Can we regenerate heart muscle with stem cells? | Chuck Murry

55,862 views

2019-05-02 ・ TED


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Can we regenerate heart muscle with stem cells? | Chuck Murry

55,862 views ・ 2019-05-02

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Robin Shin κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:12
I'd like to tell you about a patient named Donna.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ„λ‚˜λΌλŠ” ν™˜μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
In this photograph, Donna was in her mid-70s,
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이 사진을 찍을 λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— λ„λ‚˜λŠ” 70λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:18
a vigorous, healthy woman,
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ν™œκΈ°μ°¨κ³  κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ—¬μ„±μ΄μž λŒ€κ°€μ‘±μ˜ κ°€μž₯μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:20
the matriarch of a large clan.
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00:22
She had a family history of heart disease, however,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 심μž₯λ³‘μ˜ κ°€μ‘±λ ₯을 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
μ–΄λŠ λ‚  κ°‘μžκΈ° μ‘°μ΄λŠ” λ“―ν•œ κ°€μŠ΄ 톡증이 μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
and one day, she had the sudden onset of crushing chest pain.
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00:28
Now unfortunately, rather than seeking medical attention,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ λ„λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜ν•™μΉ˜λ£Œλ₯Ό μ°ΎκΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
00:31
Donna took to her bed for about 12 hours until the pain passed.
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톡증이 κ°€μ‹€ λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ 12μ‹œκ°„ 정도 μΉ¨λŒ€μ— λˆ„μ›Œμžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:35
The next time she went to see her physician,
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λ‹€μŒ 번 κ·Έλ…€κ°€ 병원을 μ°Ύμ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
00:37
he performed an electrocardiogram,
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심전도 검사λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜κ³ 
00:39
and this showed that she'd had a large heart attack,
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ν•œ μ°¨λ‘€μ˜ 큰 심μž₯λ°œμž‘μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
or a "myocardial infarction" in medical parlance.
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μ˜ν•™μš©μ–΄λ‘œλŠ” 심근경색이라고 ν•˜μ£ .
00:45
After this heart attack, Donna was never quite the same.
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이 심μž₯ λ°œμž‘ 이후에 λ„λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜ˆμ „κ³Ό λ‹¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
Her energy levels progressively waned,
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ ν™œκΈ°λ„ 점차 μ‹œλ“€ν•΄μ§€κ³ 
00:51
she couldn't do a lot of the physical activities she'd previously enjoyed.
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μ˜ˆμ „μ— μ¦κ²¨ν–ˆλ˜ μš΄λ™λ„ ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
It got to the point where she couldn't keep up with her grandkids,
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μ†μž 손녀듀과 ν•¨κ»˜ μ–΄μšΈλ¦¬κΈ°μ— νž˜μ— λΆ€μΉ˜λŠ” μ‹œμ μ΄ 였게 되고
00:58
and it was even too much work to go out to the end of the driveway
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집 μ•žμ— λ‚˜κ°€ μš°νŽΈλ¬Όμ„ κ°€μ Έμ˜€λŠ” 것쑰차 λ„ˆλ¬΄ νž˜λ“  일이 λ˜μ–΄λ²„λ Έμ£ .
01:01
to pick up the mail.
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01:02
One day, her granddaughter came by to walk the dog,
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μ–΄λŠ λ‚ , 개λ₯Ό μ‚°μ±…μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ„λ‚˜μ˜ 손녀가 λ°©λ¬Έν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
01:05
and she found her grandmother dead in the chair.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ μ˜μžμ— 앉아 λŒμ•„κ°€μ‹  κ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
Doctors said it was a cardiac arrhythmia that was secondary to heart failure.
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 심μž₯λ°œμž‘μ— μ˜ν•œ λΆ€μ •λ§₯이 원인이라고 ν–ˆμ£ .
01:13
But the last thing that I should tell you
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μ œκ°€ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 것은
01:16
is that Donna was not just an ordinary patient.
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λ„λ‚˜λŠ” κ·Έμ € ν‰λ²”ν•œ ν™˜μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
Donna was my mother.
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λ„λ‚˜λŠ” 제 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Stories like ours are, unfortunately, far too common.
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μœ κ°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„ 이런 κ²½μš°κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
Heart disease is the number one killer in the entire world.
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심μž₯병은 μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μž₯ 높은 사망 μ›μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
In the United States,
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λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μž…μ› ν™˜μžμ˜ κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•œ 원인이고
01:29
it's the most common reason patients are admitted to the hospital,
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μ˜λ£ŒλΉ„μš©μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 큰 뢀뢄을 μ°¨μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
and it's our number one health care expense.
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1000μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ λ„˜λŠ” κ·Έμ•Όλ§λ‘œ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ•‘μˆ˜κ°€
01:34
We spend over a 100 billion dollars -- billion with a "B" --
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맀년 우리 λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ 심μž₯병 μΉ˜λ£Œμ— 쓰이고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
in this country every year
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01:38
on the treatment of heart disease.
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01:40
Just for reference, that's more than twice the annual budget
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참고둜 그것은 μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄ μ£Ό 1λ…„ μ˜ˆμ‚°μ˜ 2λ°°κ°€ λ„˜λŠ” μ•‘μˆ˜μ£ .
01:43
of the state of Washington.
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01:45
What makes this disease so deadly?
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무엇 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이 μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 치λͺ…μ μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:47
Well, it all starts with the fact that the heart is the least regenerative organ
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그건 심μž₯이 인체 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μž¬μƒμ΄ μ–΄λ €μš΄ κΈ°κ΄€μ΄λž€ μ‚¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ μΆœλ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
in the human body.
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01:53
Now, a heart attack happens when a blood clot forms in a coronary artery
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심μž₯ λ°œμž‘μ€ 심μž₯벽에 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” 관상 동λ§₯에
01:57
that feeds blood to the wall of the heart.
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ν˜ˆμ „μ΄ 생겼을 λ•Œ λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
This plugs the blood flow,
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이 ν˜ˆμ „μ΄ 혈λ₯˜λ₯Ό λ§‰κ²Œ 되면
02:02
and the heart muscle is very metabolically active,
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λŒ€μ‚¬κ°€ ν™œλ°œν•œ 심μž₯ κ·Όμœ‘μ€
02:04
and so it dies very quickly,
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맀우 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 죽게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
within just a few hours of having its blood flow interrupted.
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혈λ₯˜ λ°©ν•΄κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„ 이내에 말이죠.
02:10
Since the heart can't grow back new muscle,
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심μž₯은 κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μž¬μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:12
it heals by scar formation.
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μΉ˜μœ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ κ·Όμœ‘μ‘°μ§μ— 흉터λ₯Ό λ‚¨κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
This leaves the patient with a deficit
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이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν™˜μžμ˜ 심μž₯은 κ·Όμœ‘λŸ‰μ΄ μ€„μ–΄λ“€κ²Œ 되죠.
02:18
in the amount of heart muscle that they have.
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02:20
And in too many people, their illness progresses to the point
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그리고 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 경우
심μž₯이 더 이상 μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ 혈λ₯˜ μš”κ΅¬λŸ‰μ„ 따라가지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μ§€μ κΉŒμ§€ μ§„ν–‰λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
where the heart can no longer keep up with the body's demand for blood flow.
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02:27
This imbalance between supply and demand is the crux of heart failure.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 곡급과 μˆ˜μš”μ˜ λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ΄ μ‹¬λΆ€μ „μ˜ ν•΅μ‹¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
So when I talk to people about this problem,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ©΄
02:38
I often get a shrug and a statement to the effect of,
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그듀은 μ–΄κΉ¨λ“€ 듀썩이며 이런 λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이곀 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
"Well, you know, Chuck, we've got to die of something."
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"κΈ€μŽ„μš”, μ²™, 당신도 μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 우린 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  죽게 λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”."
02:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:48
And yeah, but what this also tells me
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λ„€, 그런데 그런 λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은
02:51
is that we've resigned ourselves to this as the status quo because we have to.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έλž˜μ•Όλ§Œ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν˜„ 상황에 체념해 μ™”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
Or do we?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ²΄λ…ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν• κΉŒμš”?
03:00
I think there's a better way,
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μ €λŠ” 더 쒋은 방법이 μžˆλ‹€ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
and this better way involves the use of stem cells as medicines.
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그리고 그것은 쀄기세포λ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œμˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
So what, exactly, are stem cells?
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그러면 쀄기세포가 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
03:08
If you look at them under the microscope, there's not much going on.
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쀄기세포λ₯Ό ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ 듀여닀보면 λ³„λ‘œ νŠΉλ³„ν•  것이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λŠ” κ·Έμ € λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μž‘μ€ μ›ν˜•μ„Έν¬μ˜ˆμš”.
03:12
They're just simple little round cells.
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03:13
But that belies two remarkable attributes.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ 속엔 두 가지 λ†€λž„λ§Œν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 감좔고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
The first is they can divide like crazy.
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첫 번째둜 μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λŠ” λ―ΈμΉœλ“―μ΄ λΆ„μ—΄ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
So I can take a single cell, and in a month's time,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 세포 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ 있으면
ν•œ 달 λ§Œμ— λͺ‡μ‹­μ–΅ 개둜 늘릴 수 있죠.
03:22
I can grow this up to billions of cells.
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03:24
The second is they can differentiate or become more specialized,
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두 번째둜 μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λŠ” λΆ„ν™”ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ”μš± νŠΉλ³„ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ°”λ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
so these simple little round cells can turn into skin, can turn into brain,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μž‘μ€ λ‹¨μˆœμ›ν˜•μ„Έν¬λŠ” ν”ΌλΆ€μ„Έν¬λ‚˜ λ‡Œμ„Έν¬κ°€ 될 μˆ˜λ„ 있고
03:33
can turn into kidney and so forth.
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μ‹ μž₯ 세포 λ“± μ—¬λŸ¬ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 될 수 있죠.
03:36
Now, some tissues in our bodies are chock-full of stem cells.
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우리 λͺΈμ—μ„œ 일뢀 쑰직은 쀄기 μ„Έν¬λ‘œ 가득차 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
Our bone marrow, for example, cranks out billions of blood cells every day.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ κ³¨μˆ˜λŠ” 맀일 μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 개의 쀄기세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
Other tissues like the heart are quite stable,
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심μž₯κ³Ό 같은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 쑰직듀은 세포 ν™œλ™μ΄ κ½€ μ•ˆμ •μ μ΄μ£ .
03:46
and as far as we can tell, the heart lacks stem cells entirely.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” ν•œ, 심μž₯은 쀄기 세포가 μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€μ‘±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
So for the heart, we're going to have to bring stem cells in from the outside,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 곳의 쀄기세포λ₯Ό 심μž₯으둜 가져와야 ν•˜μ£ .
03:54
and for this, we turn to the most potent stem cell type,
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그러렀면 κ°€μž₯ κ°•ν•œ 쀄기세포 νƒ€μž…μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œλ°
03:57
the pluripotent stem cell.
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그것이 만λŠ₯ μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Pluripotent stem cells are so named
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만λŠ₯ 쀄기세포라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
04:01
because they can turn into any of the 240-some cell types
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이 세포가 신체λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ•½ 240개의 세포 ν˜•νƒœ μ€‘μ—μ„œ
04:04
that make up the human body.
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μ–΄λ–€ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλ„ λ³€ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
So this is my big idea:
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제 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
I want to take human pluripotent stem cells,
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μ €λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ 만λŠ₯쀄기세포λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έλ‹€
04:11
grow them up in large numbers,
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그것을 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨λ‘œ λ°°μ–‘ν•œ λ‹€μŒ
04:13
differentiate them into cardiac muscle cells
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μ‹¬κ·Όμ„Έν¬λ‘œ λΆ„ν™”μ‹œμΌœ
04:16
and then take them out of the dish
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κ·Έ 세포듀을 λ°°μ–‘μ ‘μ‹œμ—μ„œ κΊΌλ‚΄
04:18
and transplant them into the hearts of patients who have had heart attacks.
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심μž₯ λ°œμž‘μ„ κ²ͺ은 ν™˜μžμ˜ 심μž₯에 μ΄μ‹ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
I think this is going to reseed the wall with new muscle tissue,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 근윑쑰직이 μ‹¬λ²½μ—μ„œ μžλž„ 것이고
04:25
and this will restore contractile function to the heart.
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이것이 심μž₯의 μˆ˜μΆ•κΈ°λŠ₯을 νšŒλ³΅μ‹œν‚¬ 거라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
04:36
Now, before you applaud too much, this was my idea 20 years ago.
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자, κ°νƒ„ν•˜μ‹€ ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†λŠ” 게 이건 제 20λ…„ μ „ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:41
And I was young, I was full of it, and I thought,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ Έκ³ , κΈ°λŒ€μ— 가득차 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
5λ…„ 정도 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ©΄
04:45
five years in the lab, and we'll crank this out,
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이걸 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ μž„μƒμ— μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
04:48
and we'll have this into the clinic.
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04:50
Let me tell you what really happened.
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그런데 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 일을 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
04:52
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:53
We began with the quest to turn these pluripotent stem cells into heart muscle.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 만λŠ₯쀄기세포λ₯Ό μ‹¬κ·Όμ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ°”κΎΈκΈ° μœ„ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
And our first experiments worked, sort of.
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첫 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ μ–΄λŠ 정도 μ„±κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
05:01
We got these little clumps of beating human heart muscle in the dish,
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λ°°μ–‘μ ‘μ‹œμ—μ„œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ°•λ™ν•˜λŠ” 인간 심근세포 응집체λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄λƒˆμ£ .
05:05
and that was cool, because it said, in principle,
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그건 ꡉμž₯ν•œ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ΄λ‘ μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 될 μˆ˜λ°–μ— μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:07
this should be able to be done.
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05:09
But when we got around to doing the cell counts,
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그런데 세포 개수λ₯Ό μ„Έμ–΄λ³΄λ‹ˆ
05:12
we found that only one out of 1,000 of our stem cells
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천 개의 쀄기세포 μ€‘μ—μ„œ 단 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ
05:15
were actually turning into heart muscle.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‹¬κ·Όμ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
The rest was just a gemisch of brain and skin and cartilage
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” λ‡Œμ„Έν¬κ³Ό 피뢀세포, 연골, λ‚΄μž₯세포가 λ’€μ„žμΈ μƒνƒœμ˜€μ£ .
05:23
and intestine.
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05:25
So how do you coax a cell that can become anything
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그러면 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 뭐든지 될 수 μžˆλŠ” 이 세포λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 잘 λ‹¬λž˜μ„œ
05:29
into becoming just a heart muscle cell?
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심근 μ„Έν¬λ‘œλ§Œ λ³€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
05:32
Well, for this we turned to the world of embryology.
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그러기 μœ„ν•΄ μ €ν¬λŠ” λ°œμƒν•™μ— 도움을 κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
For over a century, the embryologists had been pondering
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ν•œ μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ λ„˜λ„λ‘ λ°œμƒν•™μžλ“€μ€ 심μž₯ λ°œλ‹¬μ˜ 비밀을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
the mysteries of heart development.
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05:39
And they had given us what was essentially a Google Map
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그듀은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 근본적으둜 ꡬ글 지도λ₯Ό μ€€ κ±°μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
05:42
for how to go from a single fertilized egg
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μˆ˜μ •λž€μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
05:45
all the way over to a human cardiovascular system.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ‹¬ν˜ˆκ΄€κ³„λ‘œκΉŒμ§€ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 말이죠.
05:48
So we shamelessly absconded all of this information
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” λΆ€λ„λŸ¬μ›€μ„ 버리고 이 λͺ¨λ“  정보λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έλ‹€κ°€
05:52
and tried to make human cardiovascular development happen in a dish.
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λ°°μ–‘μ ‘μ‹œμ—μ„œ μ‹¬ν˜ˆκ΄€κ³„ λ°œλ‹¬κ³Όμ •μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ„λ‘ μ‹œλ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
It took us about five years, but nowadays,
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이게 5년이 κ±Έλ Έμ–΄μš”.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄μ œλŠ” 쀄기 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 90%λ₯Ό μ‹¬κ·ΌμœΌλ‘œ λΆ„ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:59
we can get 90 percent of our stem cells to turn into cardiac muscle --
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06:03
a 900-fold improvement.
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900λ°°λ‚˜ ν–₯μƒλœ κ²°κ³Όμ£ .
06:05
So this was quite exciting.
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이건 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ‹ λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:08
This slide shows you our current cellular product.
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보고 계신 것은 저희가 μ΅œκ·Όμ— λ§Œλ“  μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
We grow our heart muscle cells in little three-dimensional clumps
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심근세포λ₯Ό λ°°μ–‘ν•΄μ„œ λ§Œλ“  3차원 μ„Έν¬μ‘μ§‘μ²΄μΈλ°μš”.
06:14
called cardiac organoids.
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'심μž₯ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œ'라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
Each of them has 500 to 1,000 heart muscle cells in it.
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μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‹Ή 500~1000개의 심근 세포가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
If you look closely, you can see these little organoids are actually twitching;
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μžμ„Ένžˆ 보면 이 μž‘μ€ μ˜€κ°€λ…Έμ΄λ“œλ“€μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μˆ˜μΆ•ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
each one is beating independently.
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각각 λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ λ›°κ³  있죠.
06:26
But they've got another trick up their sleeve.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 여기에 ν•œκ°€μ§€ 비밀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
We took a gene from jellyfish that live in the Pacific Northwest,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” νƒœν‰μ–‘ λΆμ„œλΆ€ μ—°μ•ˆμ— μ„œμ‹ν•˜λŠ” ν•΄νŒŒλ¦¬μ˜ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ±„μ·¨ν•œ λ‹€μŒ
06:31
and we used a technique called genome editing
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'μœ μ „μž νŽΈμ§‘'μ΄λž€ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄
06:34
to splice this gene into the stem cells.
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이 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 쀄기세포에 이어 λΆ™μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
And this makes our heart muscle cells flash green every time they beat.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 심근세포가 λ›Έ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ μ΄ˆλ‘λΉ›μ„ 띠게 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
06:41
OK, so now we were finally ready to begin animal experiments.
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이제 λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μ €ν¬λŠ” 동물 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•  μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
We took our cardiac muscle cells
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°°μ–‘ν•œ 심근세포λ₯Ό
06:47
and we transplanted them into the hearts of rats
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μ˜λ„μ μœΌλ‘œ 심μž₯ λ§ˆλΉ„λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μš© μ₯μ˜ 심μž₯에 μ΄μ‹ν–ˆμ£ .
06:50
that had been given experimental heart attacks.
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06:52
A month later, I peered anxiously down through my microscope
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ν•œ 달 λ’€, μ €λŠ” μ΄ˆμ‘°ν•œ 마음으둜 ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ„ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
to see what we had grown,
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무엇이 μžλΌλ‚¬λŠ”μ§€ 보렀고 말이죠.
06:58
and I saw ...
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그리고 μ €λŠ”...
06:59
nothing.
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아무것도 보지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
Everything had died.
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λ‹€ 죽어버린 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
But we persevered on this, and we came up with a biochemical cocktail
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €ν¬λŠ” 여기에 κ΅΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
"생쑴촉진 μΉ΅ν…ŒμΌ"이라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 생화학적 ν˜Όν•©μ œμ œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
that we called our "pro-survival cocktail,"
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07:09
and this was enough to allow our cells to survive
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이것은 μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€κ°€ λ§Žμ€ 이식 과정을 κ±°μΉ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
07:12
through the stressful process of transplantation.
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세포듀이 살아남도둝 ν•˜κΈ°μ— μΆ©λΆ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
And now when I looked through the microscope,
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ‚˜μ„œ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ„ 듀여닀봀을 λ•Œ
07:17
I could see this fresh, young, human heart muscle
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ–΄λ¦° 인간 심근세포가
07:20
growing back in the injured wall of this rat's heart.
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손상을 μž…μ€ μ₯μ˜ μ‹¬λ²½μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ‹œ μžλΌλ‚˜λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
07:23
So this was getting quite exciting.
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일이 점점 더 ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμ›Œμ‘Œμ–΄μš”.
07:25
The next question was:
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λ‹€μŒ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ μ΄κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
Will this new muscle beat in synchrony with the rest of the heart?
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이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 근윑이 심μž₯의 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€λΆ„κ³Ό 맞좰 λ™μ‹œμ— 박동할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
07:31
So to answer that,
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이것에 λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
07:32
we returned to the cells that had that jellyfish gene in them.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” ν•΄νŒŒλ¦¬ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 심은 μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
We used these cells essentially like a space probe
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 세포듀을 기본적으둜 νƒμ‚¬μ„ μ²˜λŸΌ μ΄μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
that we could launch into a foreign environment
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이 세포λ₯Ό λ‚―μ„  ν™˜κ²½μœΌλ‘œ 보내면
07:42
and then have that flashing report back to us
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생리 ν™œλ™μ„ λΆˆλΉ›μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ€„ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
07:45
about their biological activity.
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07:47
What you're seeing here is a zoomed-in view,
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μ§€κΈˆ 보고 계신 것은
κΈ°λ‹ˆν”Όκ·Έ 심μž₯의 ν‘λ°±μ˜μƒμ„ ν™•λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
07:49
a black-and-white image of a guinea pig's heart
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07:51
that was injured and then received three grafts of our human cardiac muscle.
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손상 ν›„ 인간 심근 세포 μ„Έ 개λ₯Ό 이식 받은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ‚¬μ„ μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ” ν•˜μ–€ 선듀을 보싀 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
07:55
So you see those sort of diagonally running white lines.
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07:57
Each of those is a needle track
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κ·Έ 선듀은 각각 λ°”λŠ˜μ΄ μ£Όμž…λœ 경둜둜
07:59
that contains a couple of million human cardiac muscle cells in it.
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수백만 개의 인간 심μž₯ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
And when I start the video, you can see what we saw
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이제 이 μ˜μƒμ„ μž¬μƒν•˜λ©΄
ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ 저희가 봀던 것을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€λ„ 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
when we looked through the microscope.
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08:09
Our cells are flashing,
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세포듀이 λΉ›λ‚˜κ³  있죠.
08:10
and they're flashing in synchrony,
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μ†μƒλœ λ’€μͺ½ 심μž₯ 벽의 박동에 맞좰 λ™μ‹œμ— 빛을 λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
back through the walls of the injured heart.
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08:15
What does this mean?
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이것은 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν• κΉŒμš”?
08:16
It means the cells are alive,
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세포듀이 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λœ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
they're well, they're beating,
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세포듀이 κ±΄κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λ°•λ™ν•˜κ³  있고
08:19
and they've managed to connect with one another
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포와 ν•¨κ»˜ 박동할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
08:22
so that they're beating in synchrony.
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08:24
But it gets even more interesting than this.
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그런데 이제 더 μž¬λ°Œμ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
If you look at that tracing that's along the bottom,
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ν™”λ©΄ μ•„λž˜μͺ½μ„ 따라 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ·Έλž˜ν”„λŠ”
08:28
that's the electrocardiogram from the guinea pig's own heart.
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κΈ°λ‹ˆν”Όκ·Έκ°€ 가진 μ›λž˜ 심μž₯의 심전도 κ·Έλž˜ν”„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
And if you line up the flashing with the heartbeat
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μ•„λž˜μͺ½μ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 심μž₯박동과 λΆˆλΉ›μ„ 맞좰보면
08:35
that's shown on the bottom,
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08:36
what you can see is there's a perfect one-to-one correspondence.
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μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ μΌλŒ€μΌλ‘œ μΌμΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
In other words, the guinea pig's natural pacemaker is calling the shots,
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해, κΈ°λ‹ˆν”Όκ·Έμ˜ μ„ μ²œμ μΈ 심박 μ‘°μœ¨κΈ°κ°€ μ§€νœ˜ν•˜λ©΄
08:44
and the human heart muscle cells are following in lockstep
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 심근 세포가 λ°œμ„ 맞좰 λ”°λΌκ°€λŠ” 것이죠.
08:47
like good soldiers.
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마치 잘 ν›ˆλ ¨λœ κ΅°μΈμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
08:49
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
08:56
Our current studies have moved into what I think is going to be
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μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” μ‹€μ œ ν™˜μž λ°˜μ‘λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κΈ°μ— κ°€μž₯ μ ν•©ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
08:59
the best possible predictor of a human patient,
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μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμ„ λ°”κΎΈμ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
09:01
and that's into macaque monkeys.
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λ°”λ‘œ 짧은 꼬리 μ›μˆ­μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
This next slide shows you a microscopic image
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것은 짧은 꼬리 μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ 심μž₯ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ μ‚¬μ§„μΈλ°μš”.
09:08
from the heart of a macaque that was given an experimental heart attack
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μ‹€ν—˜μƒ 심μž₯ λ°œμž‘μ„ μœ λ„ν•œ ν›„ μ‹μ—Όμˆ˜ 주사 처리λ₯Ό ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
and then treated with a saline injection.
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본질적으둜 λ³‘μ˜ 흔적을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μœ„μ•½ 처리라고 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
This is essentially like a placebo treatment
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09:17
to show the natural history of the disease.
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09:19
The macaque heart muscle is shown in red,
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짧은 꼬리 μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ 심μž₯ κ·Όμœ‘μ€ λΆ‰μ€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³ 
09:21
and in blue, you see the scar tissue that results from the heart attack.
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심μž₯ λ°œμž‘μœΌλ‘œ 생긴 흉터 쑰직은 ν‘Έλ₯Έμƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ£ .
09:25
So as you look as this, you can see how there's a big deficiency in the muscle
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심μž₯λ²½ μΌλΆ€μ—μ„œ λ§Žμ€ 근윑 결손이 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 것을 확인할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
in part of the wall of the heart.
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09:31
And it's not hard to imagine how this heart would have a tough time
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그리고 이 심μž₯이 λ§Žμ€ 동λ ₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 무리해야 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ§μž‘ν•˜λŠ” 건 어렡지 μ•Šμ£ .
09:34
generating much force.
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09:37
Now in contrast, this is one of the stem-cell-treated hearts.
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— 이 사진은 μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λ‘œ 치료된 심μž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
Again, you can see the monkey's heart muscle in red,
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μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ 심μž₯이 λΆ‰μ€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜ 있죠.
09:45
but it's very hard to even see the blue scar tissue,
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그런데 ν‘Έλ₯Έμƒ‰ 흉터 쑰직은 μ°ΎκΈ°κ°€ νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
and that's because we've been able to repopulate it
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인간 심근 세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ 심근을 μž¬μƒμ‹œμΌ°κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
09:51
with the human heart muscle,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 멋지고 ν¬λ™ν¬λ™ν•œ 심벽을 얻을 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
09:53
and so we've got this nice, plump wall.
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09:55
OK, let's just take a second and recap.
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자, 그럼 λ‹€μ‹œ μ •λ¦¬ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
09:57
I've showed you that we can take our stem cells
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ 쀄기세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
10:00
and differentiate them into cardiac muscle.
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μ‹¬κ·Όμ„Έν¬λ‘œ λΆ„ν™”κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹¨ κ±Έ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
We've learned how to keep them alive after transplantation,
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이식 후에도 세포가 죽지 μ•Šκ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ•Œμ•˜κ³ 
10:05
we've showed that they beat in synchrony with the rest of the heart,
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κ·Έ 세포듀이 심μž₯의 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ λΆ€λΆ„κ³Ό μΌμΉ˜ν•˜λ©° λ°•λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
and we've shown that we can scale them up
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그리고 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό ν‚€μ›Œ
10:11
into an animal that is the best possible predictor of a human's response.
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인체 λ°˜μ‘ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ— κ°€μž₯ μ ν•©ν•œ λ™λ¬Όλ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜ν•œ 결과도 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:16
You'd think that we hit all the roadblocks that lay in our path, right?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이제 λͺ¨λ“  μž₯애물이 μ œκ±°λλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ ?
10:23
Turns out, not.
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사싀은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
These macaque studies also taught us
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짧은 꼬리 μ›μˆ­μ΄ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ 또 ν•˜λ‚˜ μ•Œκ²Œ 된 사싀은
10:27
that our human heart muscle cells created a period of electrical instability.
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인간 심근 μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ 전기적 λΆˆμ•ˆμ • μ‹œκΈ°κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
They caused ventricular arrhythmias, or irregular heartbeats,
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κ·Έ 세포듀은 심싀 λΆ€μ •λ§₯, 즉 λΆˆκ·œμΉ™ν•œ 심박을 μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:35
for several weeks after we transplanted them.
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이식 ν›„ λͺ‡ μ£Ό λ™μ•ˆ 말이죠.
10:39
This was quite unexpected, because we hadn't seen this in smaller animals.
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이건 μ˜ˆμƒ λ°–μ˜ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ™œλ‚˜ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μž‘μ€ λ™λ¬Όμ—κ²Œμ„  λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
10:43
We've studied it extensively,
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이λ₯Ό μ§‘μ€‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό
10:45
and it turns out that it results from the fact that our cellular graphs
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우리 세포가 λ―Έμ„±μˆ™ν–ˆλ˜ 게 원인인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘Œκ³ 
10:49
are quite immature,
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10:50
and immature heart muscle cells all act like pacemakers.
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λ―Έμ„±μˆ™ν•œ 심근 세포가 μ‹¬λ°•μ‘°μœ¨κΈ°μ²˜λŸΌ ν–‰λ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
So what happens is, we put them into the heart,
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κ·Έ 세포듀을 심μž₯에 μ΄μ‹ν•˜λ©΄
10:56
and there starts to be a competition with the heart's natural pacemaker
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심μž₯의 μ„ μ²œμ  μ‹¬λ°•μ‘°μœ¨κΈ°μ™€ κ²½μŸμ„ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ˜ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
λˆ„κ°€ μ§€νœ˜κΆŒμ„ κ°–λŠλƒλ₯Ό 두고 말이죠.
11:00
over who gets to call the shots.
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11:02
It would be sort of like
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이것은 마치 μ‹­λŒ€ 아이듀 μ—¬λŸ¬ λͺ…을
11:03
if you brought a whole gaggle of teenagers into your orderly household all at once,
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잘 μ •λˆλœ 집에 데리고 κ°€λŠ” 것과 κ°™μ•„μš”.
11:08
and they don't want to follow the rules and the rhythms of the way you run things,
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κ·Έ 아이듀은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 일처리 λ°©μ‹μ΄λ‚˜ κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
and it takes a while to rein everybody in
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ œμ–΄ν•˜κ³  μ‘°ν™”λ‘­κ²Œ μΌν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ .
11:14
and get people working in a coordinated fashion.
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11:17
So our plans at the moment
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 저희 κ³„νšμ€
11:18
are to make the cells go through this troubled adolescence period
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세포듀을 λ°°μ–‘ μ ‘μ‹œμ—μ„œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜λŠ” μ²­μ†Œλ…„κΈ°λ₯Ό 잘 λ„˜κΈ°λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
11:21
while they're still in the dish,
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11:23
and then we'll transplant them in in the post-adolescent phase,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ, ν›„κΈ° μ²­μ†Œλ…„κΈ°μ— 이λ₯Έ 세포듀을 이식할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
where they should be much more orderly
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훨씬 더 μ§ˆμ„œκ°€ μž‘ν˜€μžˆκ³ 
11:30
and be ready to listen to their marching orders.
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행진 μ§€μ‹œμ— λ”°λ₯Ό μ€€λΉ„κ°€ 된 μ‹œκΈ°μ£ .
11:33
In the meantime, it turns out we can actually do quite well
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ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ”, ν•­λΆ€μ •λ§₯제 μΉ˜λ£Œλ„ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 게 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
by treating with anti-arrhythmia drugs as well.
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11:39
So one big question still remains,
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그런데 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 질문 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
and that is, of course, the whole purpose that we set out to do this:
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λ¬Όλ‘  그것은 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ°μš”.
11:44
Can we actually restore function to the injured heart?
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손상을 μž…μ€ 심μž₯의 κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ νšŒλ³΅μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:49
To answer this question,
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이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
11:50
we went to something that's called "left ventricular ejection fraction."
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"μ’Œμ‹¬μ‹€ λ°•μΆœμœ¨"μ΄λΌλŠ” 것에 μ£Όλͺ©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
Ejection fraction is simply the amount of blood
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λ°•μΆœμœ¨μ€ λ‹¨μˆœν•˜κ²Œ 맀 λ°•λ™μ‹œλ§ˆλ‹€ 심싀 μˆ˜μΆ•μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μΆœλ˜λŠ” 혈λ₯˜λŸ‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
that is squeezed out of the chamber of the heart
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11:59
with each beat.
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12:00
Now, in healthy macaques, like in healthy people,
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 짧은 꼬리 μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ 경우, κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
12:02
ejection fractions are about 65 percent.
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λ°•μΆœμœ¨μ€ μ•½ 65%μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:05
After a heart attack, ejection fraction drops down to about 40 percent,
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심μž₯λ°œμž‘ ν›„μ—λŠ” λ°•μΆœμœ¨μ΄ 40%κΉŒμ§€ λ–¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:09
so these animals are well on their way to heart failure.
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그러면 이 동물은 μ‹¬λΆ€μ „μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ” 단계에 λ†“μ΄λŠ” κ±°μ§€μš”.
12:12
In the animals that receive a placebo injection,
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이 λ™λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ μœ„μ•½μ„ μ£Όμž…ν•˜κ³  ν•œ 달 후에 심μž₯ μŠ€μΊ”μ„ 해보면
12:15
when we scan them a month later,
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12:16
we see that ejection fraction is unchanged,
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λ°•μΆœμœ¨μ— λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
because the heart, of course, doesn't spontaneously recover.
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λ‹Ήμ—°ν•˜κ²Œλ„ 심μž₯은 μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ νšŒλ³΅λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
12:22
But in every one of the animals that received a graft
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 인간 심근 세포λ₯Ό 이식받은 동물은 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°™μ΄
12:25
of human cardiac muscle cells,
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심μž₯ κΈ°λŠ₯μ—μ„œ μƒλ‹Ήν•œ κ°œμ„ μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
we see a substantial improvement in cardiac function.
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12:30
This averaged eight points, so from 40 to 48 percent.
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λ°•μΆœμœ¨μ΄ 평균 8%, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 40%μ—μ„œ 48%둜 κ°œμ„ λμ£ .
12:34
What I can tell you is that eight points is better
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
κ·Έ 8%κ°€ ν˜„ μ˜λ£Œκ³„μ˜ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μˆ˜μΉ˜λ³΄λ‹€ λ‚«λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
than anything that's on the market right now
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12:39
for treating patients with heart attacks.
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심μž₯λ°œμž‘μ„ κ²ͺ은 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆμ–΄μ„œμš”.
12:41
It's better than everything we have put together.
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μ΄μ œκΉŒμ§€ ν•΄μ™”λ˜ 것을 λ‹€ ν•©ν•œ 것보닀 λ‚«μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
So if we could do eight points in the clinic,
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μž„μƒμ—μ„œ 이 8%λ₯Ό μ‹€ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
12:46
I think this would be a big deal that would make a large impact
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인체 건강에 μžˆμ–΄ 큰 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 일이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
on human health.
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12:51
But it gets more exciting.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이게 더 ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμ›Œμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
That was just four weeks after transplantation.
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그것은 이식 ν›„ 단지 4μ£Όκ°€ μ§€λ‚œ ν›„μ˜ κ²°κ³Όμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:57
If we extend these studies out to three months,
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이 연ꡬλ₯Ό 석 λ‹¬λ‘œ μ—°μž₯ν•˜λ©΄
13:00
we get a full 22-point gain in ejection fraction.
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μ™„μ „ν•œ 22%의 λ°•μΆœμœ¨ 증가λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:04
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
13:11
Function in these treated hearts is so good
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ°›μ€ 심μž₯이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 잘 μž‘λ™ν•΄μ„œ
13:14
that if we didn't know up front that these animals had had a heart attack,
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이 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ 심μž₯λ°œμž‘ 이λ ₯이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λͺ°λžλ‹€λ©΄
13:18
we would never be able to tell from their functional studies.
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κΈ°λŠ₯적 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” ꡬ별을 ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:24
Going forward, our plan is to start phase one,
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더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ 저희 κ³„νšμ€ 1λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ 인간 λŒ€μƒ μž„μƒμ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:28
first in human trials here at the University of Washington in 2020 --
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2020년에 이곳 μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄ λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œμš”.
μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 2λ…„ 후에 말이죠.
13:32
two short years from now.
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13:34
Presuming these studies are safe and effective,
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이 연ꡬ가 μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ³  νš¨κ³Όμ μ΄λΌλŠ” μ „μ œν•˜μ—
13:37
which I think they're going to be,
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μ €λŠ” 그럴 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œμš”..
13:39
our plan is to scale this up and ship these cells all around the world
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저희 κ³„νšμ€ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό ν‚€μ›Œ 이 세포듀을 μ „ 세계에 보내
13:44
for the treatment of patients with heart disease.
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심μž₯병을 μ•“λŠ” ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:46
Given the global burden of this illness,
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이 μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 큰 λ¬Έμ œμž„μ„ κ³ λ €ν•  λ•Œ
13:48
I could easily imagine this treating a million or more patients a year.
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λΆ„λͺ… μ—°κ°„ 수백만 μ΄μƒμ˜ ν™˜μžκ°€ 이 기술둜 치료될 거라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
So I envision a time, maybe a decade from now,
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μ €λŠ” μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μ‹­λ…„ μ―€ ν›„λ₯Ό κ·Έλ €λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:55
where a patient like my mother will have actual treatments
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저희 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ™€ 같은 ν™˜μžκ°€
κ·Όλ³Έ 원인을 ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹€μ§ˆμ  치료λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
13:58
that can address the root cause and not just manage her symptoms.
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단지 μ¦μƒλ§Œ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ μš”.
14:02
This all comes from the fact that stem cells give us the ability
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μ΄λŠ” 쀄기세포가 인체λ₯Ό λ³΄μˆ˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:06
to repair the human body
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14:07
from its component parts.
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κ·Έ 인체의 일뢀λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
14:10
In the not-too-distant future,
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λ¨Έμ§€μ•Šμ€ λ―Έλž˜μ—
14:12
repairing humans is going to go
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인체λ₯Ό λ³΄μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것은
ν„°λ¬΄λ‹ˆμ—†λŠ” 곡상 과학이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
14:16
from something that is far-fetched science fiction
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14:19
into common medical practice.
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ν‰λ²”ν•œ μ˜λ£Œν–‰μœ„κ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:22
And when this happens,
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이 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ©΄
14:23
it's going to have a transformational effect
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획기적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ 것이고
14:25
that rivals the development of vaccinations and antibiotics.
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그것은 λ°±μ‹ κ³Ό ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ κ°œλ°œμ— 필적할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:30
Thank you for your attention.
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λ“€μ–΄μ£Όμ…”μ„œ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:31
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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