60
199029
4459
μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 있게 된 것이죠.
03:24
Once we've designed the new protein,
61
204396
2068
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ””μžμΈν•˜κ³ 
03:27
we encode its amino acid sequence in a synthetic gene.
62
207242
3903
ν•©μ„± μœ μ „μžμ˜ μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° λ°°μ—΄ μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
We have to make a synthetic gene
63
211656
1888
ν•©μ„± μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
03:33
because since the protein is completely new,
64
213568
2251
λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것이닀 λ³΄λ‹ˆ,
03:35
there's no gene in any organism on earth which currently exists that encodes it.
65
215843
4762
지ꡬ상에 μžˆλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μƒλ¬Όμ˜ μœ μ „μžλ„ 이 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
Our advances in understanding protein folding
66
221697
4187
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ ‘νž˜ λ¬Έμ œμ™€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ””μžμΈ 방법에 λŒ€ν•œ
03:45
and how to design proteins,
67
225908
1722
μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ 이해가 λ°œμ „ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨,
03:47
coupled with the decreasing cost of gene synthesis
68
227654
3628
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 합성에 λ“œλŠ” λΉ„μš©μ„ 쀄일 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
and the Moore's law increase in computing power,
69
231306
3499
λ˜ν•œ λ¬΄μ–΄μ˜ 법칙에 따라 λ°œμ „ν•˜λŠ” 컴퓨터 κΈ°λŠ₯ 덕뢄에
03:54
now enable us to design tens of thousands of new proteins,
70
234829
4736
μ—¬λŸ¬ λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ°€μ§„ 수백, 수천 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„
03:59
with new shapes and new functions,
71
239589
2339
04:01
on the computer,
72
241952
1513
μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ λ””μžμΈν•˜κ³ ,
04:03
and encode each one of those in a synthetic gene.
73
243489
3915
각각의 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ ν•©μ„± μœ μ „μžμ— λΆ€ν˜Έν™”ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
Once we have those synthetic genes,
74
248248
1668
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν•©μ„± μœ μ „μžκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λ©΄,
04:09
we put them into bacteria
75
249940
1545
그것을 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— μ£Όμž…ν•˜μ—¬
04:11
to program them to make these brand-new proteins.
76
251509
3305
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 내도둝 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
We then extract the proteins
77
255197
2073
이후에 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ—μ„œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ—¬
04:17
and determine whether they function as we designed them to
78
257294
3436
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³„νšν•œλŒ€λ‘œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€,
04:20
and whether they're safe.
79
260754
1411
μ•ˆμ „ν•œμ§€ 결둠을 μ§“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
It's exciting to be able to make new proteins,
80
263867
2465
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 건 맀우 ν₯미둜운 μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
because despite the diversity in nature,
81
266356
2496
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μžμ—°μ˜ 닀양성에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
04:28
evolution has only sampled a tiny fraction of the total number of proteins possible.
82
268876
6092
μƒλ¬Όμ˜ μ§„ν™”λŠ” κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ’…λ₯˜ 쀑 극히 μΌλΆ€λ§Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
I told you that nature uses an alphabet of 20 amino acids,
83
275572
3495
μžμ—°μ€ 20개의 μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜λŠ” μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚°λ§Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ ΈλŠ”λ°μš”.
04:39
and a typical protein is a chain of about 100 amino acids,
84
279091
4449
λ˜ν•œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ μ—λŠ” 100개의 아미노산이 μžˆλ‹€κ³ λ„ λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έμ£ .
04:43
so the total number of possibilities is 20 times 20 times 20, 100 times,
85
283564
5552
그러면 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  경우의 μˆ˜λŠ”
20 κ³±ν•˜κΈ° 20 κ³±ν•˜κΈ° 20.. κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 100번 λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λ―€λ‘œ
04:49
which is a number on the order of 10 to the 130th power,
86
289140
3817
총 κ°€μ§“μˆ˜μ˜ 숫자 λ‹¨μœ„κ°€ 10의 130승이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
which is enormously more than the total number of proteins
87
292981
3812
μ΄λŠ” 지ꡬ상에 생물이 생긴 이래둜 μ§€κΈˆκ» λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 총 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μˆ˜λ³΄λ‹€
04:56
which have existed since life on earth began.
88
296817
2416
훨씬 λ§Žμ€ μˆ«μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
And it's this unimaginably large space
89
299990
2691
κ·Έ 상상할 수 없이 큰 곡간을
05:02
we can now explore using computational protein design.
90
302705
3530
이제 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ””μžμΈν•˜μ—¬ νƒν—˜ν•  수 있게 된 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
Now the proteins that exist on earth
91
307747
2369
이제, 지ꡬ상에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€
05:10
evolved to solve the problems faced by natural evolution.
92
310140
3993
μžμ—°μ  μ§„ν™”κ°€ 맞λ‹₯뜨린 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ°œμ „λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
For example, replicating the genome.
93
314705
2353
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, κ²Œλ†ˆ λ³΅μ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
But we face new challenges today.
94
318128
2284
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 졜근, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒˆ 어렀움과 맞λ‹₯λœ¨λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
We live longer, so new diseases are important.
95
320436
2737
인간은 전보닀 였래 μ‚΄κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄ μ€‘μ‹œλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
We're heating up and polluting the planet,
96
323197
2215
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ μ˜¨λ„λ₯Ό 올리고, μ˜€μ—Όμ‹œμΌœ
05:25
so we face a whole host of ecological challenges.
97
325436
3558
μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ ν™˜κ²½μ  어렀움과 λŒ€λ©΄ν•΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
If we had a million years to wait,
98
329977
1808
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 수백만 년을 기닀릴 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
05:31
new proteins might evolve to solve those challenges.
99
331809
3208
이 어렀움듀을 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μƒˆ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ 진화할지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
But we don't have millions of years to wait.
100
335787
2059
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 수백만 년을 기닀릴 순 μ—†μ£ .
05:38
Instead, with computational protein design,
101
338488
2871
λŒ€μ‹ μ— μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ””μžμΈν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
05:41
we can design new proteins to address these challenges today.
102
341383
4439
μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ 어렀움듀을 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μƒˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:47
Our audacious idea is to bring biology out of the Stone Age
103
347693
4450
μ €ν¬μ˜ λŒ€λ‹΄ν•œ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ”
생물학을 μ„κΈ°μ‹œλŒ€μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
through technological revolution in protein design.
104
352167
2975
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ””μžμΈλΌλŠ” 기술 혁λͺ…을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œμš”.
05:56
We've already shown that we can design new proteins
105
356113
2864
저희가 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯의 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ””μžμΈν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 건
05:59
with new shapes and functions.
106
359001
1683
이미 증λͺ…ν•΄ λ³΄μ˜€μ£ .
06:01
For example, vaccines work by stimulating your immune system
107
361174
4308
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 백신은 면역체계λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήμ‹œμΌœ
06:05
to make a strong response against a pathogen.
108
365506
3122
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 병원균에 λ§žμ„œ λ”μš± κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€μ‘ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
To make better vaccines,
109
369698
1551
우린 더 쒋은 백신을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
06:11
we've designed protein particles
110
371273
2302
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ””μžμΈν•˜μ—¬
06:13
to which we can fuse proteins from pathogens,
111
373599
3587
λ³‘μ›κ· μ˜ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ μœ΅ν•©λ  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
like this blue protein here, from the respiratory virus RSV.
112
377210
4334
μ—¬κΈ° νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μ˜ 호흑기 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ RSV의 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
06:22
To make vaccine candidates
113
382131
1730
λŒ€μ²΄ 백신을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μž‘μ—…μ€
06:23
that are literally bristling with the viral protein,
114
383885
3663
κ·Έμ•Όλ§λ‘œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ‘œ 가득 μ±„μš°λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
we find that such vaccine candidates
115
387572
2570
λ°ν˜€μ§„ 바에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŒ€μ²΄ 백신은 이전에 μ‹€ν—˜λœ κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ 백신보닀
06:30
produce a much stronger immune response to the virus
116
390166
3302
06:33
than any previous vaccines that have been tested.
117
393492
2703
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ· μ— 맀우 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
This is important because RSV is currently one of the leading causes
118
396648
3850
우리의 λ°œκ²¬μ€ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν˜„μž¬ μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ RSVκ°€ μ˜μœ μ•„ μ‚¬λ§μ˜ 주원인이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:40
of infant mortality worldwide.
119
400522
2229
06:44
We've also designed new proteins to break down gluten in your stomach
120
404414
3963
λ˜ν•œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§Œμ„±μ†Œν™”μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
μœ„ μ•ˆμ˜ 글루텐을 λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ””μžμΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
for celiac disease
121
408401
1597
06:50
and other proteins to stimulate your immune system to fight cancer.
122
410022
4376
또 μ–΄λ–€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ 면역체계λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήν•˜μ—¬ μ•”κ³Ό μ‹Έμš°λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
These advances are the beginning of the protein design revolution.
123
415338
3939
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°œμ „μ€ κ·Έμ € λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ””μžμΈ 혁λͺ…μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
We've been inspired by a previous technological revolution:
124
420850
3190
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 과거의 기술적 혁λͺ…에 κ³ λ¬΄λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
the digital revolution,
125
424064
1345
λ°”λ‘œ λ””μ§€ν„Έ 혁λͺ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
which took place in large part due to advances in one place,
126
425433
5125
ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ λ°œμ „μ΄ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 혁λͺ…을 일으켰죠.
07:10
Bell Laboratories.
127
430582
1272
벨 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
Bell Labs was a place with an open, collaborative environment,
128
432337
3294
벨 μ—°κ΅¬μ†ŒλŠ” 늘 μ—΄λ € μžˆλŠ” ν˜‘λ ₯의 κ³΅κ°„μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
07:15
and was able to attract top talent from around the world.
129
435655
3183
μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μΈμž¬λ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ„ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ³³μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
And this led to a remarkable string of innovations --
130
439418
3442
그리고 μ΄λŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ ν˜μ‹ μ˜ μ€„κΈ°λ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
the transistor, the laser, satellite communication
131
442884
4191
νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°, λ ˆμ΄μ €, μœ„μ„±ν†΅μ‹ ,
07:27
and the foundations of the internet.
132
447099
1726
그리고 μΈν„°λ„·μ˜ 기반이 νƒ„μƒν–ˆμ£ .
07:29
Our goal is to build the Bell Laboratories of protein design.
133
449761
3841
우리의 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ””μžμΈμ˜ '벨 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œ'λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
We are seeking to attract talented scientists from around the world
134
454076
3515
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ””μžμΈ 혁λͺ…을 κ°€μ†ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
07:37
to accelerate the protein design revolution,
135
457615
2935
μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μΈμž¬λ“€μ„ λͺ¨μœΌκ³  있으며,
07:40
and we'll be focusing on five grand challenges.
136
460574
4088
μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μ„― κ°€μ§€μ˜ 큰 λͺ©ν‘œμ— 집쀑할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
First, by taking proteins from flu strains from around the world
137
466136
5597
첫째, μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 독감 κ°œμ²΄μ—μ„œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•œ ν›„
07:51
and putting them on top of the designed protein particles
138
471757
3554
방금 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 미리 λ””μžμΈλœ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λΆ„μžμ™€ κ²°ν•©μ‹œν‚΄μœΌλ‘œμ¨
07:55
I showed you earlier,
139
475335
1667
07:57
we aim to make a universal flu vaccine,
140
477026
3390
만λŠ₯ 독감백신을 λ§Œλ“€κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
one shot of which gives a lifetime of protection against the flu.
141
480440
3951
예방 μ ‘μ’… ν•œ λ²ˆμœΌλ‘œλ„ 독감에 평생 면역이 μƒκΈ°λŠ” 백신말이죠.
08:05
The ability to design --
142
485356
1612
백신을 λ””μžμΈν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯..
08:06
(Applause)
143
486992
5224
(λ°•μˆ˜)
08:12
The ability to design new vaccines on the computer
144
492240
3068
μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 백신을 λ””μžμΈν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯은
08:15
is important both to protect against natural flu epidemics
145
495332
5308
두 κ°€μ§€ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μžμ—° λ…κ°μ˜ μž¬μ•™μ„ 막을 수 있고
08:20
and, in addition, intentional acts of bioterrorism.
146
500664
3480
μ˜λ„μ μΈ 생화학무기 ν…ŒλŸ¬λ₯Ό 막을 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
08:25
Second, we're going far beyond nature's limited alphabet
147
505272
3290
두 번째 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ”
μžμ—°κ³„μ— μžˆλŠ” ν•œμ •λœ 숫자의 μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³ 20개λ₯Ό 훨씬 λ„˜μ–΄
08:28
of just 20 amino acids
148
508586
1711
08:30
to design new therapeutic candidates for conditions such as chronic pain,
149
510321
4735
수천 개의 μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ§Œμ„±ν†΅μ¦κ³Ό 같은 μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μœ„ν•œ
08:35
using an alphabet of thousands of amino acids.
150
515080
2631
λŒ€μ²΄ 치료제λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
Third, we're building advanced delivery vehicles
151
518602
3813
μ„Έ 번째 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ”, λ°œλ‹¬λœ μˆ˜μ†‘ μ†Œλ‚­μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
08:42
to target existing medications exactly where they need to go in the body.
152
522439
4164
ν˜„μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” μ•½λ¬ΌμΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ ν•„μš”ν•œ 곳에 μ •ν™•νžˆ λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
For example, chemotherapy to a tumor
153
527226
2649
예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄, 쒅양에 κ°€ν•˜λŠ” ν™”ν•™μΉ˜λ£Œλ‚˜
08:49
or gene therapies to the tissue where gene repair needs to take place.
154
529899
4303
μœ μ „μž μˆ˜μ •μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ 세포 쑰직에 κ°€ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μž μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
Fourth, we're designing smart therapeutics that can do calculations within the body
155
535000
6532
λ„€ 번째둜, μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 뢄석이 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 슀마트 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
and go far beyond current medicines,
156
541556
2214
그러면 λ‘”κ°ν•œ 도ꡬ일 뿐인 ν˜„λŒ€ μ˜ν•™μ„ 훨씬 λ›°μ–΄ λ„˜κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
which are really blunt instruments.
157
543794
2264
09:06
For example, to target a small subset of immune cells
158
546082
4349
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μžκ°€λ©΄μ—­μ§ˆν™˜κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ μžˆλŠ”
09:10
responsible for an autoimmune disorder,
159
550455
2081
μž‘μ€ 규λͺ¨μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ 세포ꡰ을 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κ³ 
09:12
and distinguish them from the vast majority of healthy immune cells.
160
552560
3458
λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λ©΄μ—­ μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ œμ™Έν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
09:16
Finally, inspired by remarkable biological materials
161
556899
3412
λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ˜κ°μ„ μ€€ λ†€λΌμš΄ 생λͺ…μ˜ μ‚°λ¬Όλ“€,
09:20
such as silk, abalone shell, tooth and others,
162
560335
5108
예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, 비단, 전볡 껍데기, μΉ˜μ•„ 같은 κ²ƒλ“€μ—μ„œ μ˜κ°μ„ μ–»μ–΄
09:25
we're designing new protein-based materials
163
565467
2884
μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ™€ ν™˜κ²½ 문제λ₯Ό 해결해쀄
09:28
to address challenges in energy and ecological issues.
164
568375
4163
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 기반 μ‹ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ λ””μžμΈν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
To do all this, we're growing our institute.
165
573558
2845
μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  κ±Έ 이루기 μœ„ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
We seek to attract energetic, talented and diverse scientists
166
576768
5599
ν™œλ™μ μ΄λ©°, 재λŠ₯ μžˆλŠ”, λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ μ°Ύκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
from around the world, at all career stages,
167
582391
3080
μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€ λˆ„κ΅¬λΌλ„ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ν•˜κΈΈ 기닀리고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
to join us.
168
585495
1150
09:47
You can also participate in the protein design revolution
169
587304
3303
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ””μžμΈ 혁λͺ…에 ν•¨κ»˜ν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
through our online folding and design game, "Foldit."
170
590631
3744
μ ‘νž˜κ³Ό 닀지인을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 온라인 κ²Œμž„ 'Foldit'κ³Ό
09:55
And through our distributed computing project, Rosetta@home,
171
595214
3851
λΆ„μ‚° μ»΄ν“¨νŒ… ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμΈ 'Rosetta@home'을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œμš”.
09:59
which you can join from your laptop or your Android smartphone.
172
599089
3731
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ…ΈνŠΈλΆ 및 μ•ˆλ“œλ‘œμ΄λ“œ 슀마트폰으둜 μ°Έμ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
Making the world a better place through protein design is my life's work.
173
604547
3967
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ””μžμΈμ„ 톡해 더 λ‚˜μ€ 세상을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것이
μ €μ˜ 평생 μ‚¬μ—…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
I'm so excited about what we can do together.
174
608996
2278
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•¨κ»˜ μ–΄λ–€ 일을 ν•΄λ‚Όμ§€ 정말 κΈ°λŒ€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
I hope you'll join us,
175
611583
1470
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:13
and thank you.
176
613077
1158
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:14
(Applause and cheers)
177
614259
4455
(λ°•μˆ˜μ™€ ν™˜ν˜Έ)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7