Katie Mack: Life-altering questions about the end of the universe | TED

57,351 views ใƒป 2021-10-15

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Shimaa Nabil ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Nawfal Aljabali
00:12
Lily James Olds: Hi, Katie, welcome.
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ู„ูŠู„ูŠ ุฌูŠู…ุณ: ู…ุฑุญุจุงู‹ ูƒุงุชูŠุŒ ุฃู‡ู„ุงู‹ ุจูƒ.
00:15
Katie Mack: Thank you. Thanks for having me.
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ูƒุงุชูŠ ู…ุงูƒ: ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒ. ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ุงุณุชุถุงูุชูŠ.
00:17
LJO: So happy to have you.
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ู„ูŠู„ูŠ: ุฃู†ุง ุณุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ุงุณุชุถุงูุชูƒ.
00:18
I would love if, for those of us who are not astrophysicists,
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ุฃุญุจ ุฃู†ุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุนู„ู…ุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠุฉุŒ
00:22
you could return and help us give a little refresher
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ู…ุณุงุนุฏุชู†ุง ููŠ ุฅู†ุนุงุด ุงู„ุฐุงูƒุฑุฉ
00:25
on how the universe did begin and how we know that.
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ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุจุฏุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆูƒูŠู ู†ุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ.
00:29
KM: Right, right, yeah.
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ูƒุงุชูŠ: ุตุญูŠุญุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŒ ู†ุนู….
00:30
So we know actually quite a lot about the early universe,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุฑู ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุนู† ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
00:34
about the beginning of the universe,
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ุญูˆู„ ู†ุดุฃุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
00:36
because we can actually see it.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ูุนู„.
00:39
And this is the wildest part of astronomy,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฎุทุฑ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒุ›
00:43
that we can see the beginning of the universe.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ู†ุดุฃุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
00:47
So the universe is about 13.8 billion years old,
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ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 13.8 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉุŒ
00:50
and when we look out into the cosmos, we see distant galaxies.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ ู†ุฑู‰ ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ.
00:55
And when we look at the distant ones, they're all moving away from us.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุฉุŒ ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุนู†ุง.
00:58
And so for a long time, there's been this idea that, well,
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ูุงุฏู‡ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ
01:01
if the galaxies are moving away from us now,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู†ุง ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ
01:03
they must have been closer in the past.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ.
01:06
The universe in the past must have been smaller in some sense,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ุฃุตุบุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุงุŒ
01:10
hotter and denser,
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณุฎูˆู†ุฉ ูˆูƒุซุงูุฉุŒ
01:11
everything packed into less space.
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ุนุจุฃ ููŠ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฃุตุบุฑ.
01:14
And that's the Big Bang theory,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
01:16
the idea that the universe was smaller and denser and hotter in the past.
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ูˆููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุฃุตุบุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒุซุงูุฉ ูˆุณุฎูˆู†ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ.
01:20
And we got really direct evidence of that in the 1960s
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ูˆุญุตู„ู†ุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ูŠุงุช
01:25
when we're able to actually see the light
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ
01:29
from the very early universe.
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
01:30
So let me take one more step back.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุณู…ุญูŠ ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก.
01:33
When we look at a distant galaxy,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌุฑุฉ โ€‹โ€‹ุจุนูŠุฏุฉุŒ
01:35
the light from that galaxy takes some time to reach us.
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ูŠุณุชุบุฑู‚ ู†ูˆุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง.
01:38
So we see, you know, we see a galaxy shining.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุฑู‰ -ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู†- ู†ุฑู‰ ู…ุฌุฑุฉ ุณุงุทุนุฉ.
01:40
That light might have taken a billion years to cross the space
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุถูˆุก ู‚ุฏ ุงุชุฎุฐ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุนุงู… ู„ุนุจูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ
01:45
between there and here.
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ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง.
01:46
We can see galaxies that are so distant
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
01:48
that the light took 10 billion years, even 13 billion years to reach us,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุถูˆุก 10 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุณู†ุฉุŒ ุญุชู‰ 13 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุงุŒ
01:53
and the universe is only 13.8 billion years old.
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ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูŠุจู„ุบ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ 13.8 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ูู‚ุท.
01:56
So what happens if you look at something so far away
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ุฅุฐู† ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุชู ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุจุนูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹
01:59
that the light has taken more than, you know,
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ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†
02:02
more than 13 billion years to reach us?
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13 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุงุŸ
02:04
What happens when you try and look at something even farther?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุญุงูˆู„ูŠู† ุฃู† ุชู†ุธุฑูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุจุนูŠุฏุŸ
02:09
Well, there's a limit to how far you can look,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุฏ ู„ู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ูˆุญ ุจู‡ุŒ
02:11
the observable universe,
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ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡ุŒ
02:12
and that limit is defined by how long it takes light to travel.
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ูˆูŠุชู… ุชุนุฑูŠู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ู„ู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„.
02:17
So if something is so far away
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹
02:20
that the light would take 15 billion years to reach us,
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ูุงู„ุถูˆุก ุณูŠุณุชุบุฑู‚ 15 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุงุŒ
02:23
we can't see it because the light hasn't gotten here yet.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑ ู„ู… ูŠุตู„ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุนุฏ.
02:26
But if we look at something that's, you know, so far away,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุจุนูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุŒ
02:29
the light's taken 13.8 billion years to reach us,
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ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุถูˆุก 13.8 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุงุŒ
02:32
then what we're looking at is a time when the universe was just beginning.
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ุซู… ู…ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ููŠู‡ ู„ู„ุชูˆ.
02:36
We're looking at the light from the very beginning of the universe
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุจุญุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑ ู…ู† ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
02:39
and what we should see, if we look at something that far away,
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ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุจุนูŠุฏุŒ
02:42
is fire, right?
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
02:44
So we take this idea
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ูุงุฏู‡ุง
02:46
that the early universe was hot and dense,
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ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุจูƒุฑ ูƒุงู† ุณุงุฎู†ุงู‹ ูˆูƒุซูŠูุงู‹ุŒ
02:48
everywhere in the cosmos was, like, filled with this sort of roiling plasma.
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุกุŒ ู…ู„ูŠุก ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุง ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ.
02:53
And so if we look far enough away, we should see it,
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
02:56
because we're looking so far back in time
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
02:58
that we're looking at the time when the whole universe was on fire.
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุชุทู„ุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ ู…ุดุชุนู„.
03:02
And we do see that shockingly,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุตุฏู…ุฉุŒ
03:05
we actually do see that.
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ู†ุญู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
03:07
When we use microwave telescopes,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆูˆูŠูุŒ
03:11
we see this background light every direction we look.
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ู†ุฑู‰ ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡.
03:14
You know, at the edges of our vision, is this heat, this fire,
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ุฃู†ุช ุชุนุฑููŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุฑุคูŠุชู†ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุงุฑุŒ
03:20
and we know that it's heat,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุญุฑุงุฑุฉุŒ
03:21
we can analyze the spectrum of the light
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุทูŠู ุงู„ุถูˆุกุŒ
03:25
and we can see that this microwave light,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุฃู† ุถูˆุก ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆูˆูŠู ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
03:27
this radiation,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุดุนุงุนุŒ
03:28
is the kind of light you get when something is just glowing
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ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชูˆู‡ุฌ ูู‚ุท
03:31
because it's hot.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุญุงุฑ.
03:33
And so we can see that every direction we look,
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุŒ
03:35
if we look far enough away, weโ€™re looking so far back in time
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ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉุŒ ูู†ุญู† ู†ุชุทู„ุน ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
03:38
that we're seeing a universe that is still on fire.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑู‰ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ูƒุชู„ุฉ ู†ุงุฑ.
03:42
So that's the Big Bang.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
03:43
Exactly what happened, you know, around that time,
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ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ุจุงู„ุถุจุทุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
03:47
how that fire got started,
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ูˆูƒูŠู ุจุฏุฃุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑุŒ
03:49
that's a whole other very complicated story that we're still figuring out.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุตุฉ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ุง ู†ุฒุงู„ ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠู‡ุง.
03:53
So we think that, you know,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ
03:54
before the fiery part there was this inflation, this rapid expansion.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู†ุงุฑูŠ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุถุฎู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูˆุณุน ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน.
03:59
Before that, maybe there was a singularity,
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชูุฑุฏุŒ
04:01
maybe not, we don't know.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุงุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู.
04:03
We don't know what started that rapid expansion.
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุฏุฃ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูˆุณุน ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน.
04:06
But we do know that for the first 380,000 years of the cosmos,
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฃูˆู„ 380.000 ุนุงู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
04:11
it was this sort of,
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู†ุŒ
04:14
all of space was filled with this fire.
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู…ู„ูŠุก ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ.
04:17
And we know that because we can see it.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
04:20
LJO: It's amazing.
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ู„ูŠู„ูŠ: ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฐู‡ู„.
04:21
Well, let's get into some of the juicy specifics
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุฏุนูŠู†ุง ู†ุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„
04:24
of how exactly the universe might end.
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ุนู† ูƒูŠู ุฑุจู…ุง ุณูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ุถุจุท.
04:27
I know that you've talked to many other cosmologists yourself
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ูƒ ุชุญุฏุซุชู ู…ุน ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†ุŒ
04:31
and there are a lot of different theories on this.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตุฏุฏ.
04:33
Where do you think we should begin?
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ุฃูŠู† ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุจุฏุฃุŸ
04:35
Dealer's choice.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ.
04:36
What's in store for us?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฒู†ุŸ
04:38
KM: Well, so the one that is, as far as we know, the most likely,
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ูƒุงุชูŠ: ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุนู„ู…ู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุฑุฌูŠุญุงู‹ุŒ
04:43
the one that we talk about the most in cosmology, is the heat death.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุชุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠ.
04:47
So this is what I discussed in my TED Talk,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุงู‚ุดุชู‡ ููŠ ู…ุญุงุฏุซุฉ TED ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูŠุŒ
04:50
and the idea there is that, you know, the universe is currently expanding.
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ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูŠุชูˆุณุน ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹.
04:54
Galaxies are getting farther and farther apart from each other.
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ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ุชุจุชุนุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู† ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
04:57
When we measured the expansion,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุชู…ุฏุฏุŒ
05:00
it turned out that it was not slowing down at all,
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ุงุชุถุญ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูŠุชุจุงุทุฃ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ุŒ
05:03
it was actually speeding up.
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ุจู„ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูŠุชุณุงุฑุน.
05:04
And that was like if you throw a ball up into the air,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู…ุง ู„ูˆ ุฑู…ูŠุช ูƒุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุกุŒ
05:08
it slows down for a little while and then just shoots off into space.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุจุทุฆ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุซู… ุชู†ุทู„ู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก.
05:12
Itโ€™s very similar physics,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
05:13
and we didn't have any idea why that should happen.
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูŠ ููƒุฑุฉ ุนู† ุณุจุจ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุฐู„ูƒ.
05:17
So we still don't know why that's happening.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ุฒู„ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุณุจุจ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุฐู„ูƒ.
05:19
We attribute it to something we call โ€œdark energy.โ€
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ู†ุนุฒูˆู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ โ€œุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉโ€œ.
05:23
We don't know what dark energy is.
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ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ.
05:24
It's just something that seems to be pushing things apart,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุดูŠุก ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฏูุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ุŒ
05:27
making the universe expand faster.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูŠุชู…ุฏุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุฑุน.
05:29
And because of that, it looks like we will end up
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ูˆุจุณุจุจ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุณูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ
05:34
with everything, really --
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ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ ุญู‚ุงู‹ -
05:37
you know, all the galaxies really isolated,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ู…ุนุฒูˆู„ุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ
05:39
the stars will die away.
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ุณุชุชู„ุงุดู‰ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู….
05:41
The universe will get very dark, very cold.
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ุณูŠุตุจุญ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ุธู„ู…ุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆุจุงุฑุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
05:44
And you know, we'll end up with this basically empty,
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ูˆุฃู†ุช ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุณู†ู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฎุงู„ู
05:47
cold, dark, lonely universe.
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ูˆุจุงุฑุฏ ูˆู…ุธู„ู… ูˆูˆุญูŠุฏ.
05:50
And that's called the heat death.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠ.
05:52
The reason it's called the heat death
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ุณุจุจ ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ ุจุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠ
05:54
is because, like ...
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ู…ุซู„...
05:56
Everything's decaying into, like, the waste heat of creation.
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠุชุญู„ู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ู‡ุฏุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฎู„ูŠู‚ุฉ.
06:01
So, you know, just as you can't have a machine that's perfectly efficient,
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ูƒู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุขู„ุฉ ูุนุงู„ุฉ ูƒู„ูŠุงู‹ุŒ
06:06
it'll always lose a little bit of energy through friction.
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ุณุชูู‚ุฏ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุงุญุชูƒุงูƒ.
06:09
That's a property of physics in general,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ ู„ู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…ุŒ
06:12
it's called the second law of thermodynamics.
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ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ.
06:14
Everything sort of decays into entropy, into disorder,
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠุชุญู„ู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุชุฑูˆุจูŠุงุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ููˆุถู‰ุŒ
06:19
and that is called heat from a physics perspective.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠ.
06:23
So the heat death is when nothing is left but the waste heat of the universe.
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠุชุจู‚ู‰ ุณูˆู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุฏุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
06:28
Which is part of why it's fun to talk about the alternatives,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุณุจุจ ู…ุชุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆู„ุŒ
06:31
because we don't know for sure that the heat death will happen.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ูŠู‚ูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠ ุณูŠุญุฏุซ.
06:34
Partially because we don't know what dark energy is.
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ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌุฒุฆูŠ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ.
06:37
We don't understand this stuff that's making the universe expand faster.
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ูู‡ู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูŠุชู…ุฏุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุฑุน.
06:41
Maybe it's just a property of space where, you know,
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูุถุงุก ุญูŠุซุŒ
06:43
space just has this sort of, expansion built in,
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ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุณุน ุงู„ู…ุฏู…ุฌุŒ
06:47
and it'll keep going the way it's going.
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ูˆุณูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู…ุฏุฏ ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู…ุฏุฏ ุจู‡ุง.
06:49
But maybe it's something that changes over time.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุจู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
06:51
Maybe it'll turn around and we'll get a big crunch
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุณูˆู ูŠู†ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆุณู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุตู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ
06:54
and everything will come back together.
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ูˆุณูŠุนูˆุฏ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ุนุงู‹.
06:55
Or maybe it'll become more powerful.
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ุฃูˆ ุฑุจู…ุง ุณุชุตุจุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ูˆุฉ.
06:58
And then you end up with something called a โ€œBig Rip,โ€
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ุซู… ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุดูŠุก ูŠุณู…ู‰ โ€œุงู„ุชู…ุฒู‚ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑโ€ุŒ
07:01
where if the dark energy becomes more powerful,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุตุจุญ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ูˆุฉุŒ
07:04
it starts to not just move galaxies apart from each other,
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู† ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถุŒ
07:07
but actually expand the space in galaxies and move stars away from galaxies
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชูˆุณุน ุงู„ูุถุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ูˆุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช
07:12
and then pull apart planets and stars
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ุซู… ุชูุตู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูˆุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…
07:15
and eventually destroy the entire universe.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
07:18
So those are other possibilities that I talk about in the book.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฏุซุช ุนู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ.
07:21
Because we don't know what dark energy is,
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŒ
07:23
and we don't know for sure what it'll do in the future.
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ูˆู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ูŠู‚ูŠู† ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุชูุนู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
07:27
LJO: I want to open up to some of the questions from the audience.
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ู„ูŠู„ูŠ: ุฃุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุทุฑุญ ุจุนุถ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ.
07:31
Vasily asks,
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ุชุณุฃู„ ูุงุณูŠู„ูŠ:
07:33
"Have you ever asked the question 'If there were no universe,
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โ€œู‡ู„ ุณุจู‚ ู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุทุฑุญุชู ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ โ€ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
07:36
what would there be?'
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ูู…ุงุฐุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŸโ€
07:37
This leads to the question of what will be after the universe ends?"
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู‚ูˆุฏู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ ุนู…ุง ุณูŠุญุฏุซ ุจุนุฏ ุงู†ุชู‡ุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŸโ€
07:42
KM: So I think that gets into tricky questions
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ูƒุงุชูŠ: ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุตุนุจุฉ
07:45
of how do you define universe, right?
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ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
07:48
So you can define universe as being everything,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ
07:52
and then it becomes a less clear question.
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ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ูŠุตุจุญ ุณุคุงู„ุงู‹ ุฃู‚ู„ ูˆุถูˆุญุงู‹.
07:55
What does it mean for something other than everything?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ ุณูˆู‰ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŸ
08:00
Then, you know, if there is anything else,
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ุซู… ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑุŒ
08:02
it's by definition part of the universe.
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ูู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
08:06
But one of the ways we often talk about the universe in cosmology,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุจู‡ุง ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
08:10
is we talk about the observable universe,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠุŒ
08:12
where the observable universe is the part of the cosmos we can see,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุŒ
08:17
where the light has had time to reach us since the Big Bang.
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู….
08:20
So I talked about that before.
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ุชุญุฏุซุช ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
08:21
The edge of the observable universe is where we see that Big Bang light.
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ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑู‰ ููŠู‡ ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู….
08:25
The actual universe,
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠ
08:29
we think extends far beyond the edge of the observable universe.
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ูŠู…ุชุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู† ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ.
08:32
The observable universe is just a perspective thing.
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ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ.
08:35
It's like a horizon when you're on Earth,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃูู‚ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
08:37
you can only see so far because of where you're standing,
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู‚ู ููŠู‡ุŒ
08:40
but the Earth keeps going beyond the horizon.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุชุณุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุงู„ุฃูู‚.
08:42
And similarly, with the universe, we're pretty sure that it extends
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ูˆุจุงู„ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ ู†ุญู† ุนู„ู‰ ูŠู‚ูŠู† ู…ู† ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ุชุฏ
08:47
much, much farther than what we can see, what we can observe.
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ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡.
08:51
But we can see the observable universe and we can study,
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉุŒ
08:54
we can learn about the observable universe,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠุŒ
08:56
and we can't get any information about what's beyond it.
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุกู‡.
08:59
So, you know, that brings up things like a multiverse,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุซูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุŒ
09:03
where you can have regions of space that are so far away from us
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุนู†ุง
09:06
that theyโ€™re effectively another universe,
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ุจุญูŠุซ ุชูƒูˆู† ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ ูƒูˆู†ุงู‹ ุขุฎุฑุŒ
09:09
and those regions can have a totally different history,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ
09:13
a totally different future,
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ูˆู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ
09:14
different laws of physics even.
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ุญุชู‰ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
09:17
So, there are possibilities for things that carry on
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช ู„ู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชู…ุฑ
09:21
long after our observable universe is decayed into entropy
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ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุชุญู„ู„ ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุชุฑูˆุจูŠุง
09:27
or maybe meets another fate.
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ุฃูˆ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูˆุงุฌู‡ ู…ุตูŠุฑุงู‹ ุขุฎุฑ.
09:30
And there are even possibilities
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช
09:33
where there could be higher dimensions of space,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู„ู„ูุถุงุกุŒ
09:38
like directions that we can't conceive,
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุตูˆุฑู‡ุงุŒ
09:41
you know, space that's separated from us by some other dimension of space,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ู…ู†ูุตู„ ุนู†ุง ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ูุถุงุกุŒ
09:46
some other direction that we don't, you know,
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุตูˆุฑู‡ุงุŒ
09:48
perpendicular to all of our spatial directions,
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ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŒ
09:51
which I can't sort of envision.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุชุตูˆุฑู‡ุง ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง.
09:54
But mathematically, that makes sense in some ways.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงู‹ุŒ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ ู…ู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุญูŠ.
09:58
So there are those kinds of possibilities.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช.
10:02
And you know, you can get into really weird stuff
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ูˆุชุนุฑููŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ููŠ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹
10:04
about the nature of space and time
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ุญูˆู„ ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†
10:07
with you if you really dig into it.
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุชู ุงู„ุชุนู…ู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุญู‚ุงู‹.
10:09
But in the book,
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุŒ
10:12
I really just talk about our observable universe in terms of the fate of that,
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ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ูู‚ุท ุนู† ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ูˆุนู† ู…ุตูŠุฑู‡ุŒ
10:16
because that's all we can really study.
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฏุฑุงุณุชู‡ ุญู‚ุงู‹.
10:18
I do talk a little bit about the multiverse
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุฃูƒูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ
10:20
and the possibilities of other parts of space.
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ูˆุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุงุช ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก.
10:24
But in terms of what happens when our universe is destroyed,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ูƒูˆู†ู†ุงุŒ
10:28
I mean, it depends on how it's destroyed,
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ุฃุนู†ูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑู‡ุŒ
10:31
whether thereโ€™s, you know, the observable universe is over
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ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุงู†ุชู‡ู‰
10:34
but there's more space beyond it or not.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูˆุฑุงุกู‡ ุฃู… ู„ุง.
10:38
And that's all the realm of speculation at the moment.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ู‡ ุชูƒู‡ู†ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ.
10:41
LJO: So I want to switch gears a little bit,
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ู„ูŠู„ูŠ: ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ุŒ
10:44
because one of the articles that you wrote fairly recently
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ู„ุฃู† ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุชุจุชู‡ุง ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹
10:48
talked about how time and space might not be real,
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ุชุญุฏุซุช ุนู† ูƒูŠู ุฃู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
10:52
and how there might be a deeper,
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ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุฉ ุฃุนู…ู‚
10:54
more abstract mathematical reality to the universe,
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ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุฌุฑูŠุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
10:57
and that time and space might just be what we perceive.
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุฏุฑูƒู‡.
11:01
Can you tell us more about this?
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ู‡ู„ู‘ุง ุญุฏุซุชู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุŸ
11:02
How is this possible?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู…ูƒู†ุงู‹ุŸ
11:04
Talk about your mind doing backflips.
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ุชุญุฏุซูŠ ุนู† ุนู‚ู„ูƒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุจุฃููƒุงุฑ ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ.
11:06
KM: Yeah, yeah, this is really wild.
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ูƒุงุชูŠ: ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฌุงู…ุญ.
11:10
So I first heard about this a couple of years ago
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ุณู…ุนุช ุจู‡ุฐุง ู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ุจุถุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช
11:15
where somebody was talking about how,
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ุซู…ุฉ ุดุฎุต ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ูƒูŠูุŒ
11:19
if you do calculations of particles interacting with other particles,
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฌุฑูŠุช ุญุณุงุจุงุช ู„ู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
11:24
like the kind of stuff relevant to particle collider experiments
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ู…ุซู„ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุตู„ุฉ ุจุชุฌุงุฑุจ ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช
11:27
where you're slamming protons into each other
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุตุทุฏู… ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู†ุงุช ุจุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ
11:30
and measuring what happens to the particles that come out,
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ูˆุชู‚ูŠุณ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู„ู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุฑุฌุŒ
11:33
there are ways to do those calculations
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑู‚ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช
11:35
where you can kind of put them into an abstract mathematical format
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุตูŠุบุฉ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุฉ ู…ุฌุฑุฏุฉ
11:42
and do the calculation.
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช.
11:44
And then you get the same answer
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ
11:46
as if you do the calculation the usual way,
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ูƒู…ุง ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุช ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุงุฏุฉุŒ
11:48
assuming, you know, it's actually particles moving through space
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ุจุงูุชุฑุงุถุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ูุถุงุก
11:51
and interacting with each other in space and time.
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ูˆุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†.
11:55
And since there are ways to do some of these calculations
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ูˆู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุทุฑู‚ ู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช
11:59
without making use of the ideas of space or time,
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ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุงุณุชูุงุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†ุŒ
12:02
you just have this sort of abstract mathematical space,
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ูู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูู‚ุท ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฏุฉุŒ
12:04
it sort of suggests that maybe space and time are not helping you
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ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดูŠุฑ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠุณุงุนุฏูƒ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†
12:09
and not necessary for understanding how these processes work.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠูŠู† ู„ู„ูู‡ู… ูƒูŠู ุชุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช.
12:13
And there is actually a lot that you can calculate in physics
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุญุณุงุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก
12:17
at the sort of, subatomic scale,
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ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุฐุฑูŠุŒ
12:19
where space and time are not salient variables.
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ู…ุชุบูŠุฑูŠู† ุจุงุฑุฒูŠู†.
12:23
They're not part of the calculation.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ู„ูŠุณุง ุฌุฒุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุณุงุจ.
12:25
And you get the right answer when you do that.
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ูˆุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
12:28
And that sort of hints at this idea
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู„ู…ูŠุญุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
12:30
that maybe space and time are not the fundamental things
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ูุงุฏู‡ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ูŠุณุง ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
12:34
that govern how the universe works,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุญูƒู… ุจูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
12:36
that you don't have to assume that, you know,
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงูุชุฑุงุถ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
12:39
everything happens in a background of a space measured by time.
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ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ูุถุงุก ูŠู‚ุงุณ ุจุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
12:44
If you talk to the theoretical physicists who are working in these areas
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ุฅุฐุง ุชุญุฏุซุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช
12:48
and are actually doing these calculations, doing these equations,
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุชุŒ ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุชุŒ
12:51
they will say things like,
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ุณูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„:
12:53
"Oh yeah, we've known for years
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โ€œุฃูˆู‡ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนุฑูู†ุง ู…ู†ุฐ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
12:54
that space and time are not fundamental."
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ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ู„ูŠุณุง ุฃุณุงุณูŠูŠู†.โ€
12:57
And you're like, "Wait, what?"
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ูุชู‚ูˆู„ูŠู†: โ€œุงู†ุชุธุฑุŒ ู…ุงุฐุงุŸโ€
13:01
LJO: I missed that memo.
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ู„ูŠู„ูŠ: ูุงุชุชู†ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒุฑุฉ.
13:03
KM: Yeah, no, totally.
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ูƒุงุชูŠ: ุฃุฌู„ุŒ ู„ุงุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹.
13:06
And you dig down into it and they say,
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ูˆุฃู†ุช ุชุชุนู…ู‚ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†:
13:08
"Well, you know, maybe they're emergent."
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โ€œุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ู…ุจุชุฏุฆูŠู†.โ€
13:10
Maybe it's like, you know, they're sort of real.
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ุฑุจู…ุงุŒ ู‡ู… ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠูˆู†.
13:12
Like, we live in space, we experience time.
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ู…ุซู„ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุกุŒ ูˆู†ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
13:15
But the actual, sort of, fabric of the universe
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ู„ูƒู† ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก
13:20
is some other mathematical space that just doesn't map well
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ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุชุทุงุจู‚ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ
13:24
to space and time.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†.
13:26
That's not the same kind of thing, doesn't follow the same kind of rules.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ูˆุนุŒ ู„ุง ูŠุชุจุน ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ.
13:30
But in some sense, you know, maybe we are mathematical,
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฑูŠุงุถูŠูŠู†ุŒ
13:35
you know, some kind of instantiation of mathematics
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ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู…ุซูŠู„ ู„ู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช
13:38
rather than objects in space existing in time.
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ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.
13:42
And that's the more fundamental thing.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฌูˆู‡ุฑูŠุฉ.
13:45
And it's just that because of our perspective, because of our experience,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูู‚ุท ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑู†ุงุŒ ูˆุจุณุจุจ ุฎุจุฑุชู†ุงุŒ
13:48
we think we see objects in space and time.
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†.
13:51
In fact, that is not what the universe is really made of.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุง ุตู†ุน ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุญู‚ุงู‹.
13:58
LJO: I love that.
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ู„ูŠู„ูŠ: ุฃุญุจ ุฐู„ูƒ.
14:00
You know, it turns out you are also a poet.
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ุงุชุถุญ ุฃู†ูƒ ุดุงุนุฑุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹.
14:03
I don't want to put you on the spot, but I'm wondering,
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ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠูƒุŒ ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุฃุชุณุงุกู„ุŒ
14:06
I really love your poem "Disorientation,"
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ุฃู†ุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฃุญุจ ู‚ุตูŠุฏุชูƒ โ€œุงู„ุงุฑุชุจุงูƒุŒโ€
14:10
and I feel like it states this really beautifully, actually.
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ูˆุฃุดุนุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชูˆุถุญ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌู…ูŠู„ ุญู‚ุงู‹.
14:13
I was wondering if you'd be willing to read the last few stanzas?
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุชุณุงุกู„ ุนู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุนุŸ
14:17
KM: Sure, yeah, I can do that.
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ูƒุงุชูŠ: ู†ุนู…ุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏุŒ ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุฐู„ูƒ.
14:21
Yes, this was a poem I wrote a few years ago,
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ู†ุนู…ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ุตูŠุฏุฉ ูƒุชุจุชู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุจุถุน ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ
14:23
and I wrote it as a Twitter thread actually,
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ูˆูƒุชุจุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒุชุบุฑูŠุฏุงุช ู…ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชูˆูŠุชุฑุŒ
14:25
just because I thought it would be kind of fun.
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ูู‚ุท ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏุช ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู…ุชุนุฉ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง.
14:28
So each stanza is a tweet.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู„ ู…ู‚ุทุน ู‡ูˆ ุชุบุฑูŠุฏุฉ.
14:30
But it sort of encapsulates how I think about the universe.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุชู„ุฎุต ูƒูŠู ุฃููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
14:34
So, yeah, this is the last bit.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ.
14:36
I want you to believe that the universe is a vast, random, uncaring place
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒ ุฃู† ุชุตุฏู‚ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ูƒุงู† ุดุงุณุนุŒ ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุŒ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชุฑุซุŒ
14:41
in which our species, our world, has absolutely no significance
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฌู†ุณู†ุง ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุŒ ู„ุนุงู„ู…ู†ุงุŒ ุฃูŠ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
14:46
And I want you to believe
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒ ุฃู† ุชุตุฏู‚
14:47
that the only response is to make our own beauty
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑุฏ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู†ุตู†ุน ุฌู…ุงู„ุงู‹ ูŠุฎุตู†ุง
14:49
and meaning and to share it while we can
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ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠู†ุง ูˆุฃู† ู†ุดุงุฑูƒู‡ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง
14:52
I want to make you wonder what is out there.
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฌุนู„ูƒ ุชุชุณุงุกู„ ุนู…ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
14:55
What dreams may come in waves of radiation
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฃุญู„ุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฃุชูŠ ููŠ ู…ูˆุฌุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุดุนุงุน
14:57
across the breadth of an endless expanse.
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ุนุจุฑ ุงุชุณุงุน ุฑู‚ุนุฉ ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุง.
15:00
What we may know, given time,
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ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
15:02
and what splendors may never, ever reach us
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ูˆู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠุตู„ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ุฑูˆุนุชู‡ ุฃุจุฏุงู‹ุŒ
15:06
I want to make it mean something to you.
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู„ูƒ.
15:09
That you are in the cosmos.
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ุฃู†ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
15:10
That you are of the cosmos.
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ุฃู†ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
15:12
That you were born from stardust
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ุฃู†ูƒ ูˆู„ุฏุช ู…ู† ุบุจุงุฑ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…
15:14
and to stardust you will return.
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ูˆุณูˆู ุชุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ูŠู‡.
15:16
That you are a way for the universe to be in awe of itself.
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ุฃู†ูƒ ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู„ู„ูƒูˆู† ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑู‡ุจุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูุณู‡.
15:23
LJO: I love that.
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ู„ูŠู„ูŠ: ุฃุญุจ ุฐู„ูƒ.
15:24
Thank you so much, Katie.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹ุŒ ูƒุงุชูŠ.
15:25
Thank you for such a thoughtful and engaging conversation.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌุฐุงุจุฉ.
15:28
It's really been such a pleasure.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฏูˆุงุนูŠ ุณุฑูˆุฑูŠ.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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