The Carbonless Fuel That Could Change How We Ship Goods | Maria Gallucci | TED

53,849 views ใƒป 2022-03-22

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Nelly Freid ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:08
A few years ago, I sailed on a ship that comes from an earlier era,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืคืœื’ืชื™ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืจืช,
00:12
when moving goods by sea didn't mean polluting the planet.
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ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:15
Our voyage to the Caribbean was eye-opening,
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ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืงื— ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
00:17
and not just because I learned that apparently, Iโ€™m incurably seasick.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื—ืœืช ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ืช ืžืจืคื.
00:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:22
I also saw what it's like
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ
00:23
when you take away the diesel fumes and the black smoke
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ื›ืฉืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืขืฉืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
00:26
that spew from today's freighters and ports.
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ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:28
Instead, our vessel smelled like fresh sea breeze
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจื™ื—ื” ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื— ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื”
00:30
and the bags of cardamom we carried
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืืช ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœื ื•
00:32
and all that camomile tea I was chugging.
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื” ื”ืงืžื•ืžื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืฉืชื™ืชื™.
00:35
Nearly every modern cargo ship relies on highly polluting fossil fuels.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืฉื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
00:39
Fortunately, there's a way to clean up the industry,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”,
00:41
beyond just reviving old-fashioned sailing ships,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื—ื™ื™ืืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช,
00:44
and it's ...
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ื•ื–ื”...
00:45
green ammonia.
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ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
00:47
If you know anything about ammonia,
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื™ื”,
00:49
it's probably that it's stinky, it's toxic, it's potentially explosive.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื—ื”, ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
00:53
So it's a great place to start, right?
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:56
Ammonia is mainly used today to make chemicals and fertilizers.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ื“ืฉื ื™ื.
00:59
But for many reasons, industry experts are convinced
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื
01:02
that ammonia could be a game-changing way to drive giant cargo ships,
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ืฉืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช,
01:06
and that it could be used safely and be cost-competitive.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:10
Tens of thousands of freighters crisscross the oceans every day,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
01:13
bringing the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the cars we drive.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:17
Container ships alone
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ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื“
01:18
carry some four trillion dollars worth of goods by sea every year.
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ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
01:21
That's roughly the GDP of Germany.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
01:25
At the same time,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:26
the shipping industry contributes a significant share
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืžืช ื ืชื— ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
01:29
of the world's annual greenhouse gas emissions.
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ืœืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:31
If shipping were a country,
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ืื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
01:32
it'd be the sixth largest emitter of CO2,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ื”CO2 ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:35
trailing just behind Japan.
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ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืคืŸ.
01:37
And as world economies grow and populations rise,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช,
01:40
shipping's emissions are expected to soar,
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ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืจื™ื,
01:42
unless the industry charts a cleaner course.
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืชื™ืงื— ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:45
Green ammonia really first came to my attention in 2017,
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ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017,
01:49
at the UN Climate Change Conference in Bonn, Germany.
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ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื•โ€œื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
01:52
At the panel I attended, ammonia seemed kind of like an aside,
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ื‘ืคืื ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื•, ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืจืช ืฆื“,
01:55
or something we should be keeping tabs on.
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•.
01:58
Since then, the industry has really coalesced around ammonia
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ืžืื–, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื”
02:01
as the next dominant shipping fuel.
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ื›ื“ืœืง ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื.
02:03
Chemical companies and investors
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื
02:05
are spending millions of dollars to build green ammonia plants,
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ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื,
02:08
and shipbuilders and manufacturers
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื
02:10
are busy developing the necessary technology.
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ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื”.
02:13
The first ammonia-powered ships are just around the corner.
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ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”.
02:17
So what's so special about this pungent gas?
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ืื– ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื– ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื”?
02:20
Well, to start, ammonia doesn't contain any carbon molecules,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ,
02:23
so it doesn't create carbon dioxide when used as fuel.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื“ืœืง.
02:26
Instead, it contains one part nitrogen --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ื—ื ืงืŸ --
02:28
which is the main component of air --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ --
02:30
and three parts hydrogen, which is a building block of water.
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
02:33
It's possible to make ammonia without using any fossil fuels.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
02:37
That's what makes it "green" ammonia.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืืžื•ื ื™ื” โ€œื™ืจื•ืงื”โ€œ.
02:39
Think of it like this:
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”:
02:40
instead of the oil wells and petroleum refineries
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืœื ืคื˜
02:43
that make today's dirty diesel fuels,
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:45
picture solar panels or wind turbines or hydropower plants.
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ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืคืื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืื• ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžื™ื.
02:49
Renewable electricity is the foundation of this whole ammonia-making ordeal.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื”.
02:54
We can start with electrolysis,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื–ื”,
02:56
which uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:00
Then, renewables can power the process that separates nitrogen from air.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื ืงืŸ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:04
And so with our hydrogen and nitrogen, we can combine the two
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ื•ื›ืš ืขื ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื
03:07
in an industrial process at high temperatures
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
03:10
to make NH3 -- ammonia.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ NH3 - ืืžื•ื ื™ื”.
03:12
Now, if you want to use this ammonia to power
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื”ื ืขืช
03:14
your thousand-foot-long freighter,
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืืœืฃ ืจื’ืœ,
03:16
you have two options.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:17
The first is an internal combustion engine,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
03:19
so similar to how diesel is used in ships today
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ืื– ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื™ื–ืœ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
03:22
but with certain modifications.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
03:24
Experts think that the first vessels to use ammonia in their engines
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:28
will be chemical tankers,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
03:29
because they already carry it in their cargo holds.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:32
So they'll be like the early adopters.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื.
03:34
The next options is to use a fuel cell.
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื ื“ืœืง.
03:37
Fuel cells create electricity through a chemical reaction,
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ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื“ืจืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช,
03:40
and that's what drives the ship's motors and turns the propellers.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื.
03:44
In Norway, work is underway
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ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”, ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜
03:45
to launch the world's first ammonia-fuel-cell ship
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ืœื”ืฉืงืช ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:48
in just a few years' time.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:50
So we can make green ammonia,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”,
03:51
and we can use it in fuel cells or engines.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ืื• ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ื.
03:54
The final piece of the ammonia puzzle is the infrastructure:
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืื–ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช:
03:57
the storage facilities, the pipelines, the distribution networks --
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ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืฆื” --
04:00
everything that's needed to ensure a ship can fill its tanks
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืกืคื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืœื ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื”
04:03
anywhere in the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:04
And none of this is particularly novel,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
04:06
because we already have infrastructure
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ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืฉืชื™ืช
04:08
for the chemical and fertilizer industries.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืฉื ื™ื.
04:10
Now it just needs to be built near ports,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื“ ื ืžืœื™ื,
04:12
and at a global scale --
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ื•ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ --
04:13
and with great caution.
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ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
04:16
So what's needed to take ammonia mainstream?
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ืื– ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื?
04:19
We can draw a rough parallel to the rise of electric cars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื’ืกื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
04:22
A decade ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ,
04:23
about 17,000 EVs were on the roads worldwide.
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ื›-17,000 ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:26
Then, more and more countries adopted policies,
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืžืฆื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช
04:28
encouraging people to buy EVs,
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ืงื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
04:30
supporting manufacturers
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ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื
04:32
and to build up charging infrastructure.
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”.
04:35
And as sales climbed and production boomed,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื“ืœ,
04:38
the cost of batteries and other components plummeted,
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ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฆื ื—ื•,
04:41
making it easier for more people to afford electric cars.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืงืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
04:44
So now, instead of 17,000 EVs, it's more like 10 million,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ื 17,000 ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
04:48
and green ammonia could follow a similar path
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ื•ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืžื”
04:50
in the shipping industry.
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ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช.
04:52
Policies to curb emissions and incentivize green investments
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช
04:56
could spur a shift away from fossil fuels.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
04:59
And as ammonia catches on,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืชื•ืคืกืช,
05:00
fuel prices and technology costs could decline in step,
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ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
05:03
enabling more ship operators to make the switch.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ.
05:06
And while all of that is happening,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
05:08
a much bigger story will be playing out on the global scale:
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™:
05:11
the rising development and plunging costs of renewable energy supplies.
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ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกืคืงืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
05:16
Giant offshore wind farms,
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05:17
sprawling solar arrays and other technologies
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
05:20
could provide the electrons needed to make that green ammonia.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:24
Green ammonia might be the main fuel source
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ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
05:27
on future cargo ships,
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ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
05:28
but it doesnโ€™t have to be the only clean technology onboard.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ.
05:31
Ships will likely use a combination of tools.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื.
05:34
Batteries can already power the lights and equipment on giant ships,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืง,
05:38
and certainly, smaller vessels can be fully battery-powered today.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™, ื›ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืœืœื”.
05:42
Design fixes, like supersleek hulls and dolphin-like flippers,
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ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉื•ืช ื•ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
05:45
can improve ships' efficiency.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
05:47
And another technology that's quickly gaining traction
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
05:50
is called "wind-assisted propulsion,"
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ื ืงืจืืช โ€œื”ื ืขื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื•ื—โ€œ,
05:52
which puts a modern twist on an old idea of harnessing wind.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ืจื•ื—.
05:56
One cargo ship I sailed on in the North Sea
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืฉื ืื—ืช ืฉืฉื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
05:58
uses devices called "rotor sails."
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื โ€œืžืคืจืฉื™ ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจโ€œ.
06:00
These are 60-foot-tall tubes
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 60 ืจื’ืœ
06:02
that spin around like hyperactive barber's poles,
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ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
06:04
which produces a forward thrust
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื—ืฃ
06:06
and reduces demand on the diesel engines.
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื“ื™ื–ืœ.
06:08
It's really exciting to see these things whip around,
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
06:11
but it's funny how almost blasรฉ the crew was about the whole thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื›ืžื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:14
They push a button,
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ื”ื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ,
06:16
the tubes swirl to life, the ships saves fuel,
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืกื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœืง,
06:18
and they can all carry on with their normal tasks,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
06:21
as we sailed from Rotterdam
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืœื’ื ื• ืžืจื•ื˜ืจื“ื
06:22
to this industrial eyesore in northern England,
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ืœื›ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
06:25
and back again.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:26
Meanwhile, of course,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:28
I spent my time admiring the sails,
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ืžื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื,
06:29
and then curling up in the fetal position as the sea knocked our ship around.
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ื•ืื– ืžื›ื•ืจื‘ืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:35
The maritime industry is at a pivotal moment
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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžื›ืจื™ืข
06:37
in its long and storied history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœื”.
06:39
Over the last few centuries,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
06:41
fossil fuels have powered the freighters that have transformed global trade,
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ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
06:44
connecting cotton fields to far-flung garment factories
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืœืžืคืขืœื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื
06:47
and bringing blueberries from one side of the equator to the other.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
06:50
Coal-powered steamships made it possible to travel farther and faster,
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ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื—ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:53
and diesel engines took this into overdrive.
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ื•ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื“ื™ื–ืœ ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
06:56
What began in the early 20th century as a humble canal boat
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื›ืกื™ืจืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ืฆื ื•ืขื”
06:59
puttering along with this tiny engine
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ืžื˜ืจื˜ืจืช ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”
07:01
has since become giant container ships
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ื”ืคืš ืžืื– ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช
07:03
that stretch as long as skyscrapers stand tall.
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ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื.
07:06
We know that to keep the planet from warming further,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช,
07:09
we must completely transform the way that we power our homes, our cars
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:12
and the freighters that bring us all our precious stuff.
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ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
07:15
The shipping industry must join the rest of the world
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื
07:17
in addressing climate change,
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
07:19
and it could do that with the help of green ammonia.
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07:22
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
07:23
(Applause)
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(ืชึฐืฉืื•ึผืื•ึนืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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