Sheila Patek: Measuring the fastest animal on earth

140,313 views ใƒป 2007-05-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
If you'd like to learn how to play the lobster, we have some here.
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื” ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื›ืืŸ.
00:28
And that's not a joke, we really do.
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ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”, ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
00:30
So come up afterwards and I'll show you how to play a lobster.
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ืื– ืชืขืœื• ืœืคื” ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื” ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ.
00:33
So, actually, I started working on what's called the mantis shrimp
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ืื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก
00:37
a few years ago because they make sound.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
00:40
This is a recording I made of a mantis shrimp
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก
00:42
that's found off the coast of California.
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ื”ื ืžืฆื ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
00:55
And while that's an absolutely fascinating sound,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžืจืชืง,
00:58
it actually turns out to be a very difficult project.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื ืงืœ.
01:01
And while I was struggling to figure out how and why mantis shrimp,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื ืื‘ืงืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก,
01:06
or stomatopods, make sound, I started to think about their appendages.
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ืื• ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื,ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:10
And mantis shrimp are called "mantis shrimp" after the praying mantises,
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ื•ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ื ืงืจืื™ื ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ืœื’ืžืœื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื,
01:13
which also have a fast feeding appendage. And I started to think,
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ืืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ื’ืคืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”. ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
01:17
well, maybe it will be interesting, while listening to their sounds,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:20
to figure out how these animals generate very fast feeding strikes.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:23
And so today I'll talk about the extreme stomatopod strike,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“,
01:27
work that I've done in collaboration with Wyatt Korff and Roy Caldwell.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืงืจื•ืฃ ื•ืจื•ื™ ืงื•ืœื“ื•ื•ืœ.
01:30
So, mantis shrimp come in two varieties:
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ืื–, ืœื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช:
01:33
there are spearers and smashers.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืจืกืงื™ื.
01:35
And this is a spearing mantis shrimp, or stomatopod.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก, ืื• ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช.
01:38
And he lives in the sand, and he catches things that go by overhead.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืก ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
01:43
So, a quick strike like that. And if we slow it down a bit,
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ืื–, ืžื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื›ื–ื•. ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืื˜ ืืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช,
01:48
this is the mantis shrimp -- the same species --
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื˜ื™ืก -- ืื•ืชื• ื–ืŸ --
01:50
recorded at 1,000 frames a second,
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ืžื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืืœืฃ ืคืจื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
01:52
played back at 15 frames per second.
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ื•ืจืฅ ื‘- 15 ืคืจื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
01:54
And you can see it's just a really spectacular extension of the limbs,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืืจื›ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื,
02:00
exploding upward to actually just catch
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ื”ืขืคื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก
02:03
a dead piece of shrimp that I had offered it.
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ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ืžืช ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื•.
02:05
Now, the other type of mantis shrimp is the smasher stomatopod,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“ ื”ืžืจืกืง,
02:10
and these guys open up snails for a living.
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื.
02:13
And so this guy gets the snail all set up and gives it a good whack.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžื›ื” ื”ื’ื•ื ื”.
02:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:19
So, I'll play it one more time.
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
02:21
He wiggles it in place, tugs it with his nose, and smash.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื“ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืื– ืžืจืกืง.
02:25
And a few smashes later, the snail is broken open, and he's got a good dinner.
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ื•ืื– ื›ืžื” ืจื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ ื ืคืชื—, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืจื•ื—ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:32
So, the smasher raptorial appendage can stab with a point at the end,
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ืื–, ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ืจืคื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืกืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืงื•ืจ ืขื ื—ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงืฆื”,
02:36
or it can smash with the heel.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืกืง ืขื ื”ืขืงื‘.
02:38
And today I'll talk about the smashing type of strike.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ื˜ืช ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืง.
02:41
And so the first question that came to mind was,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœืชื” ืœื™ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”,
02:43
well, how fast does this limb move?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื–ื–ื”?
02:46
Because it's moving pretty darn fast on that video.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื”.
02:49
And I immediately came upon a problem.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:52
Every single high-speed video system in the biology department
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ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื•ื“ื™ืื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:55
at Berkeley wasn't fast enough to catch this movement.
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ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:59
We simply couldn't capture it on video.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
03:01
And so this had me stymied for quite a long period of time.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
03:04
And then a BBC crew came cruising through the biology department,
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ื•ืื– ืฆื•ื•ืช BBC ืขื‘ืจ ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:07
looking for a story to do about new technologies in biology.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื• ืื—ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:12
And so we struck up a deal.
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื™ืกืงื”.
03:14
I said, "Well, if you guys rent the high-speed video system
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ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื ืชืฉื›ืจื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
03:16
that could capture these movements,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:18
you guys can film us collecting the data."
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ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืœื ืื•ืชื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข."
03:21
And believe it or not, they went for it. (Laughter)
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
03:23
So we got this incredible video system. It's very new technology --
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ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” . ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ื™ืฉื” --
03:27
it just came out about a year ago --
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืœืฉื•ืง ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš --
03:29
that allows you to film at extremely high speeds in low light.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœืฆืœื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
03:34
And low light is a critical issue with filming animals,
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ื•ืชืื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื›ืฉืžืฆืœืžื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:36
because if it's too high, you fry them. (Laughter)
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื™, ืืชื” ืชื˜ื’ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
03:39
So this is a mantis shrimp. There are the eyes up here,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื˜ื™ืก. ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื”,
03:44
and there's that raptorial appendage, and there's the heel.
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ื•ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ืจืคื˜ืœื™ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืขืงื‘.
03:47
And that thing's going to swing around and smash the snail.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืฃ ื•ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ.
03:50
And the snail's wired to a stick,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืงืœ,
03:51
so he's a little bit easier to set up the shot. And -- yeah.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืขื˜ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื”. ื•..ื›ืŸ.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:57
I hope there aren't any snail rights activists around here.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
04:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:02
So this was filmed at 5,000 frames per second,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘-5,000 ืคืจื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
04:07
and I'm playing it back at 15. And so this is slowed down 333 times.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื™ืฆื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘-15. ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืื˜ ืคื™ 333.
04:12
And as you'll notice, it's still pretty gosh darn fast
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืจืื•, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ
04:15
slowed down 333 times. It's an incredibly powerful movement.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืื˜ ืคื™ 333. ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
04:19
The whole limb extends out. The body flexes backwards --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืคื” ื ืžืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ืื—ื•ืจื” --
04:22
just a spectacular movement.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”.
04:25
And so what we did is, we took a look at these videos,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:27
and we measured how fast the limb was moving
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ื•ืžื“ื“ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืคื” ื–ื–ื”
04:29
to get back to that original question.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
04:31
And we were in for our first surprise.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืžื“ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชืขื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
04:34
So what we calculated was that the limbs were moving
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื’ืคื” ื–ื–ื”
04:37
at the peak speed ranging from 10 meters per second
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืขื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”
04:39
all the way up to 23 meters per second.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœ- 23 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”
04:41
And for those of you who prefer miles per hour,
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ื•ืœืืœื• ืžื›ื ื”ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื”,
04:43
that's over 45 miles per hour in water. And this is really darn fast.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 45 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื” ื‘ืžื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
04:48
In fact, it's so fast we were able to add a new point
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
04:52
on the extreme animal movement spectrum.
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ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:55
And mantis shrimp are officially the fastest measured feeding strike
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ื•ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื˜ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™
04:58
of any animal system. So our first surprise.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืชืขืชื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
05:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:03
So that was really cool and very unexpected.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™.
05:06
So, you might be wondering, well, how do they do it?
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ืื–, ืืชื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
05:09
And actually, this work was done in the 1960s
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื
05:12
by a famous biologist named Malcolm Burrows.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžืœืงื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื•ืก.
05:14
And what he showed in mantis shrimp is that they use
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
05:17
what's called a "catch mechanism," or "click mechanism."
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ืฉื”.
05:20
And what this basically consists of is a large muscle
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืจื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
05:24
that takes a good long time to contract,
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ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ,
05:26
and a latch that prevents anything from moving.
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ื— ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืœื–ื•ื–.
05:29
So the muscle contracts, and nothing happens.
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ืื– ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
05:31
And once the muscle's contracted completely, everything's stored up --
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืื’ืจ --
05:34
the latch flies upward, and you've got the movement.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
05:38
And that's basically what's called a "power amplification system."
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื›ื•ื—.
05:41
It takes a long time for the muscle to contract,
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ืœื•ืงื— ืœืฉืจื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ,
05:43
and a very short time for the limb to fly out.
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ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœื’ืคื” ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
05:45
And so I thought that this was sort of the end of the story.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
05:48
This was how mantis shrimps make these very fast strikes.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:52
But then I took a trip to the National Museum of Natural History.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
05:56
And if any of you ever have a chance,
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ื•ืื ื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื•,
05:58
backstage of the National Museum of Natural History
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
06:00
is one of the world's best collections of preserved mantis shrimp. And what --
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ืžืฉื•ืžืจื™ื. ื•ืžื” --
06:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:05
this is serious business for me.
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ื–ื” ืขืกืง ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
06:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:08
So, this -- what I saw, on every single mantis shrimp limb,
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ืื–, ื–ื” -- ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ืฉืจืื™ืชื™,
06:13
whether it's a spearer or a smasher,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืจืกืง,
06:15
is a beautiful saddle-shaped structure
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื›ืฃ
06:17
right on the top surface of the limb. And you can see it right here.
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ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคื”. ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
06:21
It just looks like a saddle you'd put on a horse.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื•ื›ืฃ ืฉืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ืก.
06:23
It's a very beautiful structure.
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื”.
06:25
And it's surrounded by membranous areas. And those membranous areas
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืชื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:30
suggested to me that maybe this is some kind of dynamically flexible structure.
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ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
06:34
And this really sort of had me scratching my head for a while.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื“ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
06:37
And then we did a series of calculations, and what we were able to show
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
06:41
is that these mantis shrimp have to have a spring.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืคื™ืฅ.
06:45
There needs to be some kind of spring-loaded mechanism
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ืงืคื™ืฅ
06:48
in order to generate the amount of force that we observe,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืคื™ื ื• ื‘ื•,
06:50
and the speed that we observe, and the output of the system.
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ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ืคืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
06:53
So we thought, OK, this must be a spring --
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืคื™ืฅ --
06:56
the saddle could very well be a spring.
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ื”ืื•ื›ืฃ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ.
06:58
And we went back to those high-speed videos again,
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ื•ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืชื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
07:00
and we could actually visualize the saddle compressing and extending.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืฃ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืชืืจืš.
07:06
And I'll just do that one more time.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
07:09
And then if you take a look at the video --
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ื•ืื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• --
07:11
it's a little bit hard to see -- it's outlined in yellow.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช -- ื–ื” ืžื•ืชื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
07:13
The saddle is outlined in yellow. You can actually see it
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ื”ืื•ื›ืฃ ืžื•ืชื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘. ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
07:15
extending over the course of the strike, and actually hyperextending.
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ืžืชืืจืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืคืจ ืžืื•ืจืš.
07:19
So, we've had very solid evidence showing
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ืื ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื”ืžืจืื”
07:21
that that saddle-shaped structure actually compresses and extends,
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ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื›ืฃ ื‘ืืžืช ื ื“ื—ืก ื•ืžืชืืจืš,
07:25
and does, in fact, function as a spring.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืื•ื›ืฃ.
07:27
The saddle-shaped structure is also known as a "hyperbolic paraboloid surface,"
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืคืจืคืจื‘ื•ืœื”,
07:32
or an "anticlastic surface."
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ืื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื ื˜ื™-ืงืœืืกื˜ื™.
07:34
And this is very well known to engineers and architects,
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื,
07:36
because it's a very strong surface in compression.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืกื”.
07:39
It has curves in two directions,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
07:41
one curve upward and opposite transverse curve down the other,
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ืขืงื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื™ ืžืขืœื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื›ืœืคื™ื™ ืžื˜ื”,
07:44
so any kind of perturbation spreads the forces
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื–ื–ื™ืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
07:47
over the surface of this type of shape.
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ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื”.
07:50
So it's very well known to engineers, not as well known to biologists.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
07:54
It's also known to quite a few people who make jewelry,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื,
07:58
because it requires very little material
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฆืจืš ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ
08:01
to build this type of surface, and it's very strong.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“.
08:04
So if you're going to build a thin gold structure,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืง ืžื–ื”ื‘,
08:06
it's very nice to have it in a shape that's strong.
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ืื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง.
08:08
Now, it's also known to architects. One of the most famous architects
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:13
is Eduardo Catalano, who popularized this structure.
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ื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ืืจื“ื• ืงืื˜ืœืื ื•, ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
08:16
And what's shown here is a saddle-shaped roof that he built
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื’ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื›ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื”
08:19
that's 87 and a half feet spanwise.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 26 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘.
08:23
It's two and a half inches thick, and supported at two points.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 6.5 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
08:26
And one of the reasons why he designed roofs this way is because it's --
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ ื’ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ --
08:31
he found it fascinating that you could build such a strong structure
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ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ื” ื—ื–ืง
08:35
that's made of so few materials and can be supported by so few points.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืžืš ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
08:39
And all of these are the same principles that apply
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชืงืคื™ื
08:43
to the saddle-shaped spring in stomatopods.
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ืœืงืคื™ืฅ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื›ืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“.
08:45
In biological systems it's important not to have a whole lot
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™
08:48
of extra material requirements for building it.
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ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
08:51
So, very interesting parallels between the biological
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ืื–, ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
08:54
and the engineering worlds. And interestingly, this turns out --
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ื•ื”ื”ื ื“ืกืื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช --
08:58
the stomatopod saddle turns out to be the first
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ืื•ื›ืฃ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
09:00
described biological hyperbolic paraboloid spring.
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ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืงืคื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
09:03
That's a bit long, but it is sort of interesting.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืืจื•ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:06
So the next and final question was, well, how much force
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื•ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื—
09:09
does a mantis shrimp produce if they're able to break open snails?
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ืื ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืคืฆื— ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช?
09:13
And so I wired up what's called a load cell.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื ืขื•ืžืก.
09:15
A load cell measures forces, and this is actually
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ืชื ืขื•ืžืก ืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
09:17
a piezoelectronic load cell that has a little crystal in it.
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ืฆืœื—ืช ืขื•ืžืก ืคื™ืื–ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
09:20
And when this crystal is squeezed, the electrical properties change
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืžื—ืฆื™ื, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช
09:24
and it -- which -- in proportion to the forces that go in.
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ื•ื–ื” -- ืืฉืจ -- ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”.
09:26
So these animals are wonderfully aggressive,
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื,
09:29
and are really hungry all the time. And so all I had to do
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืจืขื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
09:32
was actually put a little shrimp paste on the front of the load cell,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžืจื•ื— ืžืฉื—ืช ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก,
09:35
and they'd smash away at it.
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ื•ื”ื ืจื™ืกืงื• ืืช ื–ื”.
09:37
And so this is just a regular video of the animal
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”
09:41
just smashing the heck out of this load cell.
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ืžืจืกืงืช ืœืœื ืจื—ื ืืช ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก.
09:44
And we were able to get some force measurements out.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•.
09:47
And again, we were in for a surprise.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื.
09:49
I purchased a 100-pound load cell, thinking,
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ืจื›ืฉืชื™ ืฆืœื—ืช ืขื•ืžืก ืฉืœ 45 ืงื™ืœื•, ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™,
09:51
no animal could produce more than 100 pounds at this size of an animal.
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ืฉืฉื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:55
And what do you know? They immediately overloaded the load cell.
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ื•ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืžื™ื“ ืขืฉื• ื”ืขืžืกืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก.
09:57
So these are actually some old data
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ืื– ืืœื• ื”ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื“ืข ื™ืฉื ื”
09:59
where I had to find the smallest animals in the lab,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
10:01
and we were able to measure forces of well over 100 pounds
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœ 45 ืงื™ืœื•
10:04
generated by an animal about this big.
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ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”.
10:07
And actually, just last week I got a 300-pound load cell
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืฆืœื—ืช ืขื•ืžืก ืฉืœ 136 ืงื™ืœื•
10:09
up and running, and I've clocked these animals generating
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ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ืื ื™ ืชื™ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช
10:12
well over 200 pounds of force.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœ 90 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—.
10:14
And again, I think this will be a world record.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™.
10:17
I have to do a little bit more background reading,
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจืงืข,
10:19
but I think this will be the largest amount of force produced
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื”
10:22
by an animal of a given -- per body mass. So, really incredible forces.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกืช ื’ื•ืคื”. ืื–, ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
10:27
And again, that brings us back to the importance of that spring
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ
10:30
in storing up and releasing so much energy in this system.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื•ื’ืจ ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
10:34
But that was not the end of the story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
10:36
Now, things -- I'm making this sound very easy, this is actually a lot of work.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื -- ืื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืžืข ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:39
And I got all these force measurements,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช,
10:41
and then I went and looked at the force output of the system.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
10:45
And this is just very simple -- time is on the X-axis
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ -- ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื” X
10:48
and the force is on the Y-axis. And you can see two peaks.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื” Y. ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืื™ื.
10:51
And that was what really got me puzzled.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช.
10:55
The first peak, obviously, is the limb hitting the load cell.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืคื” ืžื›ื” ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก.
10:58
But there's a really large second peak half a millisecond later,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืืœืคื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
11:04
and I didn't know what that was.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”.
11:06
So now, you'd expect a second peak for other reasons,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
11:09
but not half a millisecond later.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืืœืคื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
11:11
Again, going back to those high-speed videos,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืชื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
11:13
there's a pretty good hint of what might be going on.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืžื– ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื.
11:17
Here's that same orientation that we saw earlier.
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ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืข ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ.
11:19
There's that raptorial appendage -- there's the heel,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ืจืคื˜ืœื™ืช -- ื”ื ื” ื”ืขืงื‘,
11:22
and it's going to swing around and hit the load cell.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก.
11:25
And what I'd like you to do in this shot is keep your eye on this,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืœืฉื ืœื‘ ืœื–ื”,
11:28
on the surface of the load cell, as the limb comes flying through.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืคื” ืžืชืขื•ืคืคืช ืืœื™ื”.
11:33
And I hope what you are able to see is actually a flash of light.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
11:38
Audience: Wow.
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ืงื”ืœ: ื•ื•ืื•.
11:40
Sheila Patek: And so if we just take that one frame, what you can actually see there
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ืฉื™ืœื” ืคืื˜ืง: ืื– ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื
11:44
at the end of that yellow arrow is a vapor bubble.
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืช ืื“.
11:47
And what that is, is cavitation.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ืขื•ืจ.
11:49
And cavitation is an extremely potent fluid dynamic phenomenon
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ื•ืžื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื
11:53
which occurs when you have areas of water
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ื
11:56
moving at extremely different speeds.
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ื”ื–ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:58
And when this happens, it can cause areas of very low pressure,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš,
12:02
which results in the water literally vaporizing.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
12:05
And when that vapor bubble collapses, it emits sound, light and heat,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืื“ ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืฆืœื™ืœ, ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื,
12:09
and it's a very destructive process.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืจืกื ื™.
12:11
And so here it is in the stomatopod. And again, this is a situation
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“. ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”
12:16
where engineers are very familiar with this phenomenon,
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ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
12:19
because it destroys boat propellers.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืจืก ืžื“ื—ืคื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช.
12:21
People have been struggling for years to try and design
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื• ืขื ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืฆื‘
12:24
a very fast rotating boat propeller that doesn't cavitate
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ืžื“ื—ืฃ ืกื™ืจื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜
12:28
and literally wear away the metal and put holes in it,
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ื•ืฉื•ื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
12:30
just like these pictures show.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืจืื•ืช.
12:32
So this is a potent force in fluid systems, and just to sort of take it one step further,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
12:41
I'm going to show you the mantis shrimp approaching the snail.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื ื˜ื™ืก ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ.
12:44
This is taken at 20,000 frames per second, and I have to give
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘- 20,000 ืคืจื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืชืช
12:48
full credit to the BBC cameraman, Tim Green, for setting this shot up,
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ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœืฆืœื ื”-BBC, ื˜ื™ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ืฉืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
12:52
because I could never have done this in a million years --
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
12:55
one of the benefits of working with professional cameramen.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืฆืœื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
12:58
You can see it coming in, and an incredible flash of light,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข, ื•ืื– ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘,
13:02
and all this cavitation spreading over the surface of the snail.
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ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
13:06
So really, just an amazing image,
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”,
13:09
slowed down extremely, to extremely slow speeds.
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ืžื•ืื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
13:13
And again, we can see it in slightly different form there,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืืŸ,
13:16
with the bubble forming and collapsing between those two surfaces.
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ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
13:20
In fact, you might have even seen some cavitation going up the edge of the limb.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื’ืคื” ืžืชื‘ืงืขืช ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืงืฆื”.
13:25
So to solve this quandary of the two force peaks:
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืชื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื:
13:28
what I think was going on is: that first impact is actually
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื•ื, ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
13:30
the limb hitting the load cell, and the second impact is actually
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ื”ื’ืคื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื˜ืช ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก, ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
13:33
the collapse of the cavitation bubble.
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ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ืจ.
13:35
And these animals may very well be making use of
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช
13:38
not only the force and the energy stored with that specialized spring,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื•ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืื’ืจืช ื‘ืงืคื™ืฅ ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
13:42
but the extremes of the fluid dynamics. And they might actually be
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื. ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
13:46
making use of fluid dynamics as a second force for breaking the snail.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
13:50
So, really fascinating double whammy, so to speak, from these animals.
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ืื–, ื‘ืืžืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ 'ื•ื•ืืžื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ' ืžื”ืžื, ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
13:56
So, one question I often get after this talk --
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ืื–, ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื ืฉืืœืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• --
13:58
so I figured I'd answer it now -- is, well, what happens to the animal?
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ืื– ืฉื™ืขืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืขื ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -- ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
14:01
Because obviously, if it's breaking snails,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช,
14:04
the poor limb must be disintegrating. And indeed it does.
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ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:07
That's the smashing part of the heel on both these images,
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจืกืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
14:10
and it gets worn away. In fact, I've seen them wear away
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื—ืง. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื
14:12
their heel all the way to the flesh.
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ืืช ื”ืขืงื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ ืœื‘ืฉืจ.
14:14
But one of the convenient things about being an arthropod
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชืš ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคืจื•ืงื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื
14:17
is that you have to molt. And every three months or so
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ืจ. ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
14:20
these animals molt, and they build a new limb and it's no problem.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืœื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
14:25
Very, very convenient solution to that particular problem.
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื•ื— ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
14:29
So, I'd like to end on sort of a wacky note.
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช.
14:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:37
Maybe this is all wacky to folks like you, I don't know.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช.
14:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:42
So, the saddles -- that saddle-shaped spring --
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ืื–, ื”ืื•ื›ืคื™ื -- ืื•ืชื ืงืคื™ืฆื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื›ืฃ --
14:45
has actually been well known to biologists for a long time,
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
14:49
not as a spring but as a visual signal.
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ืœื ื›ืงืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืœื ื›ืกืžืžืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™.
14:53
And there's actually a spectacular colored dot
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื ืคืœืื”
14:55
in the center of the saddles of many species of stomatopods.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ื›ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื.
15:01
And this is quite interesting, to find evolutionary origins
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
15:04
of visual signals on what's really, in all species, their spring.
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ืฉืœ ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื ื™ื, ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ืฉืœื”ื.
15:10
And I think one explanation for this could be
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ
15:12
going back to the molting phenomenon.
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ื‘ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ืฉืจื”.
15:14
So these animals go into a molting period where they're
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ
15:17
unable to strike -- their bodies become very soft.
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜ -- ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื›ื™ื.
15:20
And they're literally unable to strike or they will self-destruct.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ืื—ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
15:23
This is for real. And what they do is, up until that time period
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ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช. ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื”, ืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”
15:30
when they can't strike, they become really obnoxious and awful,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜, ื”ื ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ,
15:33
and they strike everything in sight; it doesn't matter who or what.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืื• ืžื™.
15:37
And the second they get into that time point when they can't strike any more,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:41
they just signal. They wave their legs around.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกืžื ื™ื. ื”ื ืžื ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื.
15:44
And it's one of the classic examples in animal behavior of bluffing.
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ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฃ.
15:48
It's a well-established fact of these animals
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ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
15:50
that they actually bluff. They can't actually strike, but they pretend to.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื‘ืœืคื•ืช. ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
15:54
And so I'm very curious about whether those colored dots
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
15:56
in the center of the saddles are conveying some kind of information
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ื›ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข
16:00
about their ability to strike, or their strike force,
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜, ืื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื”,
16:03
and something about the time period in the molting cycle.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ืจ.
16:06
So sort of an interesting strange fact to find a visual structure
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ืื– ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™
16:11
right in the middle of their spring.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ืฉืœื”ื.
16:14
So to conclude, I mostly want to acknowledge my two collaborators,
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืชืคื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื™,
16:19
Wyatt Korff and Roy Caldwell, who worked closely with me on this.
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ื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืงืจื•ืฃ ื•ืจื•ื™ ืงื•ืœื“ื•ื•ืœ, ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
16:22
And also the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืžื™ืœื ืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื,
16:25
which gave me three years of funding to just do science all the time,
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ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
16:29
and for that I'm very grateful. Thank you very much.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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