How to foster productive and responsible debate | Ishan Bhabha

44,971 views

2020-11-20 ・ TED


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How to foster productive and responsible debate | Ishan Bhabha

44,971 views ・ 2020-11-20

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille MartΓ­nez
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λ²ˆμ—­: Joseph Geni κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ν•œ ν˜Έν…”μ˜ 사μž₯이고
사업 κΈ°λ³Έ μ›μΉ™μœΌλ‘œμ¨
λͺ¨λ“  직원과 고객을 μ„±λ³„μ΄λ‚˜ μ’…κ΅λ‘œ
μ°¨λ³„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
00:13
What if you own a hotel,
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00:14
and one of the key principles in your mission statement
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ν•œ 쒅ꡐ 단체가 ν˜Έν…”μ„ μ˜ˆμ•½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
is a commitment to treat all employees and customers equally,
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그런데 κ·Έ λ‹¨μ²΄μ˜ 핡심 원칙을 보면
00:21
including on the basis of gender and religion?
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여성은 μ ˆλŒ€ μ™ΈμΆœν•  수 μ—†κ³ 
00:24
And then a large group books an event at your space,
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직μž₯을 κ°€μ§ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
and when you look at the booking, you realize it's a religious group,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
00:31
and one of their key principles is that women should never leave the home
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μ˜ˆμ•½μ„ λ°›κ³  λΉ„νŒμ„ λ°›μœΌμ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
00:34
and should have no opportunities for professional development outside of it.
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ν˜Ήμ€ κ±°μ ˆν•˜κ³  λΉ„νŒμ„ λ°›μœΌμ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
μ „ νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ…Όλž€μ„± μ—°μ„€μ΄λ‚˜ 이념 λΆ„μŸ μ‹œ
00:38
What do you do?
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00:39
Do you host the event and get criticized by some,
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이λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  체계적 방법을 μ œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
or refuse and get criticized by others?
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λ˜ν•œ 고객이 μ΄ˆλž˜ν•œ 각쒅 문제λ₯Ό
00:45
In my work, I counsel organizations on how to create rules
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μ •λΆ€ ν˜Ήμ€ λ²•μ •μ—μ„œ λ³€ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” 일도 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
to navigate ideological disagreement and controversial speech,
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μ œκ°€ κΆŒκ³ ν•˜λŠ” 방법은
νŠΉμ • λ°œμ–Έμ΄ μ•ΌκΈ°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹€μ œ μœ„ν—˜ μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³ 
00:53
and I defend my clients,
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00:54
whether in court or from the government,
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λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μ–΅μ œν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹  였히렀 μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
when their actions are challenged.
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00:58
The structures I recommend
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00:59
recognize the real harms that can come from certain types of speech,
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의견 μΆ©λŒμ€ ν•„μˆ˜μ  μš”μ†Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
이둜써 창의λ ₯이 κ³„λ°œλ˜κ³  인λ₯˜κ°€ λ°œμ „ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
but at the same time, seek to promote dialogue rather than shut it down.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  말에 κΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒκ³ΌλŠ” λŒ€ν™”ν•˜κΈ° 쉽죠.
01:09
The reason is that we need disagreement.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜κ°μ„ μ–»κ±°λ‚˜ λ§Œμ‘±ν•  λ•ŒλŠ”
01:11
Creativity and human progress
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01:13
depend on it.
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λΆ€μ •ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό λŒ€ν™”ν•  λ•Œμ˜ˆμš”.
01:14
While it may be often easier
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 의견 좩돌과 λΆˆν™”μ—μ„œ μ§„μ‹€ν•œ μ˜λ―Έμ™€ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
to speak with someone who agrees with everything you say,
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01:19
it's more enlightening and oftentimes more satisfying
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 혐였 λ°œμ–Έμ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœ 의견 μΆ©λŒμ€
01:21
to speak with someone who doesn't.
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μƒλŒ€μ—κ²Œ κΉŠμ€ μƒμ²˜λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³  λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 폭λ ₯을 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
But disagreement and discord can have real and meaningful costs.
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
μ΄λ‘€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ •λ‹Ή λ‚΄ λŒ€λ¦½μ΄ μž¦κ±°λ‚˜ ν˜μ‹ μ„ ν–₯ν•œ μ›€μ§μž„μ΄ 생겨날 λ•Œ
01:27
Disagreement, particularly in the form of hateful speech,
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01:30
can lead to deep and lasting wounds and sometimes result in violence.
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ν™œλ°œν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 비폭λ ₯적 λŒ€ν™” 방법이
01:34
And in a world in which polarization and innovation are increasing
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무엇보닀도 μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:38
at seemingly exponential rates,
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λ―Έκ΅­ ꡭ회의 μˆ˜μ • 제 1μ‘° 항은 이 μ£Όμ œμ— μ μ ˆν•œ μ˜ˆμ‹œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
the need to create structures for vigorous but not violent disagreement
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ μ €μ—κ²Œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
01:45
have never been more important.
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01:47
The US Constitution's First Amendment might seem like a good place to start
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일반적 λŒ€ν™”, νšŒμ‚¬ μƒμ‚¬λ‘œμ„œ ν˜Ήμ€ 인터넷 ν™˜κ²½ μ†μ—μ„œ
λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μ œν•œν•˜λŠ” 것은 쑰항에 μœ„λ°˜λœλ‹€ λ§ν•˜μ£ .
01:51
to go to look for answers.
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01:52
You, like I, may have often heard somebody say
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μœ„μ˜ λŒ€ν™”λŠ” 쑰항을 μ μš©ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
that some form of a speech restriction, whether from an employer, a website,
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이 쑰항은 μ •λΆ€κ°€ ꡭ민의 λ°œμ–Έ 자유λ₯Ό
01:59
or even somebody else,
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02:00
"violates" the First Amendment.
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μ–΅μ••ν•  λ•Œλ§Œ 적용되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:02
But in fact, the First Amendment usually has little if any relevance at all.
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κ³Όμž‰ ν–‰μ‚¬μ˜ μ†Œμ§€κ°€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:06
The First Amendment only applies
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λ‹΄ν™”μ˜ μ£Όμ œλ‚˜ λ‚΄μš©μ— 따라 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
when the government is seeking to suppress the speech of its citizens.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ κ²½μš°μ™€ κ΄€κ³„μ—†μ–΄μš”.
02:12
As a result, the First Amendment is by design a blunt instrument.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 이 쑰항은 개인의 λ°œμ–Έκ³Ό
μ „ν˜€ 관련이 μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
A narrow category of speech can be banned based on its content.
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μ°Έ 닀행이죠.
02:20
Almost everything else cannot.
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개인이 κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ˜μ‚¬λ₯Ό
02:22
But the First Amendment has no relevance
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ν•©λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ 밝힐 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 의미죠.
02:24
when what we're talking about is a private entity regulating speech.
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μ΄ν›„μ˜ 반ν–₯도 λͺ…μ‹¬ν•΄μ•Όκ² μ§€λ§Œμš”.
02:28
And that's a good thing,
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02:29
because it means private entities have at their disposal
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆμ‹œλ₯Ό λ“œλ €λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
02:32
a broad and flexible set of tools that don't prohibit speech,
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λŒ€ν•™μ— 닀닐 λ•Œ
자유둭고 μ œν•œ μ—†λŠ” 생각을 λ‚˜λˆ„κΈ° λ”± μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
but do make speakers aware of the consequences of their words.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ μƒκ°μ΄λ‚˜ ν‘œν˜„ 방식이 λΆˆν™”λ₯Ό μ•ΌκΈ°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
Here are some examples.
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02:41
When you go to university,
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02:42
it's a time for the free and unrestricted exchange of ideas.
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학생듀이 μΌλΆ€λŸ¬ μ„ λ™ν–ˆκ±°λ‚˜
02:46
But some ideas and the words used to express them
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μˆ˜μ—… μ€‘μ˜ λ―Όκ°ν•œ μ£Όμ œμ˜€μ„ 수 있죠.
02:49
can cause discord,
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지적 자유λ₯Ό 보μž₯ν•˜κ³ 
02:51
whether it's an intentionally inflammatory event hosted by a student group
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마음 μ•½ν•œ 학생듀을 λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κ³ μž
일뢀 λŒ€ν•™μ€ ν™”μžμ™€ 청자λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ•„
02:54
or the exploration of a controversial issue in class.
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02:57
In order to protect both intellectual freedom
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ œμž¬λ„ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 채
03:00
and their most vulnerable students,
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각자의 관점을 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
some universities have formed teams that bring speaker and listener together,
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μ–΄λ–€ 학생은 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•΄μš”.
그럴 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒν™©μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:06
free from the possibility of any sanction,
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μƒλŒ€μ˜ 관점을 μ€‘κ°„μžμ  μž…μž₯으둜 이λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μΈμ§€ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
03:08
to hear each other's viewpoints.
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03:10
Sometimes students don't want to meet,
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03:12
and that's fine.
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인식을 λ„“νž 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
But in other circumstances,
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03:14
mediated exposure to an opposing view can result in acknowledgment,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
μ–΄λŠ ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜ μ§€μ§€μžμ™€
03:18
recognition of unintended consequences
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νŒ”λ ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈ μ§€μ§€μžκ°€
03:21
and a broadening of perspectives.
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κ°μžκ°€ μ£Όμ΅œν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μ‚¬λ‚˜
03:23
Here's an example.
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μ• λ„μ˜ ν¬μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ‹ κ³ ν•˜κ³ 
03:24
On a college campus, a group of students supporting the Israelis
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μ΄λ”°κΈˆ λ…ΌμŸκΉŒμ§€ λ²Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
and those supporting the Palestinians
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό μ‹ κ³ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은
03:30
were constantly reporting each other
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03:32
for disrupting events, tearing down posters
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ν•™κ΅μ˜ κ·œμœ¨μ„ μ–΄κΈ°λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆκΈ°μ—
03:34
and engaging in verbal confrontations.
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ν•™κ΅λŠ” 이 두 편의 학생듀을 λͺ¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Recognizing that most of what the students were reporting
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회볡의 동그라미 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ•‰ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
03:40
did not violate the university's disciplinary code,
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μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 제재 없이 자유둭게 이야기 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν˜•νƒœμ£ .
03:43
the university invited both groups to sit down
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κ·Έ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ
03:46
in a so-called "restorative circle,"
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ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 이념적 λΆˆν™”λŠ”
03:48
where they could hear each other's viewpoints,
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ 날이 μ„œ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό ν–₯ν•œ ν˜μ˜€κ°μ€ ν•œκ²° μ€„μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
03:51
free from the possibility of sanction.
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03:53
After the meeting,
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03:54
the ideological disagreements between the groups
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λΆ„λͺ… 이런 일이 늘 μƒκΈ°λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 이 학ꡐ가 학생듀을
03:57
remained as stark as ever,
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03:58
but the rancor between them significantly dissipated.
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학ꡐ 규율 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μƒμ‚°μ μœΌλ‘œ ν† λ‘ ν•˜κ³ 
04:02
Now, obviously, this doesn't always happen.
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인식을 λ„“νž 기회λ₯Ό μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
04:04
But by separating reactions to speech from the disciplinary system,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ 편ν–₯μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‚˜μœ 뜻으둜 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
institutions of higher education have created a space
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ°€μ‘±, ꡐ윑, μ‚΄μ•„μ˜¨ 인생과
04:11
for productive disagreement and a broadening of perspectives.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 수백만 κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 영ν–₯을 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
We're all biased.
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04:17
I don't mean that in a bad way.
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νšŒμ‚¬λ‚˜ 쑰직도 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
All of us are influenced, and rightly so,
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νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ νšŒμ‚¬ κ΅¬μ„±μ›μ˜ 믿음과
04:22
by our family background, our education, our lived experience
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νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 법λ₯ 
04:25
and a million other things.
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νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 상황에 따라 영ν–₯을 λ°›μ£ .
04:27
Organizations, too, have influences,
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그것이 개인의 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄이 λ˜μ–΄
04:29
most importantly, the beliefs of their members,
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04:31
but also the laws under which they're governed
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λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ μΈμž¬κ°€ λ˜λ„λ‘ λ•μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
or the marketplace in which they compete.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ β€œνŽΈν–₯된 μ˜κ²¬β€œμ€ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 문제일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
These influences can form a critical part of a corporate identity,
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특히 νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ°œμ–Έ 주제 ν—ˆμš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ
04:40
and they can be vital for attracting and retaining talent.
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기쀀점을 μž‘λŠ” 것이 μ–΄λ ΅μ£ .
04:44
But these "biases," as I'm calling them,
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04:46
can also be a challenge,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 혐였 ν˜Ήμ€ λ…Όλž€ λ°œμ–Έμ—
04:48
particularly when what we're talking about
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λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ§‘μ°©ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
04:50
is drawing lines for allowing some speech and not allowing others.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ λ°œμ–Έλ„ μ•Œκ³  보면 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μ˜ ν‘œν˜„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
The temptation to find speech harmful or disruptive
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이럴 땐 3자 κ°œμž…μ΄ 도움이 되죠.
04:57
simply because we disagree with it
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ν˜Έν…” μ˜ˆμ‹œλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
04:59
is real.
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05:00
But equally real is the harm that can come from certain types of expression.
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κ·Έ 쒅ꡐ λ‹¨μ²΄μ˜ μˆ™λ°•μ„ ν—ˆμš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
이 λ‹¨μ²΄μ˜ 정체성과 λ©”μ‹œμ§€μ—
05:04
In this situation, third parties can help.
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μ¦‰κ°μ μœΌλ‘œ 결정을 λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
05:07
Remember the hotel,
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05:08
trying to decide whether or not to allow the religious group to host its event?
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μ œμ‚Όμžμ˜ 도움을 λ°›λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
Rather than having to make a complex, on-the-spot decision
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄
남뢀 빈곀 법λ₯  μ„Όν„°κ°€ 있죠.
05:15
about that group's identity and message,
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λ―Έκ΅­ 혐였 λ°œμ–Έ 단체λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κ³ 
λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό μΆœμ‹ μ˜ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ₯Ό
05:18
the hotel could instead rely on a third party,
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μ΄ˆλΉ™ν•˜λŠ” 단체이죠.
05:21
say, for example,
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05:22
the Southern Poverty Law Center,
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3μžκ°€ κ°œμž…ν•˜μ—¬ νŠΉμ • μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜
05:24
which has a list of hate groups in the United States,
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μ „ν›„ 사정을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 것이
05:26
or indeed even its own outside group of experts
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νŽΈκ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ 뢀정에 λŒ€ν•œ 의혹 없이 결정을 λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
brought together from diverse backgrounds.
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05:31
By relying on third parties
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05:33
to draw lines outside the context of a particular event,
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진싀과 μ˜κ²¬μ„ λ”± 자λ₯΄κΈ΄ μ–΄λ €μ›Œμš”.
05:37
organizations can make content decisions
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인터넷은 λͺ¨λ“  주제λ₯Ό μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ„λ‘
05:40
without being accused of acting in self-interest or bias.
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λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 기회λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
The line between facts and opinions is a hazy one.
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μ–΄λ–€ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œλŠ” κΈμ •μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ†Œμˆ˜μžκ°€ λ°œμ–Έν•  수 있고
05:46
The internet provides the opportunity to publish almost any position
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그리고 그에 νž˜μ„ 싀을 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
05:50
on any topic under the sun.
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자유둜운 μ˜μ‚¬ ν‘œν˜„μ€
05:52
And in some ways, that's a good thing.
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ κ±°μ§“λœ λ‚΄μš©λ„ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ
05:54
It allows for the expression of minority viewpoints
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μ „νŒŒλœλ‹€λŠ” μ˜λ―Έμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•΄μš”.
05:57
and for holding those in power accountable.
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05:59
But the ability to self-publish freely
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μ•„μ£Ό μœ„ν—˜ν•œ κ²½μš°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
means that unverified or even flat-out false statements
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λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ§€μš°κ³  μ‚¬μš©μžλ₯Ό μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜λŠ” 것이
μ μ ˆν•œ 결정일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:05
can quickly gain circulation and currency,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 생산성을 높이고
06:07
and that is very dangerous.
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λ…Όλž€λ„ ν”Όν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 방식도 λΆ„λͺ… μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
The decision to take down a post or ban a user is a tough one.
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νŠΈμœ„ν„°λŠ” ν—ˆμœ„, κ±°μ§“λœ 미확인 정보에
06:13
It certainly can be appropriate at times,
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딱지λ₯Ό 달기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
but there are other tools available as well
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06:17
to foster productive and yet responsible debate.
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νŠΈμœ„ν„°λŠ” μœ„ν—˜ν•œ λ°œμ–Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
06:20
Twitter has recently started labeling tweets
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이에 κ΄€λ ¨ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 정보λ₯Ό λ³΄μœ ν•œ
06:22
as misleading, deceptive or containing unverified information.
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μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμ˜ 링크λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ μ μ ˆν•œ μ˜ˆμ‹œκ² κ΅°μš”.
06:27
Rather than block access to those tweets,
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06:29
Twitter instead links to a source that contains more information
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μ „νŒŒ 및 감염 μ‹œ μˆ˜μΉ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ
μ‹€μ‹œκ°„ 정보가 인터넷에 퍼지고 있죠.
06:33
about the claims made.
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06:35
A good and timely example is its coronavirus page,
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μ „ 이 μ ‘κ·Ό 방식이 μ˜³λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έ λ°œμ–Έμ„ μ‚­μ œν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
06:38
which has up-to-the-minute information about the spread of the virus
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 더 λ§Žμ€ 것을 터놓고 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:41
and what to do if you contract it.
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06:43
To me, this approach makes a ton of sense.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ£Όμž₯이 κΆŒμœ„μžμ˜ λ°œμ–Έκ³Ό λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€λ©΄
06:46
Rather than shutting down dialogue,
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μ±…μž„κ° μžˆλŠ” λ°œμ–ΈμœΌλ‘œ μ†κΌ½ν˜€ μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό 많이 λ°›λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
this brings more ideas, facts and context to the forum.
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06:52
And, if you know that your assertions are going to be held up
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이제 μ–΄λ €μš΄ 주제λ₯Ό κΊΌλ‚΄ λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
06:55
against more authoritative sources,
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μ•žμ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° 생산적 ν† λ‘  방식은
06:57
it may create incentives
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06:58
for more responsible speech in the first place.
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개인의 혐였 λ°œμ–Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 이λ₯Ό νŒλ³„ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
Let me end with a hard truth:
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07:03
the structures I've described can foster productive debate
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λ°œμ–Έμ΄ 맀우 λͺ¨μš•μ μ΄κ³ 
곡개적으둜 ν† λ‘ ν•  μˆ˜μ€€μ΄λΌλ„μš”.
07:06
while isolating truly harmful speech.
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그런 상황이 λ°œμƒν•˜λ©΄
07:09
But inevitably, some speech is going to fall in a grey area,
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μ €λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 경우
07:12
perhaps deeply offensive
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λ°œμ–Έμ„ μž₯λ €ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
but also with the potential to contribute to public debate.
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λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
ν˜μ‹ μ μ΄λ©° 창쑰적인 생각은
07:17
In this situation,
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07:18
I think as a general matter,
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보닀 자주 얡압을 받을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
the tie should go to allowing more rather than less speech.
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λ‚―μ„€κ³  μœ„ν—˜ν•˜κ²Œ λŠκ»΄μ§€λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
07:23
Here's why.
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ν˜μ‹ μ€ 의미 κ·Έ μžμ²΄κ°€
07:25
For one, there's always the risk
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전톡에 이의λ₯Ό μ œκΈ°ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
that an innovative or creative idea gets squelched
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07:29
because it seems unfamiliar or dangerous.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 생각이 λͺ¨μš•μ μ΄κ³ 
μœ„ν—˜ν•΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 건 λ‹Ήμ—°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
Almost by definition,
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07:33
innovative ideas challenge orthodoxies about how things should be.
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λ³€ν™”κ°€ λ‘λ €μ›Œ 이λ₯Ό μ–΅μ••ν•  μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
λ§Œμ•½ μ–΄λ–€ λ°œμ–Έμ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ†Œμ†Œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ—†μ–΄ 보이더라도
07:38
So if an idea seems offensive or dangerous,
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07:40
it could be because it is,
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07:41
or it might simply be because we're scared of change.
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μ–΅μ••ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹  λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ 점에 λŒ€ν•΄ 곡개적으둜 λ…Όμ˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:45
But let me suggest that even if speech has little to no value at all,
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μ•„μ£Ό λͺ…ν™•νžˆ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄
거짓 λ°œμ–Έμ€ μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ‹€μ œμ  ν•΄λ₯Ό λΌμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
that deficiency should be shown through open debate
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15μ„ΈκΈ° μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ νš‘ν–‰ν–ˆλ˜ λ§ˆλ…€μ‚¬λƒ₯을 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
07:53
rather than suppression.
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07:55
To be very clear:
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λ―Έκ΅­ 남뢀 흑인 폭행 μ‚¬κ±΄μ΄λ‚˜
07:56
false speech can lead to devastating real-world harms,
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λ₯΄μ™„λ‹€ 학살도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
from the burning of women accused of being witches in Europe
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λŒ€ν•­ν•˜λŠ” λ°œμ–Έμ„ 더 많이 ν•œλ‹€κ³ 
상황은 λ‚˜μ•„μ§€μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
in the 15th century
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08:04
to the lynching of African Americans in the American South,
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였히렀 λ°œμ–Έν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것이 λ‚˜μ•„μš”.
08:07
to the Rwandan Genocide.
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λ―Έκ΅­ ꡭ회 μˆ˜μ • 제 1쑰와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 유λͺ…ν•œ 일화가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
The idea that the remedy for false speech is more speech
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08:12
isn't always true.
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1997λ…„ λ„€μ˜€ λ‚˜μΉ˜ λ‹¨μ²΄λŠ”
08:13
But I do think more often than not, more speech can help.
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일리노이주 μŠ€μ½”ν‚€λΌλŠ” ν‰ν™”λ‘œμš΄ λ…Ήμ§€μ˜
08:17
A famous story from First Amendment case law shows why.
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근ꡐ 지역을 ν–‰μ§„ν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ§Žμ€ ν™€λ‘œμ½”μŠ€νŠΈ μƒμ‘΄μžμ˜ μ£Όκ±°μ§€μ˜€μ£ .
08:20
In 1977, a group of neo-Nazis wanted to stage a march
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μ‹œμ˜νšŒλŠ” λ‹Ήμž₯ μ‘°λ‘€λ₯Ό λ°œν¬ν•΄ 행진을 막고 κ³ μ†Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
through the leafy, peaceful suburb of Skokie, Illinois,
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08:27
home to a significant number of Holocaust survivors.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 사건은 λ―Έκ΅­ κ³ λ“± λ²•μ›μ—μ„œ κΈ°κ°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
The City Council immediately passed ordinances trying to block the Nazis,
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법원은 λ„€μ˜€ λ‚˜μΉ˜ 단체가 ν–‰μ§„ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
08:34
and the Nazis sued.
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λ‚˜μΉ˜ 심볼을 μ „μ‹œν•˜κ³ 
08:36
The case made it all the way up to the US Supreme Court
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심지어 그에 κ²½λ‘€ν•  κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³ μš”.
08:38
and back down again.
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그리고 μ†Œμ†‘ 이후에
08:40
The courts held that the neo-Nazis had the right to march,
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κ·Έ λ‹¨μ²΄λŠ” μ˜ˆμ •λŒ€λ‘œ ν–‰μ§„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
단원 20λͺ…이 ν–‰μ§„ν–ˆμ£ .
08:43
and that they could display their swastikas
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λ™μ‹œμ— μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  μ •λΆ€ 건물 μ•žμ—μ„œ
08:45
and give their salutes while doing so.
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08:47
But when the day for the march came,
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2천 λͺ…이 그듀을 기닀리고 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
08:49
and after all that litigation,
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κ·Έλ“€ ν•œ λͺ… ν•œ λͺ…이
08:51
just 20 neo-Nazis showed up
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λ‚˜μΉ˜μ˜ 혐였 λ°œμ–Έμ— λ°˜λŒ€λ₯Ό ν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
in front of the Federal Building in Chicago, Illinois,
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κ²°κ΅­ μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  νŠΈλ¦¬λ·΄μ§€λŠ”
08:55
and they were met by 2,000 counter-protesters
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이 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 행진은 λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ 10λΆ„ λ§Œμ— μ’…λ£Œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ³΄λ„ν–ˆμ£ .
08:58
responding to the Nazis' messages of hate
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09:00
with ones of inclusion.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μƒ¬λ‘œμΈ λΉŒ, λ²„μ§€λ‹ˆμ•„λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 세계 곳곳의 폭λ ₯ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό 보면
09:02
As the Chicago Tribune noted,
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09:04
the Nazi march sputtered to an unspectacular end after 10 minutes.
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λΆ„μŸμ˜ 끝은 늘 평화둭지 μ•Šμ£ .
μŠ€μ½”ν‚€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” 쒋은 μ˜ˆμ‹œλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
09:09
The violence in Charlottesville, Virginia, and indeed around the world,
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윀리의 λΆ€μž¬μ™€ 였λ₯˜μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ 혐였 λ°œμ–Έμ„ μ–΅μ••ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
09:12
shows this isn't always how these stories end.
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09:15
But to me, the Skokie story is a good one,
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ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜κ³  μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν•­ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
one that shows that the fallacy and moral bankruptcy of hateful speech
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
can best be responded to not through suppression
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09:25
but through the righteous power of countervailing good and noble ideas.
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09:29
Thank you.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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