Why "biofabrication" is the next industrial revolution | Suzanne Lee

233,692 views

2020-01-31 ใƒป TED


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Why "biofabrication" is the next industrial revolution | Suzanne Lee

233,692 views ใƒป 2020-01-31

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ahreum Woo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young You
00:13
I started life as a fashion designer,
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์ „ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
00:17
working closely with textile designers and fabric suppliers.
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๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ์„ฌ์œ  ์—…์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
But today, I can no longer see or talk to my new collaborators,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
00:27
because they're in the soil beneath our feet,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ๋ฐ‘์˜ ํ™ ์†์— ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:30
on the shelves of our supermarkets
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๋งˆํŠธ์˜ ์ง„์—ด๋Œ€ ์œ„
00:32
and in the beer I'm going to drink when I finish this talk.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ํ›„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์‹ค ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์†์— ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:37
I'm talking about microbes
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์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ
00:40
and designing with life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Fifteen years ago,
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15๋…„ ์ „
00:45
I completely changed both what I worked with
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์–ด๋Š ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์™€์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:48
and how I worked
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ํฐ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์–ป๊ณ 
00:49
after a revelatory collaboration with a biologist.
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์ผ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
Our project gave me a different perspective on life,
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์ด ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๊ณ 
00:58
introducing a whole new world of possibility
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๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
01:01
around how we can design and make things.
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:05
I discovered a radical manufacturing proposition:
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:10
biofabrication.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Literally, fabricating with biology.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์ด์—์š”.
01:17
What does that mean?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:18
Well, instead of processing plants, animals or oil
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฌผ, ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•ด
01:23
to make consumer materials,
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์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
01:26
we might grow materials directly with living organisms.
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์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—์š”.
01:32
In what many are terming "the Fourth Industrial Revolution,"
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” '4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…'์—์„œ๋Š”
01:36
we're thinking about the new factories as being living cells.
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์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ ๊ณต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
Bacteria, algae, fungi, yeast:
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ๊ท ๋ฅ˜, ํšจ๋ชจ ๋“ฑ
01:45
our latest design tools include those of biotechnology.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋””์ž์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
My own journey in biofabrication
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์ „ '๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์ฟ ํŠ€๋ฅด'๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋กœ
01:53
started with a project called "Biocouture."
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์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
The provocation was that instead of growing a plant, like cotton,
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๋ชฉํ™”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐญ์—์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
02:01
in a field over several months,
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•ด
02:04
we could use microbes to grow a similar cellulose material in a lab
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๋‹จ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋งŒ์— ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์„ฌ์œ  ์žฌ์งˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š”
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‹คํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:10
in a few days.
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02:11
Using a certain species of bacteria in a nutrient-rich liquid,
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์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์šฉ์•ก์— ํŠน์ • ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
02:16
we fermented threads of cellulose
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์„ฌ์œ  ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์ด
02:20
that self-organized into a sheet of fabric.
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์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์žฅ์˜ ์ง๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
I dried the fabric I had grown
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ์ง๋ฌผ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ง๋ ค์„œ
02:27
and cut and sewed it into a range of garments, shoes and bags.
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์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฟฐ๋งค ์˜ท๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ฐœ, ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:33
In other words, in one lab we grew materials
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ํ•œ ๊ณณ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
02:36
and turned them into a range of products
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์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ ์ œ์ž‘๊นŒ์ง€
02:38
in a matter of days.
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๋‹จ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋งŒ์— ์ด๋ฃฌ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
And this is in contrast to currents methods of fabric production,
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง๋ฌผ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด์ฃ .
02:45
where a plant is grown,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•ด์„œ
02:47
just the cotton part is harvested,
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๋ชฉํ™”์†œ๋งŒ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ธ ํ›„
02:50
processed into a yarn,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹ค์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„
02:52
woven into a fabric
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๋ฉด์ง๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
02:54
and then potentially shipped across oceans
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์ด๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด
02:57
before being cut and sewn into a garment.
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์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฟฐ๋งค์–ด ์˜ท์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
All of that can take months.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—์š”.
03:04
So these prototypes indicated a field
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์›ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์› ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์ผ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ
03:07
offering significant resource efficiencies.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
From reducing the water, energy and chemistry needed
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์›๋ฃŒ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ •์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ
03:14
in the production of a material,
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03:16
through to generating zero waste,
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ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ
03:20
we grew fabrics to finished form --
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์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
if you like, "biological additive manufacture."
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'์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•' ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
03:29
Through biofabrication,
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
03:31
I had replaced many intensive man-made steps
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋™์›๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ
03:36
with one biological step.
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์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
And as I engaged with this living system,
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์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:42
it transformed my design thinking.
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๋””์ž์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:44
Here was biology, with no intervention from me
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๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค์ •์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
03:49
other than designing initial conditions for growth,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
03:53
efficiently producing a useful, sustainable material.
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์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
So now I can't help but see all materials through the lens of biofabrication.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์ œ ์ „ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
In fact, there's a growing global community of innovators
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์›๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œ์ผœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
04:11
rethinking materials with biology.
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ํ˜์‹ ์  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:15
Multiple companies are now growing mushroom materials,
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๋ฒ„์„ฏ ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:20
but not literally mushrooms --
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์ง„์งœ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:22
using mycelium, which is the root system of fungi,
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
04:27
to bind together agricultural byproducts.
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๋†์—… ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
It's a process that's been described as "nature's glue."
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'์ž์—ฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—์š”.
04:35
A common way to do this is to take a 3-D mold,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ 3D๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ‹€์„ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
fill it with a waste crop like corn stalks or hemp,
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋งˆ ์ค„๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ‹€์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ 
04:44
add water,
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๋ฌผ์„ ๋„ฃ์€ ํ›„
04:46
wait a few days for the mycelium to grow throughout,
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž๋ž„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:50
remove the mold,
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ํ‹€์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด
04:52
and you're left with a grown 3-D form.
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ํ‹€์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์ฃ .
04:56
Incredibly, we can grow all kinds of structures
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์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
05:00
using living organisms,
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๋†€๋ผ์šธ ๋งŒํผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
from foams that can replace plastics in footwear,
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์‹ ๋ฐœ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ํผ ์žฌ์งˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:06
to leather-like materials without animals.
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๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
05:09
Furniture, flooring -- all are currently being prototyped.
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๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
Fungi are able to grow materials that are naturally fire retardant,
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ์•ฝํ’ˆ ์—†์ด๋„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„
05:19
without any chemicals.
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์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
They're naturally hydrophobic,
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๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:23
meaning they won't absorb water.
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์ฃ .
05:25
They have higher melt temperatures than plastics.
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…น๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋„ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
Polystyrene can take thousands of years to degrade.
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ํด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ Œ์ด ๋ถ€์‹ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ
05:35
Mushroom packaging materials
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ํฌ์žฅ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋Š”
05:38
can be naturally composted in your back garden
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๋’ท๋งˆ๋‹น ํ™ ์†์— ๋ฌป์–ด๋‘๋ฉด
05:41
in as little as 30 days.
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๊ณ ์ž‘ 30์ผ ์•ˆ์— ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
Living organisms are transforming waste
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์ƒ๋ช… ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก 
05:48
into cost-competitive, performance-matching materials
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์„ฑ๋Šฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด
05:52
that can start to replace plastics
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ
05:55
and other CO2-emitting materials.
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๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
And once we start growing materials with living organisms,
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์ƒ๋ช… ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:02
it starts to make previous methods of manufacture seem illogical.
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์š”.
06:09
Take the humble house brick.
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:13
The cement industry generates around eight percent
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์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์€
06:16
of global CO2 emissions.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ฝ 8%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
That's more than all the planes and ships each year.
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๋งค๋…„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
06:21
The cement process requires materials to be fired in a kiln
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์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด
06:27
at over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
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์„ญ์”จ ์•ฝ 1,100๋„์˜ ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Compare this to bioMASON.
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋ฉ”์ด์Šจ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
06:35
They use a soil microbe to transform loose aggregates,
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์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„  ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋‚˜ ๋Œ ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณจ์žฌ๋ฅผ
06:39
like sand or crushed stone,
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ํ™ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•ด
06:42
into a biofabricated, or biocement, brick.
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
06:47
Their process happens at room temperature,
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์ œ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์‹ค์˜จ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ
06:50
in just a couple of days.
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๋‹จ ๋ฉฐ์น ์ด๋ฉด ์™„์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Think: hydroponics for bricks.
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๋ฒฝ๋Œ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:55
An irrigation system feeds nutrient-rich water
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์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š”
07:00
to trays of bricks
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๊ด€์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„์š”.
07:02
that have been inoculated with bacteria.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
07:05
The bacteria produce crystals
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์ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์•Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—
07:08
that form around each grain of sand,
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ
07:11
locking together all the loose particles
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๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:14
to form a solid brick.
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๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
We can now grow construction materials
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์ด์ œ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์ž์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„
07:21
in the elegant way nature does,
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:23
just like a coral reef.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
07:26
And these biofabricated bricks are nearly three times stronger
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์€ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๋ณด๋‹ค
07:32
than a concrete block.
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3๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋” ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
And in stark contrast to traditional cement production,
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๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ๋‚ด ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ ์œผ๋‹ˆ
07:39
they store more carbon than they make.
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๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ๋„ ๊ทน๋ช…ํžˆ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๊ณ ์š”.
07:43
So if we could replace the 1.2 trillion fired bricks
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งค๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์— ๊ตฌ์›Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”
07:47
that are made each year
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1์กฐ 2์ฒœ์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์„
07:49
with biofabricated bricks,
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉด
07:52
we could reduce CO2 emissions
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๋งค๋…„ 8์–ต ํ†ค์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์„
07:54
by 800 million tons every year.
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์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:08
Beyond growing materials with living organisms,
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์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„
08:11
we're even starting to design products
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์ด๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
08:13
that encourage their growth.
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์ œํ’ˆ ๋””์ž์ธ๋„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
And this comes from the realization
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€
08:18
that the very thing we've been trying to marginalize -- life --
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ํ•˜์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:24
might actually be our greatest collaborator.
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์‹ค์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋์–ด์š”.
08:28
To that end, we've been exploring all the ways
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ
08:32
that we can grow healthy microbes in our own ecosystems.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
08:37
A great example of this is architects
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ
08:41
who are imagining the skin of a building
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ป์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”
08:45
to function like the bark of a tree.
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๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฒ•์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
But not as a cosmetic green layer.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์˜๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์„ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
They're designing architectural barks
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์ƒํƒœ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์ธ
08:55
as hosts for evolving ecologies.
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๊ฑด์ถ•์šฉ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:00
These surface structures are designed to invite life in.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
And if we applied the same energy we currently do suppressing forms of life
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ ์–ต์ œ์— ์“ฐ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ
09:11
towards cultivating life,
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ด๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:14
we'd turn the negative image of the urban jungle
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๋„์‹œ ์ •๊ธ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ
09:18
into one that literally embodies a thriving, living ecosystem.
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์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
By actively encouraging surface interactions with healthy microbes,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
09:30
we could improve passive climate control,
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์ˆ˜๋™์  ๊ธฐํ›„ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
09:33
stormwater management
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๋น—๋ฌผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ 
09:35
and even reduce CO2 emissions
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ƒ‰๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ
09:37
by lowering the energy used to heat or cool our buildings.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
We're just beginning to realize the potential
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ž์—ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„
09:46
of nature-based technologies.
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๊นจ์šฐ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
I'm excited that we're starting to design and biofabricate
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์›๋ฃŒ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ
09:55
a new material world.
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ธฐ์œ ์ผ์ด์—์š”.
10:01
It's one that moves away from the exploitation
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์žฌ์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž์›์˜ ๋‚จ์šฉ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
10:05
of nonrenewable resources
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๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„
10:07
to working with the original, renewable life.
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์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด์ฃ 
10:12
Instead of designing out life,
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
10:14
we're designing with it and for it.
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
Packaging, fashion, footwear, furniture, construction --
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ํฌ์žฅ, ํŒจ์…˜, ์‹ ๋ฐœ, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ, ๊ฑด์ถ•๊นŒ์ง€
10:22
biofabricated products can be grown close to centers of demand,
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์—๋„ ๋ถ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:28
with local resources, less land, energy,
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ํ˜„์ง€ ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋ฉฐ
10:31
and even harnessing industrial waste streams.
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์‚ฐ์—… ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
It used to be that the tools of biotechnology
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š”
10:40
were the preserve of powerful,
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ํž˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ
10:43
multinational chemical and biotech companies.
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์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์ „์œ ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
In the last century, we expected material innovation
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์—” ๋“€ํ, ๋‹ค์šฐ, ๋ฐ”์Šคํ”„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—
10:52
to come from the likes of DuPont, Dow, BASF.
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์›๋ฃŒ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:57
But this 21st-century material revolution is being led by start-ups
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์›๋ฃŒ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์†Œ์ž๋ณธ์˜
11:03
with small teams and limited capital.
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์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…์ด ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
And by the way, not all their founders have science degrees.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ฐฝ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๊ณต์ž๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
11:10
They include artists, architects and designers.
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€, ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€, ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:16
Over a billion dollars has already been invested
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์ด๋ฏธ ์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
11:20
in start-ups biofabricating consumer products.
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์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
I don't think we have a choice but to biofabricate our future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ• ์™ธ์—” ์„ ํƒ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:30
From the jacket you're wearing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋Š” ๊ฒ‰์˜ท๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
11:32
to the chair you're sitting in
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ž
11:34
to the home you live in,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง‘๊นŒ์ง€
11:35
your designed material world shouldn't compromise your health
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๋ฌผ์งˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„
11:41
or that of our planet.
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ํ•ด์ณ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
If materials can't be recycled
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์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:45
or naturally composted at home,
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์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:48
we should reject them.
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๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
11:49
I'm committed to making this future a reality
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์ „ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
by shining a light on all the amazing work
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—…์ ์ด
11:58
being done today
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์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:59
and by facilitating more interactions
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๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž, ํˆฌ์ž์ž์™€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ„์˜
12:02
between designers, scientists, investors and brands.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์†์‰ฌ์šด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
12:07
Because we need a material revolution,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์›๋ฃŒ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:10
and we need it now.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ์š”.
12:12
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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