How do schools of fish swim in harmony? - Nathan S. Jacobs

687,263 views ・ 2016-03-31

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Katherine Cho
00:07
How do schools of fish swim in harmony?
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° λ¬΄λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘°ν™”λ‘­κ²Œ ν—€μ—„μΉ κΉŒμš”?
00:11
And how do the tiny cells in your brain give rise to the complex thoughts,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ λ‡Œμ— μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ 세포듀은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œ 이어지고
00:16
memories,
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κΈ°μ–΅λ“€κ³Ό
00:17
and consciousness that are you?
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μžμ•„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚ΌκΉŒμš”?
00:20
Oddly enough, those questions have the same general answer:
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νŠΉμ΄ν•˜κ²Œλ„, 이 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ—λŠ” λ™μΌν•œ 정닡이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
emergence,
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창발(剡發)μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
or the spontaneous creation of sophisticated behaviors and functions
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 행동과 κΈ°λŠ₯μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 창쑰이죠.
00:29
from large groups of simple elements.
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그것은 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ»€λ‹€λž€ 단체에 μ˜ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€μ£ .
00:33
Like many animals, fish stick together in groups,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물듀과 같이, 물고기듀은 λ–Όλ₯Ό 지어 λ‹€λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:37
but that's not just because they enjoy each other's company.
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그건 κ·Έμ € μ„œλ‘œ μ’‹μ•„ν•΄μ„œ ν•˜λŠ” 일이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
It's a matter of survival.
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그것은 μƒμ‘΄μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
Schools of fish exhibit complex swarming behaviors
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° 떼듀은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 행동을 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
00:45
that help them evade hungry predators,
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μ΄λŠ” λ°°κ³ ν”ˆ ν¬μ‹μžλ“€μ„ ν”Όν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
while a lone fish is quickly singled out as easy prey.
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반면 혼자인 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λŠ” λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ¨Ήμž‡κ°μœΌλ‘œ μ„ μ •λ˜μ§€μš”.
00:53
So which brilliant fish leader is the one in charge?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–€ λͺ…μ„ν•œ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°κ°€ 리더λ₯Ό λ§‘μ„κΉŒμš”?
00:57
Actually, no one is,
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사싀, 그런 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
and everyone is.
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그리고 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λ¦¬λ”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
So what does that mean?
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이게 무슨 λœ»μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:02
While the school of fish is elegantly twisting, turning, and dodging sharks
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° 무리가 μš°μ•„ν•˜κ²Œ 꼬이고, 돌고, 상어λ₯Ό ν”Όν•  λ•Œ
01:07
in what looks like deliberate coordination,
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μ‹ μ€‘νžˆ μƒκ°ν•΄μ„œ ν˜‘λ ₯ν•œ 것 같아도,
01:09
each individual fish is actually just following two basic rules
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사싀 각각의 물고기듀은 두 가지 κΈ°λ³Έ κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λžμ„ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
that have nothing to do with the shark:
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μƒμ–΄μ™€λŠ” 아무 상관도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
one, stay close, but not too close to your neighbor,
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첫째, 계속 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μžˆμ„ 것, ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄μ›ƒμ—κ²Œ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 뢙지 말 것.
01:21
and two, keep swimmming.
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λ‘˜μ§Έ, 계속 μˆ˜μ˜ν•  것.
01:24
As individuals, the fish are focused on the minutiae of these local interactions,
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ°œμ²΄λ‘œμ„œ, 물고기듀은 이런 μœ„μΉ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ 점에 μ§‘μ€‘ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
but if enough fish join the group, something remarkable happens.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 물고기듀이 그룹에 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜κ²Œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λ©΄ λ†€λž„ λ§Œν•œ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
The movement of individual fish is eclipsed by an entirely new entity:
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개개의 물고기의 μ›€μ§μž„μ΄ μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 싀체에 κ°€λ €μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
the school, which has its own unique set of behaviors.
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° λ–ΌλŠ”, κ·Έ μžμ‹ μ΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 행동듀을 μ§€λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
The school isn't controlled by any single fish.
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° λ–ΌλŠ” ν•œ 마리의 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°κ°€ μ‘°μ’…ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
It simply emerges if you have enough fish following the right set of local rules.
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κ·Έμ € μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μœ„μΉ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 물고기듀이 μΆ©λΆ„ν•  λ•Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
It's like an accident that happens over and over again,
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그것은 마치 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 사고와 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
allowing fish all across the ocean to reliably avoid predation.
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물고기듀이 ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ ν¬μ‹μžλ“€μ„ ν”Όν•˜μ—¬ λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό νš‘λ‹¨ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
And it's not just fish.
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° 뿐만이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
Emergence is a basic property of many complex systems of interacting elements.
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μ°½λ°œμ€ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© ν•˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 기본적인 νŠΉμ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
For example, the specific way in which millions of grains of sand
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 수백만 개의 λͺ¨λž˜ μ•Œκ°±μ΄κ°€
02:14
collide and tumble over each other
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μ„œλ‘œ μΆ©λŒν•˜κ³  ꡬλ₯΄λŠ” νŠΉμ •ν•œ 방식은
02:16
almost always produces the same basic pattern of ripples.
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거의 항상 같은 νŒ¨ν„΄μ˜ 물결을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
And when moisture freezes in the atmosphere,
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λ˜ν•œ μˆ˜λΆ„μ΄ λŒ€κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ–Ό λ•Œ
02:24
the specific binding properties of water molecules
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λ¬Ό λΆ„μžμ˜ νŠΉμ΄ν•œ ꡬ성 방식은
02:27
reliably produce radiating lattices that form into beautiful snowflakes.
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ λˆˆμ†‘μ΄λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λΉ›λ‚˜λŠ” 격자λ₯Ό μ•ˆμ •μ μ΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
What makes emergence so complex
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μ°½λ°œμ„ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것은
02:36
is that you can't understand it by simply taking it apart,
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그것을 λ–Όλ„€μ„œ λΆ„μ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“€λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
like the engine of a car.
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차의 μ—”μ§„κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹¬λ¦¬μš”.
02:41
Taking things apart is a good first step to understanding a complex system.
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뢀뢄을 λ–Όλ„€λŠ” 것은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ 쒋은 μ²«κ±ΈμŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
But if you reduce a school of fish to individuals,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§Œμ•½ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° λ–Όλ₯Ό λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° κ°œμ²΄λ“€λ‘œ 쀄이면
02:48
it loses the ability to evade predators,
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ν¬μ‹μžλ“€μ„ ν”Όν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μžƒκ³ 
02:51
and there's nothing left to study.
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곡뢀할 것이 아무것도 남지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
And if you reduce the brain to individual neurons,
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λ§Œμ•½ 당신이 λ‡Œλ₯Ό λ‰΄λŸ° κ°œμ²΄λ“€λ‘œ 쀄인닀면
02:57
you're left with something that is notoriously unreliable,
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당신은 λͺΉμ‹œ λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•œ 무언가λ₯Ό 보게 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
and nothing like how we think and behave,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것과 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 ν•˜λŠ” 데
03:04
at least most of the time.
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ“Έ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
Regardless, whatever you're thinking about right now
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당신이 μ§€κΈˆ λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 생각이 무엇인지와 κ΄€λ ¨ 없이
03:08
isn't reliant on a single neuron lodged in the corner of your brain.
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생각은 λ‡Œμ˜ ꡬ석에 μžˆλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ‰΄λŸ°μ— μ˜μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
Rather, the mind emerges from the collective activities
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λ°˜λ©΄μ—, 생각은 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ‰΄λŸ°μ˜
03:17
of many, many neurons.
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합동에 μ˜ν•΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
There are billions of neurons in the human brain,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡Œμ—” ν•œ 10μ–΅ λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
and trillions of connections between all those neurons.
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그리고 λ‰΄λŸ° 사이에 μ‘° λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ 연결이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
When you turn such a complicated system like that on,
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당신이 그런 μ‹μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 켜렀고 ν•  λ•Œ
03:32
it could behave in all sorts of weird ways, but it doesn't.
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그것은 λͺ¨λ“  μ΄μƒν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ, κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
The neurons in our brain follow simple rules, just like the fish,
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우리 λ‡Œμ˜ λ‰΄λŸ°μ€ 물고기처럼 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
so that as a group, their activity self-organizes into reliable patterns
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그렇기에 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œμ„œ, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 행동은 슀슀둜 μ•ˆμ •λœ νŒ¨ν„΄μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ§ν™”λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
that let you do things like recognize faces,
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당신이 얼꡴을 μΈμ‹ν•˜κ²Œλ” ν•˜κ³ 
03:48
successfully repeat the same task over and over again,
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ μž‘μ—…μ„ μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œλ” ν•˜κ³ 
03:52
and keep all those silly little habits that everyone likes about you.
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λ˜ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ μž‘κ³  바보 같은 μŠ΅κ΄€λ“€μ„ μ§€μΌœμ£Όμ£ .
03:58
So, what are the simple rules when it comes to the brain?
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그러면, λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μ°½λ°œμ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
04:01
The basic function of each neuron in the brain
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λ‡Œ 속 각각의 λ‰΄λŸ°μ˜ 기본적인 λ™μž‘μ€
04:05
is to either excite or inhibit other neurons.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‰΄λŸ°μ— μžκ·Ήμ„ μ£Όκ±°λ‚˜ μ–΅μ œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
If you connect a few neurons together into a simple circuit,
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λ§Œμ•½ 당신이 μ•½κ°„μ˜ λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 회둜둜 μ—°κ²°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
04:12
you can generate rhythmic patterns of activity,
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당신은 리듬감 μžˆλŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄μ˜ λ™μž‘μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 있고
04:15
feedback loops that ramp up or shut down a signal,
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μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μΌœκ±°λ‚˜ μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜λŠ” 루프듀을 ν”Όλ“œλ°±ν•˜κ³ 
04:18
coincidence detectors,
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μš°μ—° 탐지기와
04:20
and disinhibition,
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νƒˆμ–΅μ œλŠ”
04:22
where two inhibitory neurons can actually activate another neuron
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λ‘κ°œμ˜ μ–΅μ œμ  λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‰΄λŸ°μ— 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉ˜λŠ” κ³³λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
by removing inhibitory brakes.
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μ–΅μ œμ  브레이크λ₯Ό μ—†μ• μ„œμš”.
04:29
As more and more neurons are connected,
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더 λ§Žμ€ λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ μ—°κ²° 될수둝
04:32
increasingly complex patterns of activity emerge from the network.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 행동 νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ μ—°κ²°λ§μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
Soon, so many neurons are interacting in so many different ways at once
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μ‘°λ§Œκ°„, λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ λ²ˆμ— μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ„ ν•΄μ„œ
04:41
that the system becomes chaotic.
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
The trajectory of the network's activity cannot be easily explained
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연결망 ν–‰λ™μ˜ ꢀ적은 μ‰½κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…될 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
by the simple local circuits described earlier.
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μ•žμ—μ„œ μ„€λͺ…λœ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 회둜 λͺ¨ν˜•μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
04:51
And yet, from this chaos, patterns can emerge,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜Όλž€ μ†μ—μ„œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ€ 생길 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
and then emerge again and again in a reproducible manner.
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그리고 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 같은 ν˜•μ‹μ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ μž¬μƒμ„±λ˜μ§€μš”.
04:59
At some point, these emergent patterns of activity
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μ–΄λ–€ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œλŠ”, 이런 행동 νŒ¨ν„΄μ˜ λ°œμƒμ€
05:02
become sufficiently complex,
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
and curious to begin studying their own biological origins,
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그리고 μžμ‹ μ˜ 생물학적 기원을 κΆκΈˆν•΄ν•  정도가 λ˜μ§€μš”.
05:08
not to mention emergence.
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두말할 ν•„μš” 없이 μ°½λ°œμ„ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
And what we found in emergent phenomena at vastly different scales
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒμ΄ν•œ 크기의 창발 ν˜„μƒμ—μ„œ 찾을 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
05:15
is that same remarkable characteristic as the fish displayed:
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물고기듀이 보여쀀 것과 같은 성격을 μ§€λ‹Œλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€:
05:19
That emergence doesn't require someone or something to be in charge.
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μ°½λ°œμ€ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ‚˜ μ–΄λ–€ 것이 주도할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
If the right rules are in place,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ •ν™•ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
05:26
and some basic conditions are met,
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그리고 λͺ‡λͺ‡ 기본적인 쑰건이 λ§žλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
05:28
a complex system will fall into the same habits over and over again,
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ 같은 μŠ΅κ΄€μ„ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ 되고
05:33
turning chaos into order.
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ν˜Όλˆμ„ μ§ˆμ„œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
That's true in the molecular pandemonium that lets your cells function,
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그것은 세포듀이 λ™μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” λΆ„μžμ˜ λŒ€ν˜Όλž€μ—
05:39
the tangled thicket of neurons that produces your thoughts and identity,
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λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 생각과 μžμ•„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ˜ 헝클어진 μ–½νž˜ μ†μ—μ„œλ„
05:43
your network of friends and family,
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λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ μΉœκ΅¬μ™€ κ°€μ‘± λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œλ„
05:46
all the way up to the structures and economies of our cities across the planet.
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지ꡬ에 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ„μ‹œμ˜ ꡬ쑰와 κ²½μ œμ—μ„œλ„ μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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