Is our climate headed for a mathematical tipping point? - Victor J. Donnay

187,303 views ใƒป 2014-10-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
For most of us, two degrees Celsius is a tiny difference in temperature,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื–ื” ื”ืคืจืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
00:11
not even enough to make you crack a window.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
00:14
But scientists have warned that as CO2 levels in the atmosphere rise,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืฉื›ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื” ื™ืขืœื•,
00:18
an increase in the Earth's temperature by even this amount
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ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื–ื•
00:22
can lead to catastrophic effects all over the world.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:26
How can such a small measurable change in one factor
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ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ ื›ื–ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืื—ื“
00:29
lead to massive and unpredictable changes in other factors?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
00:34
The answer lies in the concept of a mathematical tipping point,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
00:38
which we can understand through the familiar game of billiards.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
00:42
The basic rule of billiard motion is
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื•ื
00:44
that a ball will go straight until it hits a wall,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื ื•ืข ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืงื™ืจ,
00:47
then bounce off at an angle equal to its incoming angle.
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ืื– ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื•.
00:51
For simplicity's sake, we'll assume that there is no friction,
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ืœืฉื ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš,
00:54
so balls can keep moving indefinitely.
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ืื– ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื ื•ืข ืœืชืžื™ื“.
00:56
And to simplify the situation further,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:58
let's look at what happens with only one ball on a perfectly circular table.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขื’ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:04
As the ball is struck and begins to move according to the rules,
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื ืคื’ืข ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
01:07
it follows a neat star-shaped pattern.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ืื”.
01:10
If we start the ball at different locations,
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ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:12
or strike it at different angles, some details of the pattern change,
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ืื• ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
01:16
but its overall form remains the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื–ื”ื”.
01:19
With a few test runs, and some basic mathematical modeling,
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื,
01:22
we can even predict a ball's path before it starts moving,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืข,
01:26
simply based on its starting conditions.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœื•.
01:28
But what would happen if we made a minor change
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ
01:31
in the table's shape by pulling it apart a bit,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ืชื• ืžืขื˜,
01:34
and inserting two small straight edges along the top and bottom?
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ?
01:39
We can see that as the ball bounces off the flat sides,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืฉื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื,
01:42
it begins to move all over the table.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
01:44
The ball is still obeying the same rules of billiard motion,
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ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
01:48
but the resulting movement no longer follows any recognizable pattern.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช.
01:52
With only a small change to the constraints
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ืขื ืจืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
01:55
under which the system operates,
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ืชื—ืชืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช,
01:57
we have shifted the billiard motion
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจื“
01:58
from behaving in a stable and predictable fashion,
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ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื”,
02:01
to fluctuating wildly,
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื,
02:03
thus creating what mathematicians call chaotic motion.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช.
02:08
Inserting the straight edges into the table acts as a tipping point,
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ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื”,
02:11
switching the systems behavior from one type of behavior (regular),
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช (ืจื’ื™ืœื”),
02:16
to another type of behavior (chaotic).
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ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช (ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช).
02:20
So what implications does this simple example have for the much more complicated
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ืื– ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
02:24
reality of the Earth's climate?
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
02:26
We can think of the shape of the table as being analogous to the CO2 level
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืจืžืช ื”ืคื“"ื—
02:30
and Earth's average temperature:
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ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ:
02:32
Constraints that impact the system's performance
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ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
02:35
in the form of the ball's motion or the climate's behavior.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:38
During the past 10,000 years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:41
the fairly constant CO2 atmospheric concentration of
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ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื“"ื— ื”ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
02:44
270 parts per million kept the climate within a self-stabilizing pattern,
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ืฉืœ 270 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”,
02:50
fairly regular and hospitable to human life.
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ื“ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ื ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:53
But with CO2 levels now at 400 parts per million,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ืคื“"ื— ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ 400 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ,
02:57
and predicted to rise to between 500 and 800 parts per million
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ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 500 ืœ 800 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ
03:01
over the coming century, we may reach a tipping point where
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื”
03:04
even a small additional change in the global average temperature
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
03:07
would have the same effect as changing the shape of the table,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืืคืงื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
03:11
leading to a dangerous shift in the climate's behavior,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
03:14
with more extreme and intense weather events,
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ืขื ืืจื•ืขื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
03:16
less predictability, and most importantly, less hospitably to human life.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืคื—ื•ืชื”, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ ืคื ื™ื ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
03:21
The hypothetical models that mathematicians study in detail
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜
03:25
may not always look like actual situations,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืจืื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื™ื,
03:28
but they can provide a framework and a way of thinking
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
03:31
that can be applied to help understand the more complex problems of the real world.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:36
In this case, understanding how slight changes
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืงืœื™ื
03:38
in the constraints impacting a system can have massive impacts
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ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
03:42
gives us a greater appreciation for predicting the dangers
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช
03:46
that we cannot immediately percieve with our own senses.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:49
Because once the results do become visible, it may already be too late.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื ืจืื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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