How you can make a fruit fly eat veggies | DIY Neuroscience, a TED series

78,908 views ・ 2018-09-15

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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λ²ˆμ—­: Na-kyeong Kim κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Greg Gage: It's an age-old pursuit of all parents,
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그레그 κ²Œμ΄μ§€: μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ±„μ†Œλ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ΄λŠ” 것은
00:14
getting their kids to eat their vegetables.
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λͺ¨λ“  λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ 였랜 κ³Όμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
But getting them to eat cookies or ice cream
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μΏ ν‚€λ‚˜ μ•„μ΄μŠ€ν¬λ¦Όμ„ λ¨Ήμ΄λŠ” 게
00:18
is relatively easy,
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더 쉽죠.
00:20
and that's because our brains prefer sweetness.
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μ΄λŠ” 우리 λ‡Œκ°€ 단맛을 μ„ ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Now, there's a new technology called optogenetics
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ΄μ œλŠ” κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™μ΄λΌλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ³Όν•™ 기술둜
00:24
which may be able to trick our taste buds,
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우리 λ―Έλ’°λ₯Ό 속일 수 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
for instance preferring vegetables over sweets.
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사탕보닀 μ±„μ†Œλ₯Ό 더 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
00:29
We're going to try this today using fruit flies.
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저희가 였늘 초파리둜 ν•œλ²ˆ μ‹€ν—˜ν•΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
[DIY Neuroscience]
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[DIY μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™]
00:35
The reason why we experiment with fruit flies
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초파리둜 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
00:37
is they have a small enough nervous system
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μž‘μ€ 신경계λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ°
00:39
that gives us a fighting chance to really understand what's going on.
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신경계 μž‘μš©μ„ 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ 해쀄 μˆ˜λ„ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
And believe it or not, their taste buds are very similar to ours.
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λ―ΏκΈ° νž˜λ“€κ² μ§€λ§Œ, 초파리의 λ―Έλ’°λŠ” 인간과 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μœ μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
But before we try to manipulate their taste preferences,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 초파리의 μž…λ§›μ„ 바꿔놓기 전에
00:48
we need to establish: What is the baseline of the fruit fly?
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ν™•μ‹€νžˆ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  게 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” 무엇을 λ¨Ήμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:51
What does it prefer?
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μ–΄λ–€ μŒμ‹μ„ 더 μ’‹μ•„ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:52
We call this a control experiment.
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λŒ€μ‘° μ‹€ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
Spencer's been hard at work doing this.
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μŠ€νŽœμ„œκ°€ μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ„€μš”.
00:56
OK, Spencer, let's do our first experiment.
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μ’‹μ•„ μŠ€νŽœμ„œ, 첫 번째 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•΄λ³΄μž.
00:58
We want to test to see if fruit flies prefer bananas or broccoli.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜μ™€ 브둜콜리 쀑 무엇을 더 μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ‹€ν—˜ν•΄λ³΄μ£ .
01:01
So what do we need?
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그럼 μ‹€ν—˜μ—λŠ” 뭐가 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ ?
01:03
Spencer Brown: So we need the fly pad, which is basically an iPad for flies.
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μŠ€νŽœμ„œ 브라운: 파리 νŒ¨λ“œκ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•΄μš”. λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄ 파리용 μ•„μ΄νŒ¨λ“œμ£ .
01:07
It measures the touch.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ λ‹ΏλŠ” κ±Έ κ°μ§€ν•΄μš”.
01:08
GG: You put a fly in each chamber?
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ν•œ 곡간에 ν•œ λ§ˆλ¦¬μ”© λ„£λŠ” κ±΄κ°€μš”?
01:10
SB: Yeah. Inside, we'll offer them banana and broccoli
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λ„€ μ•ˆμ— λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜μ™€ 브둜콜리λ₯Ό λ„£κ³ 
01:13
to see which one they prefer.
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μ–΄λ–€ μͺ½μ„ 더 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³Ό κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
01:14
GG: In order to count how many times
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λͺ‡ λ²ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€
01:16
the fruit fly eats a banana versus the broccoli,
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브둜콜리 말고 λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ¨ΉλŠ”μ§€ 세어보기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
01:18
these chambers have been outfitted with a small electrode
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κ³΅κ°„λ§ˆλ‹€ μž‘μ€ 전극을 μ—°κ²°ν•΄
01:21
that sends data to a computer.
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컴퓨터에 데이터λ₯Ό λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
And so what were your findings on banana versus broccoli?
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λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜ λŒ€ 브둜콜리 μ‹€ν—˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ–΄λ• λ‚˜μš”?
01:26
SB: I found that the flies visited banana the most.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:29
GG: Both were there, but like most kids,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ•„μ΄μ²˜λŸΌ 두 가지 μŒμ‹μ΄ μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
01:30
they choose not to eat the broccoli, and they go switch to something sweeter.
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브둜콜리λ₯Ό μ•ˆ λ¨Ήκ³  더 단 μŒμ‹μ„ λ¨ΉλŠ” κ±°κ΅°μš”.
01:35
GG: Now a quick background on how taste works.
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그럼 맛을 λŠλΌλŠ” 원리λ₯Ό κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
01:37
Taste buds are made up of specialized neurons
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λ―Έλ’°λŠ” 미각 수용체라고 ν•˜λŠ”
01:39
called taste receptors.
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
When we eat something that triggers a particular taste,
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무언가λ₯Ό 먹으면 κ·Έ 맛 신경세포가
01:43
those taste neurons will fire a signal to the brain.
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ§›μ΄λΌλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ‡Œμ— μ „λ‹¬ν•˜μ£ .
01:46
This allows our brain to know what's sweet and what's bitter.
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그러면 우리 λ‡ŒλŠ” 무엇이 달고 쓴지 μ•Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
So when a fruit fly eats a banana, its sweet taste neurons will fire.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 먹으면 단맛 신경세포가 ν™œμ„±ν™” 되죠.
01:52
But when it eats broccoli, those same neurons stay pretty quiet.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 브둜콜리λ₯Ό 먹을 λ•ŒλŠ” ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
But what if we could force those sweet-tasting neurons to fire
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 저희가 μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ 브둜콜리λ₯Ό 먹을 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
01:58
every time the fruit fly eats broccoli?
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단맛 신경세포λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
02:00
We may be able to get the fruit fly
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜λ§ŒνΌ
02:02
to like broccoli as much as banana.
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브둜콜리λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 있겠죠.
02:04
Enter optogenetics.
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κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™μ˜ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:05
This is the revolutionary new tool that's taking neuroscience by storm,
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μ΄λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ 과학계λ₯Ό μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘μ€ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
and in this case, "opto" means light
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이 λ•Œ 광은 빛을 λœ»ν•˜κ³ 
02:11
and "genetic" refers to the fact that these fruit flies have been modified
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μœ μ „ν•™μ€ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ—κ²Œ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 심어
02:14
to contain a special gene that makes only certain neurons respond to light.
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ 세포듀이 빛에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
In our case, we've added the special gene to the sweet taste receptors.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 단맛 μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μ— μ‚½μž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
Now here's the fun part.
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μ—¬κΈ°λΆ€ν„°κ°€ μ§„μ§œ ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Optogenetics means that we can control these special neurons
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κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™μ€ 이 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ 세포듀을 μ‘°μ ˆν•΄μ„œ
02:27
whenever they're exposed to a bright-colored light,
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이듀이 밝은 빛을 받을 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
02:29
causing them to send messages to the brain.
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μ‹ κ²½ 세포듀이 λ‡Œμ— λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
In this experiment, we're going to have these modified fruit flies
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” λ²ˆν˜•λœ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ„
02:35
choose between banana and broccoli again,
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λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜μ™€ 브둜콜리 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜κ²Œ ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
only this time, every time the fruit fly eats the broccoli,
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ 브둜콜리λ₯Ό 먹을 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
02:39
we're going to trigger a big bright red light.
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밝은 λΉ¨κ°„ 빛을 λΉ„μΆœ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
And when the channels see that red light, they're going to open up,
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λΉ¨κ°„ 빛이 λΉ„μΆ”λ©΄ 이온 ν†΅λ‘œκ°€ 열리고
02:45
and they're going to cause that neuron to fire,
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μ‹ κ²½ 세포λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œμΌœ
02:47
and the sweet taste message will be sent to the brain.
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λ‡Œμ— 단맛 λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:50
How do you get them out?
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κΊΌλ‚΄λ‚˜μš”?
02:51
SB: So we're going to be using a mouth aspirator,
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ꡬ강 ν‘μž…κΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•  κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
02:53
so it's just two straws put together.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ λΉ¨λŒ€ λ‘κ°œ ν•©μΉœ κ±°μ£ .
02:55
GG: So it's a fancy name for a straw.
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λΉ¨λŒ€λ₯Ό μžˆμ–΄λ³΄μ΄κ²Œ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ±°λ„€μš”.
02:57
SB: Basically.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
02:58
GG: So you're going to suck those out.
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초파리λ₯Ό λΉ¨μ•„ λ‚΄λŠ” κ±°κ΅°μš”.
03:01
Have you ever sucked up a fly before?
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파리 μ‚ΌμΌœ λ³Έ 적도 μžˆμ–΄μš”?
03:03
SB: Once or twice.
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ν•œ λ‘λ²ˆ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:10
GG: There we go. You got all four.
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λλ„€μš”, λ„€ 마리 λ‹€ λ‚˜μ™”μ–΄μš”.
03:12
OK, perfect.
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μ’‹μ•„μš”.
03:13
So you're going to turn on your OptoStimmers here.
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μ˜΅ν† μŠ€ν‹°λ¨Έλ₯Ό μΌœκ³ μš”.
03:15
You're going to park the light right on top of the chambers.
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μ‘°λͺ…을 μœ„μ— 각각 ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© λ‹¬μ•„μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
So now we sit here and we wait for them to eat broccoli,
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이제 μ €ν¬λŠ” μ•‰μ•„μ„œ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ 브둜콜리 먹을 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ κΈ°λ‹€λ Έλ‹€κ°€
03:21
and then when the light fires,
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빛이 λΉ„μΆ”λ©΄
03:23
they're going to think it's tasting something sweet.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” 단 κ±Έ λ¨Ήκ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ²Œ 되겠죠.
03:26
Come on. Oh, he's getting closer.
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이리 와, κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μ˜€λ„€μš”.
03:28
Come on. It tastes good now.
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λ¨Ήμ–΄ 봐, 이제 λ§›μžˆμ–΄.
03:30
SB: It's about to.
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λ‹€ μ™”λ„€μš”.
03:31
GG: Oh, he's back. All right!
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λ“€μ–΄κ°”λ‹€ μ’‹μ•˜μ–΄!
03:33
All right, so now we see that some of these flies
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μ’‹μ•„μš” 이제 일뢀 μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ€
03:36
are switching over from the banana to the broccoli.
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λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜μ—μ„œ 브둜콜리둜 κ°ˆμ•„ 타겠죠.
03:39
SB: Exactly, yeah.
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κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
GG: Every time this light goes off,
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그럼 빛이 켜질 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
03:42
that means that they think they're tasting something sweet.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” 단 것을 λ¨Ήκ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:45
SB: Yeah. So this guy's really going after it.
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λ„€ 이 μΉœκ΅¬λŠ” 또 먹으러 올 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
03:47
GG: So we saw that we were able to rescue broccoli
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 브둜콜리λ₯Ό 먹이고
03:49
and make it just as appealing as banana to our fruit flies.
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λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜λ§ŒνΌ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
And we're able to replicate these same results
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ
03:54
in all of our experiments.
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같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ„μΆœν•΄λƒˆμ£ .
03:56
So the question is: Can we do the same thing in humans?
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œλ„ 적용이 λ κΉŒμš”?
03:58
Well, that depends on a number of items.
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그건 λͺ‡ 가지 사항에 λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
First, do optogenetic tools even work in humans?
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첫 번째, κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™ 기술이 μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œλ„ μ μš©λ˜λŠ”κ°€?
04:04
And that looks like the answer is yes,
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μ œκ°€ 보기엔 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
and in fact, clinical trials are already being planned
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사싀 κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œμ„± 톡증과 μ‹€λͺ…을
04:08
that will treat chronic pain and blindness using optogenetics.
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μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜λ„ 이미 κ³„νšλ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
And the next question is, can we easily trigger a light source
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두 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μ±„μ†Œλ₯Ό 먹을 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
04:15
so that every time we eat vegetables, it will go off?
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빛을 λΉ„μΆ”λŠ” 게 μ‰½λƒλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
For that, I'm afraid at least at this time, the answer is still no.
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κ·Έ 점에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„  μ•ˆνƒ€κΉμ§€λ§Œ 아직은 쉽지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
But today, we got to witness just a taste of optogenetics
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 였늘 κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 쑰금 μ—Ώλ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
04:24
and its amazing potential.
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λ†€λΌμš΄ 잠재λ ₯도 ν™•μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
(Music)
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(μŒμ•…)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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