Sheila Patek: Measuring the fastest animal on earth

137,731 views ใƒป 2007-05-17

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jimin Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:25
If you'd like to learn how to play the lobster, we have some here.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
And that's not a joke, we really do.
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๋†๋‹ด์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
So come up afterwards and I'll show you how to play a lobster.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
00:33
So, actually, I started working on what's called the mantis shrimp
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ €๋Š” ๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
00:37
a few years ago because they make sound.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
This is a recording I made of a mantis shrimp
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”
00:42
that's found off the coast of California.
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
And while that's an absolutely fascinating sound,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:58
it actually turns out to be a very difficult project.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
And while I was struggling to figure out how and why mantis shrimp,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ 
01:06
or stomatopods, make sound, I started to think about their appendages.
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์• ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
And mantis shrimp are called "mantis shrimp" after the praying mantises,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ(์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์ƒˆ์šฐ)์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
which also have a fast feeding appendage. And I started to think,
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์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š”
01:17
well, maybe it will be interesting, while listening to their sounds,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅธ
01:20
to figure out how these animals generate very fast feeding strikes.
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
And so today I'll talk about the extreme stomatopod strike,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
work that I've done in collaboration with Wyatt Korff and Roy Caldwell.
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Wyatt Korff์™€ Roy Caldwell๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
So, mantis shrimp come in two varieties:
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
there are spearers and smashers.
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์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ข…๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ข…์ด์ง€์š”.
01:35
And this is a spearing mantis shrimp, or stomatopod.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
And he lives in the sand, and he catches things that go by overhead.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์— ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์œ„๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
So, a quick strike like that. And if we slow it down a bit,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ์š”. ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:48
this is the mantis shrimp -- the same species --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ดˆ๋‹น 1,000ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋…นํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:50
recorded at 1,000 frames a second,
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์ดˆ๋‹น 15ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒํ•œ
01:52
played back at 15 frames per second.
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And you can see it's just a really spectacular extension of the limbs,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ƒˆ์šฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚š์•„์ฑ„๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
02:00
exploding upward to actually just catch
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์œ„๋กœ ์ญ‰ ๋ปฃ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„
02:03
a dead piece of shrimp that I had offered it.
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ํŒ”์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Now, the other type of mantis shrimp is the smasher stomatopod,
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
and these guys open up snails for a living.
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์ด ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ค์€ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์…”์„œ ๋จน์ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
And so this guy gets the snail all set up and gives it a good whack.
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‚ ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:19
So, I'll play it one more time.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
He wiggles it in place, tugs it with his nose, and smash.
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์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ผผ์ง€๋ฝ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์ฝ”๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊ธด ํ›„์—, ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ ๋‚ ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
And a few smashes later, the snail is broken open, and he's got a good dinner.
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๋ช‡๋ฒˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„์—, ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์ˆด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ €๋…์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
02:32
So, the smasher raptorial appendage can stab with a point at the end,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋์˜ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:36
or it can smash with the heel.
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๋’ท๊ฟˆ์น˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
And today I'll talk about the smashing type of strike.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
And so the first question that came to mind was,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
02:43
well, how fast does this limb move?
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ํŒ”์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
Because it's moving pretty darn fast on that video.
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๋น„๋””์˜ค๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:49
And I immediately came upon a problem.
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์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
Every single high-speed video system in the biology department
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๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋„
02:55
at Berkeley wasn't fast enough to catch this movement.
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์ด ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์žก์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
We simply couldn't capture it on video.
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๋น„๋””์˜ค๋กœ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋…นํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
03:01
And so this had me stymied for quite a long period of time.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
And then a BBC crew came cruising through the biology department,
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์— BBC ํŒ€์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋Ÿฌ
03:07
looking for a story to do about new technologies in biology.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
And so we struck up a deal.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์™€ BBC๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
I said, "Well, if you guys rent the high-speed video system
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์ €๋Š”, "์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋‹ด์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ
03:16
that could capture these movements,
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๋นŒ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
03:18
you guys can film us collecting the data."
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์ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
And believe it or not, they went for it. (Laughter)
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๋ฏฟ์œผ์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์‚ฌ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
So we got this incredible video system. It's very new technology --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
it just came out about a year ago --
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๋‚˜์˜จ์ง€ ์ผ๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€์•Š์€
03:29
that allows you to film at extremely high speeds in low light.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น›์ด ์ ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
And low light is a critical issue with filming animals,
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์ ์€ ๋น›์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
because if it's too high, you fry them. (Laughter)
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋น›์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์ซ“์•„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:39
So this is a mantis shrimp. There are the eyes up here,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๊ธฐ ์œ„์— ๋ˆˆ์ด ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
03:44
and there's that raptorial appendage, and there's the heel.
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์ €๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๊ณ , ์ €๊ฒƒ์ด ๋’ท๊ฟˆ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
And that thing's going to swing around and smash the snail.
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์ € ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํœ˜๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๊นจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
03:50
And the snail's wired to a stick,
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ์•„๋’€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
so he's a little bit easier to set up the shot. And -- yeah.
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์ดฌ์˜์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ตฌ์š”.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:57
I hope there aren't any snail rights activists around here.
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์ด ๊ณณ์— ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž๋“ค์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
04:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:02
So this was filmed at 5,000 frames per second,
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์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์ดˆ๋‹น 5,000ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
04:07
and I'm playing it back at 15. And so this is slowed down 333 times.
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์ดˆ๋‹น 15ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 333๋ฐฐ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:12
And as you'll notice, it's still pretty gosh darn fast
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
slowed down 333 times. It's an incredibly powerful movement.
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333๋ฐฐ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋‘์š”. ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
The whole limb extends out. The body flexes backwards --
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ํŒ” ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ญ‰ ๋ปฃ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋ชธ์€ ๋’ค๋กœ ํŽด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
just a spectacular movement.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์ง€์š”.
04:25
And so what we did is, we took a look at these videos,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
04:27
and we measured how fast the limb was moving
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ํŒ”์ด ์›๋ž˜ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
04:29
to get back to that original question.
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์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
And we were in for our first surprise.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์ž๋ง์ž ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
So what we calculated was that the limbs were moving
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํŒ”์€
04:37
at the peak speed ranging from 10 meters per second
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์ตœ๊ณ  10m/s์—์„œ 23m/s์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ
04:39
all the way up to 23 meters per second.
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์›€์ง์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
And for those of you who prefer miles per hour,
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๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:43
that's over 45 miles per hour in water. And this is really darn fast.
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๋ฌผ์†์—์„œ ์‹œ์† 45๋งˆ์ผ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด์ฃ .
04:48
In fact, it's so fast we were able to add a new point
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์†๋„๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ์„œ
04:52
on the extreme animal movement spectrum.
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์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ๋™๋ฌผ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
And mantis shrimp are officially the fastest measured feeding strike
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
of any animal system. So our first surprise.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋†€๋ผ์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:03
So that was really cool and very unexpected.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ–์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
So, you might be wondering, well, how do they do it?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
And actually, this work was done in the 1960s
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž
05:12
by a famous biologist named Malcolm Burrows.
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Malcolm Burrow์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
And what he showed in mantis shrimp is that they use
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ์—์„œ ์ž…์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žก๊ธฐ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜,
05:17
what's called a "catch mechanism," or "click mechanism."
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ํ˜น์€ ๋”ธ๊น ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
And what this basically consists of is a large muscle
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
05:24
that takes a good long time to contract,
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ์ด ๊ทผ์œก์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:26
and a latch that prevents anything from moving.
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๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ์‡ ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
So the muscle contracts, and nothing happens.
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๊ทผ์œก์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•๋˜๊ณ , ์•„๋ฌด์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
And once the muscle's contracted completely, everything's stored up --
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๊ทผ์œก์ด ์™„์ ํžˆ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๋“  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
the latch flies upward, and you've got the movement.
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๊ฑธ์‡ ๊ฐ€ ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€์š”.
05:38
And that's basically what's called a "power amplification system."
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์›Œ ์ฆํญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
It takes a long time for the muscle to contract,
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๊ทผ์œก์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ
05:43
and a very short time for the limb to fly out.
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ํŒ”์ด ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์งง๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And so I thought that this was sort of the end of the story.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
This was how mantis shrimps make these very fast strikes.
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์˜ ์ „๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:52
But then I took a trip to the National Museum of Natural History.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And if any of you ever have a chance,
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๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:58
backstage of the National Museum of Natural History
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๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ๋’ทํŽธ์€
06:00
is one of the world's best collections of preserved mantis shrimp. And what --
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:05
this is serious business for me.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง„์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:08
So, this -- what I saw, on every single mantis shrimp limb,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋“  ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋“  ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด
06:13
whether it's a spearer or a smasher,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ํŒ”์˜ ๋งจ ์œ„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ
06:15
is a beautiful saddle-shaped structure
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์•ˆ์žฅ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ
06:17
right on the top surface of the limb. And you can see it right here.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
It just looks like a saddle you'd put on a horse.
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๋ง์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ์žฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
It's a very beautiful structure.
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๋งค์šฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
And it's surrounded by membranous areas. And those membranous areas
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์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ง‰๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ง‰๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
06:30
suggested to me that maybe this is some kind of dynamically flexible structure.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
And this really sort of had me scratching my head for a while.
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์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
And then we did a series of calculations, and what we were able to show
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:41
is that these mantis shrimp have to have a spring.
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
There needs to be some kind of spring-loaded mechanism
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ํž˜๊ณผ ์†๋„,
06:48
in order to generate the amount of force that we observe,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค๋ฉด
06:50
and the speed that we observe, and the output of the system.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์Šคํ”„๋ง ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
So we thought, OK, this must be a spring --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ง์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:56
the saddle could very well be a spring.
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์•ˆ์žฅ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์ด ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
And we went back to those high-speed videos again,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
and we could actually visualize the saddle compressing and extending.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์•ˆ์žฅ์ด ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
And I'll just do that one more time.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋” ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And then if you take a look at the video --
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๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
07:11
it's a little bit hard to see -- it's outlined in yellow.
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๋ณด๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํž˜๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
The saddle is outlined in yellow. You can actually see it
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์•ˆ์žฅ์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
extending over the course of the strike, and actually hyperextending.
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๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ™•์žฅ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:19
So, we've had very solid evidence showing
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์ด์ œ ์•ˆ์žฅ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์••์ถ•๊ณผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:21
that that saddle-shaped structure actually compresses and extends,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์Šคํ”„๋ง ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
07:25
and does, in fact, function as a spring.
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
07:27
The saddle-shaped structure is also known as a "hyperbolic paraboloid surface,"
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์•ˆ์žฅ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์Œ๊ณก ํฌ๋ฌผ๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” anticlastic ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
07:32
or an "anticlastic surface."
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์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
And this is very well known to engineers and architects,
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์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
because it's a very strong surface in compression.
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์••์ถ•์— ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
It has curves in two directions,
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๋‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ปค๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
one curve upward and opposite transverse curve down the other,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ„์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ธŒ๊ณ , ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ปค๋ธŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
so any kind of perturbation spreads the forces
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ ์ง€ ํž˜์ด
07:47
over the surface of this type of shape.
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์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœํผ ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
So it's very well known to engineers, not as well known to biologists.
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์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
It's also known to quite a few people who make jewelry,
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๋ณด์„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
because it requires very little material
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„
08:01
to build this type of surface, and it's very strong.
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋งŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
So if you're going to build a thin gold structure,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์–‡์€ ๊ธˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:06
it's very nice to have it in a shape that's strong.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์ฃ .
08:08
Now, it's also known to architects. One of the most famous architects
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์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€์ธ
08:13
is Eduardo Catalano, who popularized this structure.
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Eduardo Catalano๋„ ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
And what's shown here is a saddle-shaped roof that he built
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 87๋…„์— ์ง€์€
08:19
that's 87 and a half feet spanwise.
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์•ˆ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ง€๋ถ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
It's two and a half inches thick, and supported at two points.
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๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 2.5์ธ์น˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํƒฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
And one of the reasons why he designed roofs this way is because it's --
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ง€๋ถ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด์œ ๋Š”
08:31
he found it fascinating that you could build such a strong structure
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ์ง€์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:35
that's made of so few materials and can be supported by so few points.
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋†€๋ž๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And all of these are the same principles that apply
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์˜
08:43
to the saddle-shaped spring in stomatopods.
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์•ˆ์žฅ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
In biological systems it's important not to have a whole lot
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
08:48
of extra material requirements for building it.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:51
So, very interesting parallels between the biological
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด
08:54
and the engineering worlds. And interestingly, this turns out --
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๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„,
08:58
the stomatopod saddle turns out to be the first
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๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•ˆ์žฅ์€ ์Œ๊ณก ํฌ๋ฌผ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๋Š”
09:00
described biological hyperbolic paraboloid spring.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
That's a bit long, but it is sort of interesting.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ธธ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€์š”.
09:06
So the next and final question was, well, how much force
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:09
does a mantis shrimp produce if they're able to break open snails?
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
And so I wired up what's called a load cell.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
A load cell measures forces, and this is actually
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๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋Š” ํž˜์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
a piezoelectronic load cell that has a little crystal in it.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์••์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
And when this crystal is squeezed, the electrical properties change
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์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ฐŒ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง„ ํž˜์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•ด์„œ
09:24
and it -- which -- in proportion to the forces that go in.
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์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
So these animals are wonderfully aggressive,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ณ ,
09:29
and are really hungry all the time. And so all I had to do
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํŒŒ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ผ์€
09:32
was actually put a little shrimp paste on the front of the load cell,
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์ƒˆ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜์ฃฝ์„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
and they'd smash away at it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
And so this is just a regular video of the animal
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐ์€
09:41
just smashing the heck out of this load cell.
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์•„์ฃผ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
And we were able to get some force measurements out.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํž˜์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
And again, we were in for a surprise.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
I purchased a 100-pound load cell, thinking,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด 100ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ์ด์ƒ์˜
09:51
no animal could produce more than 100 pounds at this size of an animal.
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ํž˜์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  100ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
And what do you know? They immediately overloaded the load cell.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„˜๊ฒจ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
So these are actually some old data
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ž‘์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
09:59
where I had to find the smallest animals in the lab,
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์ฐพ์•„์•ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์˜ˆ์ „ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
and we were able to measure forces of well over 100 pounds
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 100ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ์ด์ƒ์˜
10:04
generated by an animal about this big.
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ํž˜์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
And actually, just last week I got a 300-pound load cell
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ์— ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” 300ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋ฅผ
10:09
up and running, and I've clocked these animals generating
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๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” 200 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ์ด์ƒ์˜
10:12
well over 200 pounds of force.
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ํž˜์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
And again, I think this will be a world record.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ก์ผ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
I have to do a little bit more background reading,
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๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋” ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:19
but I think this will be the largest amount of force produced
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๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋‹น ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํž˜์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
by an animal of a given -- per body mass. So, really incredible forces.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ํž˜์ด์ง€์š”.
10:27
And again, that brings us back to the importance of that spring
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ํž˜์„ ์ €์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ง์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„
10:30
in storing up and releasing so much energy in this system.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
But that was not the end of the story.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Now, things -- I'm making this sound very easy, this is actually a lot of work.
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์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
And I got all these force measurements,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ,
10:41
and then I went and looked at the force output of the system.
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ํž˜์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
And this is just very simple -- time is on the X-axis
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. X์ถ•์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๊ณ ,
10:48
and the force is on the Y-axis. And you can see two peaks.
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Y์ถ•์€ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ณณ์˜ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
And that was what really got me puzzled.
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์ €๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
The first peak, obviously, is the limb hitting the load cell.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์ณค์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
But there's a really large second peak half a millisecond later,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 0.5 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ดˆ ์ •๋„ ํ›„์— ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ผญ์ง€์ ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
and I didn't know what that was.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:06
So now, you'd expect a second peak for other reasons,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ผญ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:09
but not half a millisecond later.
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0.5 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ดˆ ํ›„์˜ ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
Again, going back to those high-speed videos,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด
11:13
there's a pretty good hint of what might be going on.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ข‹์€ ํžŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
Here's that same orientation that we saw earlier.
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์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค๋˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
There's that raptorial appendage -- there's the heel,
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ญ‰๋šฑํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
and it's going to swing around and hit the load cell.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํœ˜๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
11:25
And what I'd like you to do in this shot is keep your eye on this,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ํŒ”์ด ํœ˜๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚ ์•„์˜ฌ๋•Œ
11:28
on the surface of the load cell, as the limb comes flying through.
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๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํ‘œ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:33
And I hope what you are able to see is actually a flash of light.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋ฒˆ์ฉ์ด๋Š” ์„ฌ๊ด‘์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
Audience: Wow.
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๊ด€์ค‘: ์™€์šฐ
11:40
Sheila Patek: And so if we just take that one frame, what you can actually see there
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Shelia Patek: ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๋งŒ ๋–ผ์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ . ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
11:44
at the end of that yellow arrow is a vapor bubble.
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์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
And what that is, is cavitation.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์บ๋น„ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
And cavitation is an extremely potent fluid dynamic phenomenon
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์บ๋น„ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์€ ๋ฌผ์˜ ํŠน์ •์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฐ ์†๋„์ฐจ๋กœ
11:53
which occurs when you have areas of water
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์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”
11:56
moving at extremely different speeds.
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
And when this happens, it can cause areas of very low pressure,
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์€ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์••์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ ,
12:02
which results in the water literally vaporizing.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
And when that vapor bubble collapses, it emits sound, light and heat,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น›, ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
and it's a very destructive process.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด์ง€์š”.
12:11
And so here it is in the stomatopod. And again, this is a situation
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์€
12:16
where engineers are very familiar with this phenomenon,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:19
because it destroys boat propellers.
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๋ฐฐ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
People have been struggling for years to try and design
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€
12:24
a very fast rotating boat propeller that doesn't cavitate
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์ˆด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
and literally wear away the metal and put holes in it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ๋‹ณ๊ฒŒํ•ด์„œ
12:30
just like these pictures show.
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
So this is a potent force in fluid systems, and just to sort of take it one step further,
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
I'm going to show you the mantis shrimp approaching the snail.
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
This is taken at 20,000 frames per second, and I have to give
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์ดˆ๋‹น 20,000 ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
full credit to the BBC cameraman, Tim Green, for setting this shot up,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์ฐ๊ฒŒํ•ด์ค€ BBC ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฉด Tim Green์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
because I could never have done this in a million years --
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
one of the benefits of working with professional cameramen.
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์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋งจ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
12:58
You can see it coming in, and an incredible flash of light,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ , ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์„ฌ๊ด‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ,
13:02
and all this cavitation spreading over the surface of the snail.
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์บ๋น„ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
So really, just an amazing image,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ, ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์ƒํ•œ
13:09
slowed down extremely, to extremely slow speeds.
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๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
And again, we can see it in slightly different form there,
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๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
with the bubble forming and collapsing between those two surfaces.
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๋‘ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
In fact, you might have even seen some cavitation going up the edge of the limb.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํŒ”์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์บ๋น„ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
So to solve this quandary of the two force peaks:
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์ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ผญ์ง€์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
what I think was going on is: that first impact is actually
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํŒ”์ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์นœ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ณ ,
13:30
the limb hitting the load cell, and the second impact is actually
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์บ๋น„ํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
13:33
the collapse of the cavitation bubble.
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์ƒ๊ธด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
And these animals may very well be making use of
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋“ค์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์— ๋‹ด์•„๋‘”
13:38
not only the force and the energy stored with that specialized spring,
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ํž˜๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ค„ ์•Œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:42
but the extremes of the fluid dynamics. And they might actually be
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์œ ์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
making use of fluid dynamics as a second force for breaking the snail.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
So, really fascinating double whammy, so to speak, from these animals.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
So, one question I often get after this talk --
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ•œ ํ›„์— ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
so I figured I'd answer it now -- is, well, what happens to the animal?
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
14:01
Because obviously, if it's breaking snails,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํž˜๋“ค์ด ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ˆœ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:04
the poor limb must be disintegrating. And indeed it does.
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๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ํŒ”๋„ ๋ถ€์„œ์ค˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
That's the smashing part of the heel on both these images,
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์ € ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ ํŒ”์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
and it gets worn away. In fact, I've seen them wear away
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์ ์  ๋‹ณ์•„์ง€์ง€์š”. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ณ์•„์ ธ์„œ
14:12
their heel all the way to the flesh.
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ด๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
But one of the convenient things about being an arthropod
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ˆ์ง€๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”
14:17
is that you have to molt. And every three months or so
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ํƒˆํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„ธ๋‹ฌ์ •๋„์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ
14:20
these animals molt, and they build a new limb and it's no problem.
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ํƒˆํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ ํŒ”์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
14:25
Very, very convenient solution to that particular problem.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
So, I'd like to end on sort of a wacky note.
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๊ดด์งœ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:37
Maybe this is all wacky to folks like you, I don't know.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ดด์งœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:42
So, the saddles -- that saddle-shaped spring --
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์ด ์•ˆ์žฅ, ์•ˆ์žฅ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์€
14:45
has actually been well known to biologists for a long time,
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
not as a spring but as a visual signal.
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์Šคํ”„๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋กœ์จ์š”.
14:53
And there's actually a spectacular colored dot
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ข…์˜ ์•ˆ์žฅ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
14:55
in the center of the saddles of many species of stomatopods.
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
And this is quite interesting, to find evolutionary origins
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์‹œ์˜
15:04
of visual signals on what's really, in all species, their spring.
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์ง„ํ™”์  ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ ์—ญ์‹œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
And I think one explanation for this could be
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์ €๋Š” ํƒˆํ”ผ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:12
going back to the molting phenomenon.
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
So these animals go into a molting period where they're
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ ธ์„œ
15:17
unable to strike -- their bodies become very soft.
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํƒˆํ”ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
And they're literally unable to strike or they will self-destruct.
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
This is for real. And what they do is, up until that time period
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์ •๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
15:30
when they can't strike, they become really obnoxious and awful,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚˜์˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•ด์ ธ์„œ
15:33
and they strike everything in sight; it doesn't matter who or what.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
And the second they get into that time point when they can't strike any more,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์ž‘์€
15:41
they just signal. They wave their legs around.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
And it's one of the classic examples in animal behavior of bluffing.
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ํ—ˆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
15:48
It's a well-established fact of these animals
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์ œ๋“ค์ด ํ—ˆํ’์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ
15:50
that they actually bluff. They can't actually strike, but they pretend to.
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์ž˜ ์ •๋ฆฝ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ฒ™ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:54
And so I'm very curious about whether those colored dots
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์ €๋Š” ์•ˆ์žฅ ์ค‘์•™์˜ ์ ์ด
15:56
in the center of the saddles are conveying some kind of information
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ •๋„
16:00
about their ability to strike, or their strike force,
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ํƒˆํ”ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
16:03
and something about the time period in the molting cycle.
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๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
So sort of an interesting strange fact to find a visual structure
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์Šคํ”„๋ง์˜ ์ •์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
16:11
right in the middle of their spring.
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€์š”.
16:14
So to conclude, I mostly want to acknowledge my two collaborators,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ,์ €์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ์ผํ•œ ์ €์˜ ๋‘ ๋™๋ฃŒ
16:19
Wyatt Korff and Roy Caldwell, who worked closely with me on this.
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Wyatt Korff์™€ Roy Caldwell์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
And also the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋งŒ ๋งค์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด ์ค€
16:25
which gave me three years of funding to just do science all the time,
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Miller Institue for Basic Research in Science์—๋„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
and for that I'm very grateful. Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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