IELTS Essay - How to Write an Introduction (Using Paraphrasing)

雅思议论文 — 怎样写一个引言（使用释义）

Hi, I’m Daniel.

嗨，我是Daniel。

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

欢迎来到Oxford Online English！

In this lesson, you can learn about paraphrasing in IELTS essays.

在本节课里，您可以学到 雅思议论文释义。

First question: what’s paraphrasing?

第一个问题：释义是什么？

Paraphrasing means saying the same thing in a different way.

释义意思是用不同的 方式说同一件事情。

But, I’m guessing you already knew that.

但是，我猜您已经知道那个了。

Probably, you’re watching this video because you think you need to paraphrase the question

有可能您在看视频，是因为您认为 您要释义在您的雅思

in your IELTS essay introduction, and you aren’t sure how to do it.

议论文引言里的问题，以及您 不确定怎样做那个。

We’re making this video because there’s a lot of bad or inaccurate advice about paraphrasing

我们制作这个视屏，因为有太多的 与释义相关的、糟糕的、

around, and many IELTS students have the wrong idea about what paraphrasing is and how they

不准确的建议，很多雅思考生对 释义是什么以及他们应当

should use it in their IELTS essay.

在他们的雅思论文里怎样 使用它有错误的观念。

With our IELTS students, we often have to spend time breaking down bad habits and bad

跟我们的雅思考生们，我们经常 不得不花时间去分解考生们

ideas which students have about this.

有的关于这个的坏习惯和糟糕想法。

So, in this lesson, you can learn the truth about paraphrasing in your IELTS essay.

所以，在本节课里，您可以了解您的 雅思议论文释义的真相。

You’ll see the number one mistake that IELTS students make with paraphrasing, and you’ll

您会看到雅思考生在释义上 犯的第一大错误，您会

learn how to use paraphrase effectively in your IELTS writing exam.

学到怎样在您的雅思写作考试里 有效率地使用释义。

Let’s start with something that might surprise you:

我们从一些可能让您 吃惊的事情开始：

What?

什么？

But wait, I saw this video, and it said I should paraphrase the question in my introduction.

但是，等等，我看到这个视屏，它说 我应当在我的引言里释义问题。

But wait, I read this article, and it said I should paraphrase the question in my introduction.

但是，等等，我读了这篇文章，它说 我应当在我的引言里释义问题。

But wait, my teacher told me I should paraphrase the question in my introduction.

但是，等等，我的老师告诉我 我应当在我的引言里释义问题。

Okay, we know.

好了，我们知道。

There’s a lot of IELTS advice out there that says, ‘paraphrase the question in your

有很多雅思建议说： “paraphrase the question in your

introduction.’

introduction.”

Why should you listen when we say you don’t need to?

当我们说您不必时， 为什么您应当要听？

Don’t pay attention to us; pay attention to the official IELTS scoring scheme.

不要关注我们，关注官方的 雅思评分方案。

To save you time, we’ve added links to the official scoring scheme under the video.

要节省您的时间，我们在视屏下方 添加了官方评分方案的链接。

You can read it right now!

您马上可以读它。

Go ahead; read the scoring scheme and find the word ‘paraphrase’.

继续；读评分方案，并 找单词“paraphrase”。

We can save you some time: it isn’t there.

我们可以节省您的一些时间：它不在那里。

Remember, this is the official scoring system, which the examiners use to mark your IELTS

记住，这是官方的评分系统，考官 使用它来评定您的雅思

writing exam.

写作考试。

The writing mark scheme does not talk about paraphrase AT ALL.

书写的评定方案根本 没有谈论paraphrase。

Why not?

为什么没有？

Because you don’t have to paraphrase the question in your introduction.

因为您不必在您的 引言里释义问题。

Okay, you think, so how do I start my essay?

好，您认为，那么我怎样 开始我的议论文呢？

Surely paraphrasing the question is better than nothing?

当然，释义问题比什么 都不做要好吗？

I don’t know what else to do…

我不知道要做其他什么事情…

Here’s how a lot of students approach paraphrasing.

这里是很多考生怎样去处理释义的。

See if this looks familiar to you.

看看是否这对您来说很熟悉。

Let’s take a question:

我们来问一个问题：

Robots, computers, and machines are becoming more advanced, and can perform many jobs which

Robots, computers, and machines are becoming more advanced, and can perform many jobs which

used to be done by people.

used to be done by people.

What problems does this cause, and how can these problems be solved?

What problems does this cause, and how can these problems be solved?

So, let’s practice bad paraphrasing!

那么，我们来练习一下糟糕释义！

Let’s see now, we need to change the words.

我们现在看看，我们需要换单词。

Let’s find some synonyms:

我们找一些同义词：

robot = automaton advanced = cutting-edge

robot = automaton advanced = cutting-edge

machine = apparatus job = assignment

machine = apparatus job = assignment

people = folks

people = folks

Wow, great synonyms, right?

喔，很不错的同义词，对吗？

Let’s plug them into our sentence to create a bad paraphrase:

我们把它们插入到我们的句子里， 来创建一个糟糕的释义。

Automata, computers, and apparatus are becoming more cutting-edge, and can perform many assignments

Automata, computers, and apparatus are becoming more cutting-edge, and can perform many assignments

which used to be done by folks.

which used to be done by folks.

Let’s change a couple of small things so it’s not so close to the original:

我们换掉一些小东西，这样 它不是很接近原义：

Automata, computers, and apparatus are more and more cutting-edge, and can do many assignments

Automata, computers, and apparatus are more and more cutting-edge, and can do many assignments

which were done by folks in the past.

which were done by folks in the past.

Finished!

搞定！

What a great paraphrase!

一个很棒的释义！

No, no, no!

不是的，不是的！

This is terrible, and it will only hurt your IELTS score.

这太恐怖了，它只会影响 您的雅思评分。

Don’t do this!

不要这样做！

This is what many IELTS students do, but it’s a bad idea.

这是很多雅思考生做的，但是， 那是一个糟糕的想法。

Let’s see why this doesn’t work.

我们看看为什么这样不行。

First, a question: what’s a synonym?

首先，一个问题：一个同义词是什么？

You probably said something like, “a word with the same meaning as another word.”

您有可能会说某些事情像是 “a word with the same meaning as another word.”

That’s more or less true.

那或多或少是对的。

However, a true synonym is a word which can replace another word in any sentence.

然而，一个真正的同义词是可以在任何 句子里替换另一个词的一个单词。

So, imagine you have two words: A and B.

那么，想像一下您有两个单词：A和B。

If word A can be replaced with word B in any sentence, they’re synonyms.

如果单词A在任何句子里可以被 单词B替换，它们是同义词。

If word A can be replaced with word B sometimes, but not always, they’re not true synonyms.

如果单词A有时可以被单词B替换，但不是 总是这样，它们不完全是同义词。

Maybe they have a similar meaning, but they aren’t the same.

或许它们有一个相似的意思， 但是，它们不是一样的。

What’s the point of all this?

这所有的重点是什么？

The point is that there are very few true synonyms in English, or any language.

重点是在英语里或任何语言里， 有极其少的真正的同义词。

Just because two words have the same meaning does not mean they can be used in the same

就因为两个单词有相同的意思并不 意味着它们可以以相同的

way.

方式来使用。

The words people and folks have the same basic meaning, but that doesn’t mean that you

People和Floks这两个单词具有相同的 基本含义，但是，那不意味着任何

can say folks any time you say people.

您说people的时候可以说floks。

They aren’t true synonyms.

它们不是真正的同义词。

Why not?

为什么不是？

Because vocabulary usage depends on more than just meaning.

因为词汇用法取决于的 不仅仅是含义。

Register and collocation are equally important.

语境和搭配同样重要。

Also, many words which have a similar meaning don’t have exactly the same meaning.

同样，很多有一个类似意思的 单词没有准确地相同的意思。

Machine and apparatus are similar, but they aren’t the same.

Machine和apparatus是相似的， 但是，它们不是一样的。

Job and assignment are similar, but they aren’t the same.

Job和assignment是相似的， 但是，它们不是一样的。

So, that’s problem number one.

所以，那是第一大问题。

When you use words that you think are synonyms, they probably aren’t true synonyms.

当您使用您认为是同义词的单词时， 它们有可能不是真正的同义词。

That means you’re changing the meaning—which is dangerous—and also making language mistakes,

那意思是您在改变意思 — 那是危险的 — 也会犯讲法上的错误，

which can hurt your vocabulary score.

那会影响您的词汇评分。

There’s a second problem: this is a really weird and unnatural thing to do.

有第二大问题：做这个是一件 非常奇怪并且不自然的事情。

Imagine someone asks you a question.

想像某人问您一个问题。

What do you do?

What do you do?

Do you repeat the question back, using different words?

您使用不同的单词 重复问题吗？

Hey!

Hey!

How was your weekend?

How was your weekend?

Ah…

Ah…

You wish to enquire about my recent non-working days?

You wish to enquire about my recent non-working days?

How’s the weather in the US?

How’s the weather in the US?

So…

So…

You want to know about the climatic conditions in North America?

You want to know about the climatic conditions in North America?

No!

No!

This is weird!

这是奇怪的！

When someone asks you a question, you answer the question.

当某人问您一个问题， 您回答问题。

Your IELTS essay is the same.

您的雅思议论文是一样的。

The task asks you a question.

任务问您一个问题。

Your essay should answer the question.

您的议论文应当回答问题。

Your answer starts from your first sentence.

您的回答从您的第一个句子开始。

Bad paraphrase adds nothing to your answer.

糟糕的释义没有给您的 答案添加任何东西。

No paraphrase is better than bad paraphrase.

没有释义要比糟糕的释义要好。

A bad paraphrase is only an empty sentence with language mistakes.

一个糟糕的释义只是一个带 讲法错误的空洞的句子。

That’s all the examiner will see.

那就是考官看到的全部。

For your IELTS score, this is only negative.

对于您的雅思评分， 这只是负面的。

Ok, you think, so how do I start my essay?

好，您认为，那么我怎样 开始我的议论文？

You have two options, and it depends on your target score.

您有两个选项，那取决于 您的评分目标。

Let’s look.

我们来看看。

This is going to be a short section.

这会是一个简短的部分。

If your target score is 6 or maybe 6.5, and you don’t know how to start your essay,

如果您的评分目标是6分或也许6.5， 您不知道怎样开始写您的议论文，

here’s what you do:

这里是您要做的：

Write an introduction which is one sentence.

写一个句子的引言。

Write a thesis statement.

写一个论点陈述。

That means you explain what you’re going to talk about and what you’re trying to

那意味着您解释您在谈论什么， 以及您在试图用您的

prove with your essay.

议论文证明什么。

For example:

例如：

In this essay, I will discuss possible solutions to the problems caused by robots and computers

In this essay, I will discuss possible solutions to the problems caused by robots and computers

taking people’s jobs.

taking people’s jobs.

Or: I intend to show that the problems caused by robots and computers taking people’s

或者： I intend to show that the problems caused by robots and computers taking people’s

jobs are serious, but also possible to solve.

jobs are serious, but also possible to solve.

Or even: Robots and computers are replacing people at work.

或者甚至是： Robots and computers are replacing people at work.

This is a serious problem, and I will discuss how we can solve it.

This is a serious problem, and I will discuss how we can solve it.

That’s all you need.

那就是所有您要的。

But, you say, isn’t that too short?

但是，您说，那不会太短了吗？

No—not at all.

没有 — 根本不会。

First of all, your introduction can be any length.

首先，您的引言可以 是任意长度的。

Your introduction can be one sentence.

您的引言可以是一个句子。

Here’s an important point: your introduction is the least important part of your IELTS

这里是一个重点：您的引言是在 您的雅思议论文里最

essay.

不重要的部分。

Are the example introductions you saw above great?

在上面您看到的引言 例子很好吗？

No.

They’re not great, but they are easily good enough.

没有。

它们不是很棒，但是， 它们很容易就足够好了。

Your conclusion is super-important.

您的结论超重要。

How you organise your ideas into paragraphs is very important.

您怎样组织您的想法到 您的段落里是很重要的。

How you support and connect your ideas is extremely important.

您怎样支持和连接您的 想法是极其重要的。

Your introduction is not that important.

您的引言不是那么重要。

You can get a high score with a very basic introduction.

您可以凭借一个很基础的 引言得到高评分。

So, here’s a simple solution: if you don’t know what to write in your IELTS essay introduction,

所以，这里是一个简单的解决方案： 如果您不知道在您的雅思

don’t write much at all.

议论文引言里要写什么， 那么，根本就不用写太多。

Write a short thesis statement, and then start the body of your essay.

写短的论点陈述，然后写 您的议论文主体。

This is good advice if your target is 6 or 6.5, but what if you’re aiming for a higher

如果您的目标是6分或6.5分，这是一个 好的建议，但是，如果您目标

score?

在一个较高的评分呢？

So, what does effective paraphrase look like?

那么，有效率地释义看上去像是什么？

Remember, you’re thinking about writing a strong IELTS essay here.

记住，在这里，您在谈论写一篇 很强的雅思议论文。

That means an essay which scores between seven and nine.

那意味着一篇评分介于7分到 9分之间的议论文。

Here’s the thing: when you write a strong essay, you can’t think about it as lots

这里有一件事：当您写一篇很强的 议论文时，您不能将其当成

of separate things.

很多独立的事情来考量。

Lots of IELTS students write essays in this way: “Ok, first I have to paraphrase the

大量的雅思考生用这种方式写议论文： “Ok, first I have to paraphrase the

question, then I need to write a thesis statement.

question, then I need to write a thesis statement.

Ok, first body paragraph: I need a topic sentence, then a supporting example, then a linking

Ok, first body paragraph: I need a topic sentence, then a supporting example, then a linking

phrase, then a second supporting example… et cetera.”

phrase, then a second supporting example… et cetera.”

That can work for intermediate IELTS scores: 5.5 to 6.5, but it’s not a good approach

那对5.5分到6.5分的中级雅思评分 是可行的，但是，那不是

for higher scores.

一个得高分的好方法。

For higher scores, your essay needs to be one coherent, connected piece.

对于较高的评分，您的议论文需要是 一篇连贯的、有连接的文章。

What does that mean, practically?

那实际上意味着什么？

And what does it have to do with paraphrasing?

那要在释义做什么？

First point: your first sentence should be connected to everything else in your essay.

第一个重点：您的第一句应当与您的 议论文里的其他每一件事情连接。

That means you need to know exactly where your essay is going before you start writing.

那意味着在您开始写作之前，您要准确地 知道您的议论文会写到哪里。

Before you put one word on the page, you need to know all the important things you want

在您在纸页上写下一个单词 之前，您要知道您想表达的

to say.

所有重要的事情。

Practically, that means you need to know what your conclusion is going to be before you

实际上，那意味着在您开始写作 之前，您要知道您的

start writing.

结论会是什么。

You also need to know exactly how many body paragraphs you’re going to have, and what

您也需要准确地知道您会有多少 主体段落，以及您会在

you’re going to put in each one.

每一个段落里放什么内容。

To be clear, that means when you write your first sentence, you aren’t just thinking,

要弄清，那意味着当您写您的 第一句时，您不仅仅是在想

“How can I find a synonym for this word?”

“How can I find a synonym for this word?”

Good paraphrasing isn’t about that.

好的释义与此无关。

You already know the conclusion you want to reach, and you know the ideas you want to

您已经知道您想得出的结论， 您知道您想讨论

discuss.

的观点。

Effective paraphrasing includes this.

有效率地释义包括这个。

It shows your reader—the examiners—where your essay is going.

它告诉您的读者 — 考官们 — 您的议论文 会表达您的议论文会谈什么。

Effective paraphrasing shows how you understand the key ideas in the question, and what conclusion

有效率的释义表明您怎样理解在 问题里的关键观点，以及您的

your essay is trying to reach.

议论文在试图得出什么结论。

So, the main point: paraphrasing depends on planning.

那么，主要的重点：释义 取决于计划。

It’s not a simple thing; it’s not just taking some words and replacing them with

那不是一件简单的事情；那不仅仅 是拿走一些单词，用其他的

other words—it’s connected to other parts of your essay.

单词替换它们 — 它与您的议论文的 其他部分是有连接的。

It’s connected to your ideas and opinions.

它连接到您的想法和观点。

If you don’t know the conclusion of your essay, you can’t write a good introduction.

如果您不知道您的议论文的结论， 您不能写一个好的引言。

To write a good introduction, you need to know exactly where you’re trying to go.

要写一个好的引言，您要准确地 知道您会试图写到哪里。

Let’s see how this can work in practice.

我们来看看这在实践里是 怎样可行的。

To paraphrase effectively, you need to take the ideas in the question and add your own

要有效率地释义，您需要提取在问题 里的想法，并添加您

interpretation.

自己的解释。

Here’s the question you saw before: Some questions:

这里是您之前看到的问题： 一些问题：

The question talks about robots, computers, and machines.

问题谈论机器人、计算机、 和机器。

What do these words mean in this context?

这些单词在上下文里意味着什么？

Can you think of specific examples?

您可以想到具体的事例吗？

What exactly does advanced mean?

进一步的意思准确地是什么？

Advanced in what way?

用什么方式更进一步？

The question mentions jobs which used to be done by people.

问题提及通过人来做的工作。

Like what?

像是什么？

The question asks: what problems does this cause?

问题问：这会产生什么问题？

Are these problems serious, or not?

这是严重的问题吗，或不是？

Why or why not?

为什么是，或为什么不是？

Pause the video and think about these.

暂停视屏，并考虑这些。

If you want to write a good introduction, you need to have clear answers to all of these

如果您想写一个好的引言， 您需要对所有这些问题

questions!

有清晰的回答。

Now, let’s see how you could effectively paraphrase this question:

现在，我们看看您怎样可以有效地 释义这个问题。

Advances in technology have led to the automation of many jobs, especially low-level or manual

Advances in technology have led to the automation of many jobs, especially low-level or manual

positions.

positions.

This has led to many serious problems, including unemployment and increasing rates of poverty

This has led to many serious problems, including unemployment and increasing rates of poverty

and inequality.

and inequality.

This is what a good paraphrase looks like.

这看上去像是一个好的释义。

Here’s a question: which way do you think this essay is going?

这里是一个问题：您认为这篇 议论文会导向哪里？

Do you think the writer will be positive, negative or neutral about the effects of automation?

您认为作者认为自动化的影响会 是正面的、负面的或是中性的？

It sounds negative.

那听起来是负面的。

You can guess that the essay will conclude that automation causes serious problems which

您可以猜议论文会总结 自动化产生了不易解决的

are not easy to solve.

严重问题。

Someone who reads the first sentence of your introduction should be able to do the same

读了您的引言第一句的人应该 能够做同样的事情；

thing; they should be able to guess where your essay is going.

他们应该能够猜到您的 议论文会写到哪。

Remember: this starts in your head.

记住：这在您的脑海里开始。

Everything needs to be clear in your head before you write anything.

在您开始写任何东西之前，每一件事情 需要在您的脑海里是清晰的。

Another point to notice: our paraphrase doesn’t have the same sentence structure as the task.

另一个要注意的重点：我们的释义 句子结构与任务的不相同。

The paraphrase is two sentences, while the task is just one.

释义是两个句子， 而任务只是一个。

The task asks a question: “What problems does this cause?”

任务问一个问题：“What problems does this cause?”

Our paraphrase replaces this with a statement: “This has led to many serious problems.”

我们的释义用一个陈述取代了这个： “This has led to many serious problems.”

Also, our paraphrase replaces general ideas in the question with more specific ideas.

同样，我们的释义用更具体的想法 取代了问题里的一般想法。

The question mentions “many jobs,” but our paraphrase talks about “low-level or

问题提及 “many jobs,”，但是， 我们的释义谈论 “low-level or

manual positions.”

manual positions.”

The question mentions “problems,” but our paraphrase talks about “serious problems,

问题提及 “problems,”，但是， 我们的释义谈论 “serious problems,

including unemployment and inequality.”

including unemployment and inequality.”

To review, to write an effective paraphrase, you need to do three things:

来复习一下，写一个有效率的 释义，您需要做三件事情：

One: have a clear plan in your head, with a clear conclusion, which should be obvious

一：在您的脑海里有一个清晰计划， 它包含从您的议论文的

to your reader from the first sentence of your essay.

第一句开始，对您的读者来说 就是很明显的清楚的结论。

Two: don’t try to stick too closely to the sentence structure in the question.

二：不要试图坚持太贴近在 问题里的句子结构。

Paraphrasing is about ideas, not just words.

释义是与想法有关，而 不仅仅是单词。

Three: interpret and develop the ideas in the task, so that you replace general ideas

三：解释和拓展任务里的想法，以便 您用您自己更具体的想法

in the task with your own more specific ones.

去替换任务里的一般想法。

Now, you should understand more about how to paraphrase in your IELTS essay.

现在，您应当了解怎样在您的 雅思议论文里释义更多了。

Good luck if you have an IELTS exam coming up soon!

如果您近期有一个雅思 考试，祝您好运！

You can find more free English lessons, including IELTS preparation lessons, on our website:

您可以在我们的网站找到包括雅思 准备课程在内的更多的免费英语课程：

Oxford Online English dot com.

Oxford Online English dot com.

Thanks for watching!

感谢观看！

See you next time!

下次见！