How many ways are there to prove the Pythagorean theorem? - Betty Fei

3,690,341 views ・ 2017-09-11

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: JiWon Yoon κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:09
What do Euclid,
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μœ ν΄λ¦¬λ“œ,
00:11
twelve-year-old Einstein,
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μŠ€λ¬΄μ‚΄μ˜ μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈ,
00:12
and American President James Garfield have in common?
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λ―Έκ΅­ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ή μ œμž„μŠ€ κ°€ν•„λ“œμ˜ 곡톡점은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
00:16
They all came up with elegant proofs for the famous Pythagorean theorem,
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그듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€ κ³΅μ‹μ˜ 증λͺ…을 κ³ μ•ˆν•΄λ‚΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
the rule that says for a right triangle,
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κ·Έ 법칙은 μ§κ°μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ—μ„œ,
00:23
the square of one side plus the square of the other side
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ν•œ μͺ½λ³€κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έμͺ½ λ³€μ˜ 제곱의 합이
00:27
is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.
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λΉ—λ³€μ˜ 제곱의 ν•©κ³Ό κ°™λ‹€λŠ” κ³΅μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
In other words, aΒ²+bΒ²=cΒ².
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λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, aΒ²+bΒ²=cΒ² μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
This statement is one of the most fundamental rules of geometry,
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이 곡식은 κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 기본이 λ˜λŠ” 곡식이고,
00:38
and the basis for practical applications,
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μ‹€μš©μ μΈ μ‘μš©μ˜ 기본이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
like constructing stable buildings and triangulating GPS coordinates.
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κ²¬κ³ ν•œ 건물의 건섀과 GPS의 μ’Œν‘œ μ„€μ •μ²˜λŸΌ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
The theorem is named for Pythagoras,
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이 κ³΅μ‹μ˜ 이름은 기원전 6μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ 그리슀 μ² ν•™μžμ™€ μˆ˜ν•™μžμΈ
00:48
a Greek philosopher and mathematician in the 6th century B.C.,
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ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€μ˜ 이름을 λ”°μ„œ μ§€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
but it was known more than a thousand years earlier.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이것은 μ²œλ…„ 정도 λ¨Όμ € μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
A Babylonian tablet from around 1800 B.C. lists 15 sets of numbers
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기원전 1800λ…„μ •λ„μ˜ λ°”λΉŒλ‘œλ‹ˆμ•„ μ„œνŒμ—μ„œ
01:02
that satisfy the theorem.
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이 곡식을 λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 15μ„ΈνŠΈμ˜ μˆ«μžκ°€ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
Some historians speculate that Ancient Egyptian surveyors
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λͺ‡ μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ κ³ λŒ€ μ΄μ§‘νŠΈ μΈ‘λŸ‰μ‚¬λ“€μ΄
01:07
used one such set of numbers, 3, 4, 5, to make square corners.
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3,4,5 λ“±μ˜ 숫자λ₯Ό 직각을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
The theory is that surveyors could stretch a knotted rope with twelve equal segments
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이둠상, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 12개의 λ™μΌν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄μ§„ 쀄을
01:18
to form a triangle with sides of length 3, 4 and 5.
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각 λ³€μ˜ 길이가 3, 4, 5κ°€ λ˜λ„λ‘ μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
According to the converse of the Pythagorean theorem,
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ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€ κ³΅μ‹μ˜ 역을 보면,
01:25
that has to make a right triangle,
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이 μˆ«μžλ“€μ€ μ§κ°μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό 되고,
01:28
and, therefore, a square corner.
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결둠적으둜 직각을 λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
And the earliest known Indian mathematical texts
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λ˜ν•œ 기원전 800λ…„μ—μ„œ 600λ…„ 사이에 쓰여진
01:33
written between 800 and 600 B.C.
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졜초의 인도 μˆ˜ν•™μ„œμ μ— μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
01:36
state that a rope stretched across the diagonal of a square
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μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ˜ λŒ€κ°μ„ μ— 쀄을 μ—°κ²°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
01:40
produces a square twice as large as the original one.
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기쑴의 μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ˜ 두 배의 넓이λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
That relationship can be derived from the Pythagorean theorem.
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κ·Έ κ΄€κ³„λŠ” ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€ κ³΅μ‹μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 증λͺ…이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
But how do we know that the theorem is true
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λͺ¨λ“  ν‰λ©΄μ—μ„œμ˜
01:52
for every right triangle on a flat surface,
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λͺ¨λ“  μ§κ°μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ— 적용이 λ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•ŒκΉŒμš”?
01:54
not just the ones these mathematicians and surveyors knew about?
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μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ μ‚Όκ°ν˜• 말고도 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
Because we can prove it.
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증λͺ…ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:59
Proofs use existing mathematical rules and logic
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곡식이 μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ μ„±λ¦½ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μˆ˜ν•™μ μΈ 논리와
02:02
to demonstrate that a theorem must hold true all the time.
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증거에 μ˜ν•΄ 증λͺ…이 λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
One classic proof often attributed to Pythagoras himself
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κ°€μž₯ 일반적인 증λͺ…은 ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€ μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œμ„œ
02:11
uses a strategy called proof by rearrangement.
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μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ„ μž¬λ°°μ—΄ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
Take four identical right triangles with side lengths a and b
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직각을 λ‚€ 두변이 a,b이고 λΉ— 변이 c인 λ™μΌν•œ μ§κ°μ‚Όκ°ν˜•λ“€μ΄
02:19
and hypotenuse length c.
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4κ°œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:22
Arrange them so that their hypotenuses form a tilted square.
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이 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•λ“€μ„ 빗변듀이 κΈ°μšΈμ–΄μ§„ μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ„ 이루도둝 λ°°μ—΄ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:26
The area of that square is cΒ².
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이 μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ˜ λ„“μ΄λŠ” cΒ²μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
Now rearrange the triangles into two rectangles,
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이제 두 개의 μ§κ°μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ„ λ°°μ—΄ν•΄μ„œ
02:33
leaving smaller squares on either side.
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μ–‘ μͺ½μ— μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€λ„λ‘ λ°°μΉ˜ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
02:35
The areas of those squares are aΒ² and bΒ².
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이 μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ˜ λ„“μ΄λŠ” aΒ²κ³Ό bΒ² μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
Here's the key.
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μ—¬κΈ° 해법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
The total area of the figure didn't change,
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전체 λ„“μ΄λŠ” λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ ,
02:44
and the areas of the triangles didn't change.
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μ‚Όκ°ν˜•λ“€μ˜ 넓이 λ˜ν•œ λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
So the empty space in one, cΒ²
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 넓이가 c²인 λΉˆκ³΅κ°„μ€
02:51
must be equal to the empty space in the other,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 두 개의 λΉˆκ³΅κ°„μ˜ λ„“μ΄μ˜ ν•©κ³Ό κ°™μ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
aΒ² + bΒ².
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aΒ² + bΒ² 으둜 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
Another proof comes from a fellow Greek mathematician Euclid
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 증λͺ…은 λ™μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ 그리슀 μˆ˜ν•™μžμΈ μœ ν΄λ¦¬λ“œκ°€ ν–ˆκ³ 
03:01
and was also stumbled upon almost 2,000 years later
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이 증λͺ…은 거의 2000λ…„ 이후
03:05
by twelve-year-old Einstein.
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슀무 μ‚΄μ˜ μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ μš°μ—°νžˆ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
This proof divides one right triangle into two others
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이 증λͺ…은 μ§κ°μ‚Όκ°ν˜• ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 두 개둜 λΆ„λ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
and uses the principle that if the corresponding angles of two triangles
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그리고 이 두 개의 λŒ€μ‘λ˜λŠ” 각은
03:15
are the same,
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κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 이둠을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
the ratio of their sides is the same, too.
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λŒ€μ‘λ˜λŠ” λ³€λ“€μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨λ„ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
So for these three similar triangles,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ‚Όκ°ν˜•λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
03:21
you can write these expressions for their sides.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 변듀을 ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
Next, rearrange the terms.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ, 이듀을 μž¬λ°°μ—΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
And finally, add the two equations together and simplify to get
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이 두 곡식듀을 λ”ν•œ ν›„ μ •λ¦¬ν•˜λ©΄
03:43
abΒ²+acΒ²=bcΒ²,
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abΒ²+acΒ²=bcΒ², λ˜λŠ”
03:51
or aΒ²+bΒ²=cΒ².
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aΒ²+bΒ²=cΒ²λΌλŠ” 곡식을 μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
Here's one that uses tessellation,
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μ—¬κΈ° ν…Œμ…€λ ˆμ΄μ…˜μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ 풀이도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
a repeating geometric pattern for a more visual proof.
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κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ μΈ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ 톡해 μ‹œκ°μ μœΌλ‘œ 증λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
04:03
Can you see how it works?
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이해가 κ°€μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
04:05
Pause the video if you'd like some time to think about it.
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생각해봐야 ν•  것 κ°™μœΌλ©΄ 멈좘 ν›„ 생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:10
Here's the answer.
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μ—¬κΈ° 닡이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
The dark gray square is aΒ²
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짙은 νšŒμƒ‰ λ„€λͺ¨λŠ” a²이고
04:13
and the light gray one is bΒ².
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μ˜…μ€ νšŒμƒ‰ λ„€λͺ¨κ°€ bΒ²μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
The one outlined in blue is cΒ².
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νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ ν…Œλ‘λ¦¬ 쳐진 λ„€λͺ¨λŠ” cΒ² μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
Each blue outlined square contains the pieces of exactly one dark
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λͺ¨λ“  νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ ν…Œλ‘λ¦¬ 쳐진 λ„€λͺ¨λŠ” μ •ν™•νžˆ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 짙은 νšŒμƒ‰ λ„€λͺ¨μ™€
04:23
and one light gray square,
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μ˜…μ€ νšŒμƒ‰ λ„€λͺ¨λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³ ,
04:25
proving the Pythagorean theorem again.
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이둜써 ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€ 곡식이 증λͺ…λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
And if you'd really like to convince yourself,
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슀슀둜 ν™•μΈν•˜κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄,
04:30
you could build a turntable with three square boxes of equal depth
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ„Έ 개의 μΌμ •ν•œ 깊이의 ꡬ멍이 있고,
04:34
connected to each other around a right triangle.
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μ§κ°μ‚Όκ°ν˜• μ£Όμœ„μ— μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” ν„΄ν…Œμ΄λΈ”μ„ λ§Œλ“œμ„Έμš”.
04:37
If you fill the largest square with water and spin the turntable,
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κ°€μž₯ 큰 ꡬ멍에 물을 가득 μ±„μš°κ³  ν„΄ν…Œμ΄λΈ”μ„ 돌리면,
04:40
the water from the large square will perfectly fill the two smaller ones.
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큰 κ΅¬λ©μ—μ„œμ˜ 물이 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 두 ꡬ멍을 μ •ν™•νžˆ μ±„μš°λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
The Pythagorean theorem has more than 350 proofs, and counting,
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ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€ 곡식은 350가지가 λ„˜λŠ” 증λͺ…이 있고,
04:50
ranging from brilliant to obscure.
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이듀은 좔상적인 것뢀터 λͺ…ν™•ν•œ κ²ƒκΉŒμ§€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
Can you add your own to the mix?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ 증λͺ…ν•΄ λ³΄λŠ” 건 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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