Ilissa Ocko: The fastest way to slow climate change now | TED Countdown

281,203 views ใƒป 2022-01-15

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Jenny Rublevsky ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:08
In the time it took me to walk on stage
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืงื— ืœื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืžื”
00:11
around 10 seconds,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
00:13
more than 10,000 metric tons of climate-warming gases
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
00:16
have been pumped into the atmosphere from human actions.
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ื”ื•ื–ืจืžื• ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืงื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
00:20
To provide some context on just how much that is,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช,
00:23
That is the weight equivalent of 170,000 of me
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ170,000 ืžืžื ื™
00:27
emitted in gas in 10 seconds.
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ื ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ื’ื– ื‘-10 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
00:30
Ninety-nine percent of this pollution is carbon dioxide, CO2,
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99% ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, CO2,
00:35
and we know we need to reduce it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชื•.
00:38
The other one percent is almost entirely methane,
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ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืชืืŸ,
00:42
which mostly comes from producing fossil fuels,
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ืคืงืช ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
00:45
managing waste and raising livestock.
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ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืช.
00:48
But that one percent of methane could cause more warming
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช
00:52
over the next 10 years than all that CO2.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”CO2 ื”ื–ื”.
00:56
This is because methane absorbs a lot more energy per unit mass
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืชืืŸ ืกื•ืคื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ
01:01
for reasons relating to its molecular structure
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื•
01:05
and its ability to form other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:09
CO2 is important because it can linger in the atmosphere
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CO2 ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
01:12
long after it is emitted,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคืœื˜,
01:14
which means we must achieve net-zero emissions
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ื˜ื• ืืคืก ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
01:18
to eventually stabilize our climate.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
01:20
This is key for protecting generations to come.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
01:24
But with climate change already devastating so many lives today,
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ืืš ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืจืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
01:28
we can't focus only on the distant future.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ืจืง ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
01:32
My work as a scientist aims to identify ways
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
01:35
to slow down warming as fast as possible,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:39
so that we can lower the risks of worsening damages in the near future.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžืจืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
01:43
This is where methane comes in.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืชืืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:46
That one percent of methane may cause more warming
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ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช
01:49
than all that CO2 in the next several years,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”CO2 ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
01:52
but it only lasts in the atmosphere for around a decade.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืจืง ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ.
01:56
Methane's warming power is therefore not from the gradual buildup over time
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ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืžื—ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš
02:00
like CO2,
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ื›ืžื• ื”-C02,
02:02
but almost entirely from recent emissions.
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ืืœื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืจืง ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
02:05
This means that every time we reduce methane,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ,
02:08
we can reduce a lot of warming right away.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
02:11
In fact, cutting methane is the single fastest,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืžืชืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:15
most effective opportunity to immediately slow down the rate of warming.
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช.
02:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:23
And this is because not only does methane act fast,
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ื•ื–ืืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืชืืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:27
but because we can act fast
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:29
because we have the technologies available right now
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”
02:32
to cut methane emissions from human activities in half.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืืชืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™.
02:36
And even better, many of these solutions pay for themselves.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื.
02:41
The methane we emit comes from three main sources:
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ื”ืžืชืืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืž-3 ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
02:44
energy production,
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:45
waste management and agriculture.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
02:48
The first category, energy production,
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ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:51
is the largest and cheapest opportunity we have
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
02:54
to cut methane today.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ืžืชืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:55
Most methane from energy isn't from burning fossil fuels,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืืŸ ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
03:00
it's from producing fossil fuels.
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ืืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:02
Because natural gas, which is mostly methane,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืžืชืืŸ,
03:06
can easily escape into the atmosphere
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืžื•ืง ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
03:08
when extracting oil, gas and coal,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืงืช ื ืคื˜, ื’ื– ื•ืคื—ื,
03:11
or when transporting gas through pipelines.
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ืื• ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื’ื– ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช.
03:14
In fact, these leaks can completely offset any near-term climate benefits
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงื–ื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
03:19
of using gas instead of coal.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืคื—ื.
03:22
But we have the technologies to cut the majority of these emissions
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:26
with around half for no net cost
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ืขื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืื• ืฉื•ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืœืœ
03:29
because the saved gas can be sold.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื– ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื›ืจ.
03:32
For example, oil fields in West Texas are wasting enough gas right now
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉื“ื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื˜ืงืกืก ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”
03:38
to heat more than two million homes.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื.
03:42
Fixing the methane problem, though,
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
03:44
can be as simple as tightening a valve or placing a gasket or tuning an engine.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉืกืชื•ื ืื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื˜ื ืื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืข.
03:51
A major reason why these easy fixes haven't been implemented isn't the cost.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืžื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.
03:56
It's because governments and industry have been data-deprived,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข,
03:59
lacking information on where and how much is emitted.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกืคืง ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฉ.
04:05
But our ability to detect these leaks has rapidly advanced in recent years.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืฉืชืคืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:10
Everything from handheld instruments to sensors on aircrafts and drones.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื›ืœื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืจื—ืคื ื™ื.
04:15
And now there's a growing universe of satellites
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื
04:18
designed to locate and measure methane from space.
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ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ ืžื”ื—ืœืœ.
04:21
That list includes MethaneSAT,
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ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช MethaneSAT,
04:24
which is expected to be launch-ready next year
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ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
04:26
and will be able to detect and quantify methane emissions
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืžืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืืŸ
04:30
across the globe with unprecedented precision.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื.
04:34
If we can find it, we can fix it.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:38
This part is not rocket science.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื“ืข ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
04:40
It's more like plumbing.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:42
I can't tell you enough how hopeful that makes me for the future.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืžืœื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
04:46
We can also reduce a lot of emissions
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
04:48
from the second category, waste management,
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ืžื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืืฉืคื”,
04:51
where methane is produced as bacteria decompose,
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ืฉื ืžืชืืŸ ืžื•ืคืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื,
04:54
garbage in landfills and sludge in wastewater.
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ืืฉืคื” ื‘ืžื˜ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืจืคืฉ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื.
04:58
Some of the largest landfills receive enough trash per day
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื˜ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืฉืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
05:02
to fill more than 10 Olympic-sized swimming pools
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื•ืช
05:05
before it is compacted.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืกืช.
05:06
But we can suck up the methane from landfills
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ ืžื”ืžื˜ืžื ื•ืช
05:09
by using tubes with vacuums
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื
05:11
and then use it to generate electricity,
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
05:14
because methane is an energy-packed fuel.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืชืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืœืง ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:17
We can also reduce emissions by sending some trash, like food waste,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืคื”, ื›ืžื• ืืฉืคืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
05:21
away from landfills and instead to composting centers
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžื˜ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ
05:25
that are designed to prevent the release of methane.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืืŸ.
05:29
The third category, agriculture,
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ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
05:32
emits the most and remains the hardest to address.
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ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
05:35
But there are exciting new technologies on the horizon.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืง.
05:39
The number one source is livestock.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช.
05:42
Some farm animals, like the billion-plus cattle worldwide,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:46
belch methane that was produced when digesting plants like grass.
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ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืฉื.
05:51
Reducing these emissions is possible with higher-quality feed.
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ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืขื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:55
And the scientists are developing and testing new technologies,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
05:58
like feed supplements,
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ื›ืžื• ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
06:00
that can suppress methane production in a cow's gut by at least 30 percent
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื›ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืชืืŸ ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืคื—ื•ืช 30%
06:05
with no negative effects on productivity or quality.
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ืœืœื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช.
06:09
Livestock manure can also produce methane when concentrated,
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ื“ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืชืืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–,
06:14
but we can cover manure lagoons
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ืืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื“ืฉืŸ
06:16
and then pump manure into digesters that can capture the methane,
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ื•ืื– ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ,
06:20
which can then be used for heat and electricity.
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ืฉืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ.
06:24
Another methane source is rice production.
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ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืชืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื–.
06:28
This one crop is a staple for half the world's population,
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ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
06:33
but the plants grow in flooded fields
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ืืš ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื
06:35
that create ideal conditions for microbes to form methane.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื ืื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืชืืŸ.
06:40
We can slash emissions from methane
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืชืืŸ
06:42
by improving how we manage the required water,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื,
06:47
which can be as simple as maintaining a shallow level of water
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืจื“ื•ื“ื”
06:51
in the rice fields.
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ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื–.
06:53
Implementing all of these solutions will take work.
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ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
06:58
But people have already started to act.
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ืืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
07:00
Many governments, oil and gas CEOs,
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื–,
07:03
landfill operators and farmers are advancing measures to reduce methane.
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ืžื˜ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืชืืŸ.
07:08
But we need more,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“,
07:10
because there is a lot of warming that we can prevent
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข
07:12
if we quickly deploy the full set of affordable and available strategies.
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ืื ื ืคืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื˜ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“.
07:18
We need standalone methane targets
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืชืืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
07:20
as part of every company's business model,
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”,
07:23
and every country's nationally determined contribution
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ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”
07:26
as the Paris Agreement is strengthened.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืง ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืคืจื™ื–.
07:29
Because if we succeed in a rapid, full-scale effort to cut methane,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืชืืŸ,
07:35
we have a chance to actually experience the benefits fast,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
07:39
in our lifetimes.
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
07:41
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
07:43
my colleagues and I found that we could slow down the rate of warming
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช
07:46
by as much as 30 percent before mid-century.
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ื‘ื›-30% ืœืคื ื™ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื”.
07:51
This would help communities and ecosystems adapt
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ
07:54
to a changing climate
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ืœืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”
07:55
and hit the brakes on worsening extreme events,
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ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืขื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
07:58
like wildfires in the Americas and Australia,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
08:01
and flooding in Europe and Asia.
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ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”.
08:04
It would also help clean up our air, saving lives and crops,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื,
08:08
because methane contributes to ozone pollution.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืชืืŸ ืชื•ืจื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
08:11
And because some of the people
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื
08:13
most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change
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ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
08:16
are on the front lines of methane emissions.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ.
08:19
These solutions can also help reduce the inequity of climate change,
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
08:24
for example, by job creation.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช.
08:28
If we fast-forward to later decades,
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ืื ื ืจื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื,
08:30
acting now to cut methane can also help protect Arctic sea ice.
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ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืชืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
08:36
This is because when methane reductions are combined with strong actions
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ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืคื—ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
08:40
to cut CO2,
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ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘CO2,
08:41
it becomes unlikely that temperatures would rise to levels
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืœื• ืœืจืžื•ืช
08:45
that would trigger a total loss in Arctic summer sea ice.
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ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจืก ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
08:49
This is important not just for polar communities and ecosystems,
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืจืง ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
08:53
but actually for the entire world.
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ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:56
I've now been talking for almost 10 minutes,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช,
08:59
which means that more than 700,000 metric tons of climate-warming gases
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-700,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
09:04
have been pumped into the atmosphere.
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ื ืคืœื˜ื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
09:06
Now that equals the weight of 12 million of me.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ 12 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื™.
09:10
Of all this pollution,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
09:12
it is the methane that could warm the Earth the most
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ื”ืžืชืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
09:16
over the next 10 years.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
09:17
But we know how to cut these emissions in half right now
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”
09:21
from energy, waste and agriculture.
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ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืืฉืคื” ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
09:24
This is the methane moment.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจื’ืข ื”ืžืชืืŸ.
09:27
Because cutting methane is the single fastest,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืžืชืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:30
most effective opportunity to reduce climate change risks in the near term.
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
09:35
And cutting CO2,
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ื•ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘CO2,
09:37
which will otherwise build up over time,
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ืฉืื—ืจืช ื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
09:39
is the key to reducing risks in the long term.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
09:43
We need to do both
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื
09:45
to plot a safer course for ourselves and our children
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
09:49
and for generations to come.
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ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
09:51
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
09:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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