IELTS Essay - How to Write an Introduction (Using Paraphrasing)

雅思申論作文 — 怎樣寫引言（使用釋義）

Hi, I’m Daniel.

嗨，我是Daniel。

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

歡迎來到Oxford Online English！

In this lesson, you can learn about paraphrasing in IELTS essays.

在本節課裡，您可以學到 雅思考試的申論作文的釋義/改寫。

First question: what’s paraphrasing?

第一個問題：釋義是什麼？

Paraphrasing means saying the same thing in a different way.

釋義意思是用不同的 方式說同一件事情。

But, I’m guessing you already knew that.

但是，我猜您已經知道那個了。

Probably, you’re watching this video because you think you need to paraphrase the question

有可能您在看影片，是因為您認為 您要改寫在您的雅思

in your IELTS essay introduction, and you aren’t sure how to do it.

申論作文引言裡的問題，以及您 不確定怎樣做那個。

We’re making this video because there’s a lot of bad or inaccurate advice about paraphrasing

我們製作這個影片，是因為有太多的 與釋義相關的、糟糕的、

around, and many IELTS students have the wrong idea about what paraphrasing is and how they

不準確的建議，很多雅思考生對 釋義是什麼以及他們應當

should use it in their IELTS essay.

在他們的雅思申論作文裡怎樣 使用它有錯誤的觀念。

With our IELTS students, we often have to spend time breaking down bad habits and bad

對於我們的雅思考生們，我們經常 不得不花時間去打破他們

ideas which students have about this.

與這個有關的壞習慣和糟糕想法。

So, in this lesson, you can learn the truth about paraphrasing in your IELTS essay.

所以，在本節課裡，您可以了解您的 雅思申論作文釋義的真相。

You’ll see the number one mistake that IELTS students make with paraphrasing, and you’ll

您會看到雅思考生們在釋義上 犯的頭號錯誤，您會

learn how to use paraphrase effectively in your IELTS writing exam.

學到怎樣在您的雅思作文考試裡 有效率地使用釋義。

Let’s start with something that might surprise you:

我們從一些可能讓您 吃驚的事情開始：

What?

什麼？

But wait, I saw this video, and it said I should paraphrase the question in my introduction.

但是，等等，我看到這個影片，它說 我應當在我的引言裡改寫問題。

But wait, I read this article, and it said I should paraphrase the question in my introduction.

但是，等等，我讀了這篇文章，它說 我應當在我的引言裡改寫問題。

But wait, my teacher told me I should paraphrase the question in my introduction.

但是，等等，我的老師告訴我 我應當在我的引言裡改寫問題。

Okay, we know.

好了，我們知道。

There’s a lot of IELTS advice out there that says, ‘paraphrase the question in your

有很多雅思建議說： “paraphrase the question in your

introduction.’

introduction.”

Why should you listen when we say you don’t need to?

當我們說您不必時， 為什麼您應當要聽？

Don’t pay attention to us; pay attention to the official IELTS scoring scheme.

不要關注我們，關注官方的 雅思評分架構。

To save you time, we’ve added links to the official scoring scheme under the video.

要節省您的時間，我們在影片下方 添加了官方評分架構的連接。

You can read it right now!

您馬上可以讀它。

Go ahead; read the scoring scheme and find the word ‘paraphrase’.

繼續；讀評分架構，並 尋找單字“paraphrase”。

We can save you some time: it isn’t there.

我們可以節省您的一些時間：它不在那裡。

Remember, this is the official scoring system, which the examiners use to mark your IELTS

記住，這是官方的評分架構，考官 使用它來評定您的雅思

writing exam.

作文考試。

The writing mark scheme does not talk about paraphrase AT ALL.

作文的評分架構根本 沒有評論paraphrase。

Why not?

為什麼沒有？

Because you don’t have to paraphrase the question in your introduction.

因為您不必在您的 引言裡改寫問題。

Okay, you think, so how do I start my essay?

好，您認為，那麼我要怎樣 開始我的申論作文呢？

Surely paraphrasing the question is better than nothing?

當然，改寫問題比什麼 都不做要好嗎？

I don’t know what else to do…

我不知道要做其他什麼事情…

Here’s how a lot of students approach paraphrasing.

這裡是很多考生怎樣去處理改寫的。

See if this looks familiar to you.

看看是否這對您來說很熟悉。

Let’s take a question:

我們來問一個問題：

Robots, computers, and machines are becoming more advanced, and can perform many jobs which

Robots, computers, and machines are becoming more advanced, and can perform many jobs which

used to be done by people.

used to be done by people.

What problems does this cause, and how can these problems be solved?

What problems does this cause, and how can these problems be solved?

So, let’s practice bad paraphrasing!

那麼，我們來練習一下糟糕的改寫！

Let’s see now, we need to change the words.

我們現在看看，我們要換單字。

Let’s find some synonyms:

我們找一些同義詞：

robot = automaton advanced = cutting-edge

robot = automaton advanced = cutting-edge

machine = apparatus job = assignment

machine = apparatus job = assignment

people = folks

people = folks

Wow, great synonyms, right?

喔，很不錯的同義詞，對嗎？

Let’s plug them into our sentence to create a bad paraphrase:

我們把它們插入到我們的句子裡， 來創建一個糟糕的改寫。

Automata, computers, and apparatus are becoming more cutting-edge, and can perform many assignments

Automata, computers, and apparatus are becoming more cutting-edge, and can perform many assignments

which used to be done by folks.

which used to be done by folks.

Let’s change a couple of small things so it’s not so close to the original:

我們換掉一些小東西，這樣 它不是很接近原義：

Automata, computers, and apparatus are more and more cutting-edge, and can do many assignments

Automata, computers, and apparatus are more and more cutting-edge, and can do many assignments

which were done by folks in the past.

which were done by folks in the past.

Finished!

搞定！

What a great paraphrase!

一個很棒的改寫！

No, no, no!

不是的，不是的！

This is terrible, and it will only hurt your IELTS score.

這太恐怖了，它只會影響 您的雅思評分。

Don’t do this!

不要這樣做！

This is what many IELTS students do, but it’s a bad idea.

這是很多雅思考生們做的，但是， 那是一個糟糕的想法。

Let’s see why this doesn’t work.

我們看看為什麼這樣不行。

First, a question: what’s a synonym?

首先，一個問題：一個同義詞是什麼？

You probably said something like, “a word with the same meaning as another word.”

您有可能會說某些事情像是 “a word with the same meaning as another word.”

That’s more or less true.

那或多或少是對的。

However, a true synonym is a word which can replace another word in any sentence.

然而，一個真正的同義詞是可以在任何 句子裡替換另一個單字的一個單字。

So, imagine you have two words: A and B.

那麼，想像一下您有兩個單字：A和B。

If word A can be replaced with word B in any sentence, they’re synonyms.

如果單字A在任何句子裡可以被 單字B替換，它們是同義詞。

If word A can be replaced with word B sometimes, but not always, they’re not true synonyms.

如果單字A有時可以被單字B替換，但不是 總是這樣，它們不完全是同義詞。

Maybe they have a similar meaning, but they aren’t the same.

或許它們有一個相似的意思， 但是，它們不是一樣的。

What’s the point of all this?

這所有的重點是什麼？

The point is that there are very few true synonyms in English, or any language.

重點是在英文或任何語言裡， 有極少的真正的同義詞。

Just because two words have the same meaning does not mean they can be used in the same

因為兩個單字有相同的意思並不 意味著它們可以用相同的

way.

方式來使用。

The words people and folks have the same basic meaning, but that doesn’t mean that you

People和Floks這兩個單字具有相同的 基本含義，但是，那不意味著任何

can say folks any time you say people.

您說people的時候可以說floks。

They aren’t true synonyms.

它們不是真正的同義詞。

Why not?

為什麼不是？

Because vocabulary usage depends on more than just meaning.

因為字彙用法取決於的 不僅僅是含義。

Register and collocation are equally important.

語境和搭配同樣重要。

Also, many words which have a similar meaning don’t have exactly the same meaning.

同樣，很多有一個類似意思的 單字沒有準確地相同的意思。

Machine and apparatus are similar, but they aren’t the same.

Machine和apparatus是相似的， 但是，它們不是一樣的。

Job and assignment are similar, but they aren’t the same.

Job和assignment是相似的， 但是，它們不是一樣的。

So, that’s problem number one.

所以，那是頭號問題。

When you use words that you think are synonyms, they probably aren’t true synonyms.

當您使用您認為是同義詞的單字時， 它們有可能不是真正的同義詞。

That means you’re changing the meaning—which is dangerous—and also making language mistakes,

那意思是您在改變了意思 — 那是危險的 — 也會犯講法上的錯誤，

which can hurt your vocabulary score.

那會影響您的字彙評分。

There’s a second problem: this is a really weird and unnatural thing to do.

有第二大問題：做這個是一件 非常奇怪並且不自然的事情。

Imagine someone asks you a question.

想像某人問您一個問題。

What do you do?

What do you do?

Do you repeat the question back, using different words?

您使用不同的單字 重複問題嗎？

Hey!

Hey!

How was your weekend?

How was your weekend?

Ah…

Ah…

You wish to enquire about my recent non-working days?

You wish to enquire about my recent non-working days?

How’s the weather in the US?

How’s the weather in the US?

So…

So…

You want to know about the climatic conditions in North America?

You want to know about the climatic conditions in North America?

No!

No!

This is weird!

這是奇怪的！

When someone asks you a question, you answer the question.

當某人問您一個問題， 您回答問題。

Your IELTS essay is the same.

您的雅思申論作文是一樣的。

The task asks you a question.

任務問您一個問題。

Your essay should answer the question.

您的申論作文應當回答問題。

Your answer starts from your first sentence.

您的回答從您的第一個句子開始。

Bad paraphrase adds nothing to your answer.

糟糕的釋義沒有給您的 答案添加任何東西。

No paraphrase is better than bad paraphrase.

沒有釋義要比糟糕的釋義要好。

A bad paraphrase is only an empty sentence with language mistakes.

一個糟糕的釋義只是一個有 講法錯誤的空洞的句子。

That’s all the examiner will see.

那就是考官看到的全部。

For your IELTS score, this is only negative.

對於您的雅思評分， 這只是負面的。

Ok, you think, so how do I start my essay?

好，您認為，那麼我怎樣 開始我的申論作文？

You have two options, and it depends on your target score.

您有兩個選擇，那取決於 您的評分目標。

Let’s look.

我們來看看。

This is going to be a short section.

這會是一個簡短的部分。

If your target score is 6 or maybe 6.5, and you don’t know how to start your essay,

如果您的評分目標是6分或者6.5分， 您不知道怎樣開始寫您的申論作文，

here’s what you do:

這裡是您要做的：

Write an introduction which is one sentence.

寫一個句子的引言。

Write a thesis statement.

寫一個論點陳述。

That means you explain what you’re going to talk about and what you’re trying to

那意味著您解釋您在談論什麼， 以及您在試圖用您的

prove with your essay.

作文證明什麼。

For example:

例如：

In this essay, I will discuss possible solutions to the problems caused by robots and computers

In this essay, I will discuss possible solutions to the problems caused by robots and computers

taking people’s jobs.

taking people’s jobs.

Or: I intend to show that the problems caused by robots and computers taking people’s

或者： I intend to show that the problems caused by robots and computers taking people’s

jobs are serious, but also possible to solve.

jobs are serious, but also possible to solve.

Or even: Robots and computers are replacing people at work.

或者甚至是： Robots and computers are replacing people at work.

This is a serious problem, and I will discuss how we can solve it.

This is a serious problem, and I will discuss how we can solve it.

That’s all you need.

那就是您要的。

But, you say, isn’t that too short?

但是，您說，那不會太短了嗎？

No—not at all.

沒有 — 根本不會。

First of all, your introduction can be any length.

首先，您的引言可以 是任意長度的。

Your introduction can be one sentence.

您的引言可以是一個句子。

Here’s an important point: your introduction is the least important part of your IELTS

這裡是一個要點：您的引言是在 您的雅思作文裡最

essay.

不重要的部分。

Are the example introductions you saw above great?

在上面您看到的引言 例子很好嗎？

No.

They’re not great, but they are easily good enough.

沒有。

它們不是很棒的，但是， 它們很容易就足夠好了。

Your conclusion is super-important.

您的結論超重要。

How you organise your ideas into paragraphs is very important.

您怎麼組織您的想法到 您的段落裡是很重要的。

How you support and connect your ideas is extremely important.

您怎樣支持和連接您的 想法是極其重要的。

Your introduction is not that important.

您的引言不是那麼重要。

You can get a high score with a very basic introduction.

您可以憑借一個很基礎的 引言得到高評分。

So, here’s a simple solution: if you don’t know what to write in your IELTS essay introduction,

所以，這裡是一個簡單的解決方案： 如果您不知道在您的雅思

don’t write much at all.

作文引言裡要寫什麼， 那麼，根本就不用寫太多。

Write a short thesis statement, and then start the body of your essay.

寫短的論點，然後寫 您的作文主體。

This is good advice if your target is 6 or 6.5, but what if you’re aiming for a higher

如果您的目標是6分或6.5分，這是一個 好的建議，但是，如果您的目標

score?

在一個較高的評分呢？

So, what does effective paraphrase look like?

那麼，有效率地釋義看上去像是什麼？

Remember, you’re thinking about writing a strong IELTS essay here.

記住，在這裡，您在談論寫一篇 很棒的雅思作文。

That means an essay which scores between seven and nine.

那意味著一篇評分介於7分到 9分之間的作文。

Here’s the thing: when you write a strong essay, you can’t think about it as lots

這裡有一件事：當您寫一篇很棒的 作文時，您不能把它當成

of separate things.

很多獨立的事情來考量。

Lots of IELTS students write essays in this way: “Ok, first I have to paraphrase the

大量的考生用這種方式寫作文： “Ok, first I have to paraphrase the

question, then I need to write a thesis statement.

question, then I need to write a thesis statement.

Ok, first body paragraph: I need a topic sentence, then a supporting example, then a linking

Ok, first body paragraph: I need a topic sentence, then a supporting example, then a linking

phrase, then a second supporting example… et cetera.”

phrase, then a second supporting example… et cetera.”

That can work for intermediate IELTS scores: 5.5 to 6.5, but it’s not a good approach

那對5.5分到6.5分的中級雅思評分 是可行的，但是，那不是

for higher scores.

一個得高分的好方法。

For higher scores, your essay needs to be one coherent, connected piece.

對於較高的評分，您的作文需要是 一篇連貫的、有連接的文章。

What does that mean, practically?

那實際上意味著什麼？

And what does it have to do with paraphrasing?

那要在釋義做什麼？

First point: your first sentence should be connected to everything else in your essay.

第一個重點：您的第一句應當與您的 作文裡的其他每一件事情連接。

That means you need to know exactly where your essay is going before you start writing.

那意味著在您開始寫作之前，您要準確地 知道您的作文會怎樣寫。

Before you put one word on the page, you need to know all the important things you want

在您在紙頁上寫下一個單字 之前，您要知道您想表達的

to say.

所有重要的事情。

Practically, that means you need to know what your conclusion is going to be before you

實際上，那意味著在您開始寫作 之前，您要知道您的

start writing.

結論會是什麼。

You also need to know exactly how many body paragraphs you’re going to have, and what

您也需要準確地知道您會有多少 主體段落，以及您會在

you’re going to put in each one.

每一個段落裡放什麼內容。

To be clear, that means when you write your first sentence, you aren’t just thinking,

要弄清楚，那意味著當您寫您的 第一句時，您不僅僅是在想

“How can I find a synonym for this word?”

“How can I find a synonym for this word?”

Good paraphrasing isn’t about that.

好的釋義與此無關。

You already know the conclusion you want to reach, and you know the ideas you want to

您也已經知道您想得出的結論， 您知道您想討論

discuss.

的觀點。

Effective paraphrasing includes this.

有效率地釋義包括這個。

It shows your reader—the examiners—where your essay is going.

它告訴您的讀者 — 考官們 — 您的作文 會表達出您的作文會談什麼。

Effective paraphrasing shows how you understand the key ideas in the question, and what conclusion

有效率的釋義表明您怎樣理解在 問題裡的關鍵觀點，以及您的

your essay is trying to reach.

作文在試圖得出什麼結論。

So, the main point: paraphrasing depends on planning.

那麼，主要的要點：釋義 取決於計劃。

It’s not a simple thing; it’s not just taking some words and replacing them with

那不是一件簡單的事情；那不僅僅 是拿走一些單字，用其他的

other words—it’s connected to other parts of your essay.

單字替換它們 — 它與您的作文的 其他部分是有連接的。

It’s connected to your ideas and opinions.

它連接到您的想法和觀點。

If you don’t know the conclusion of your essay, you can’t write a good introduction.

如果您不知道您的作文的結論， 您不能寫一個好的引言。

To write a good introduction, you need to know exactly where you’re trying to go.

要寫一個好的引言，您要準確地 知道您會想寫什麼。

Let’s see how this can work in practice.

我們來看看這在實踐裡是 怎麼樣可行的。

To paraphrase effectively, you need to take the ideas in the question and add your own

要有效率地釋義，您需要提取在問題 裡的想法，並添加您

interpretation.

自己的解釋。

Here’s the question you saw before: Some questions:

這裡是您之前看到的問題： 一些問題：

The question talks about robots, computers, and machines.

問題談論機器人、電腦、 和機器。

What do these words mean in this context?

這些單字在上下文裡意味著什麼？

Can you think of specific examples?

您可以想到具體的事例嗎？

What exactly does advanced mean?

進一步的意思準確地是什麼？

Advanced in what way?

用什麼方式更進一步？

The question mentions jobs which used to be done by people.

問題提及人做的工作。

Like what?

像是什麼？

The question asks: what problems does this cause?

問題問：這會產生什麼問題？

Are these problems serious, or not?

這是嚴重的問題嗎，或不是？

Why or why not?

為什麼是，或為什麼不是？

Pause the video and think about these.

暫停影片，並考慮這些。

If you want to write a good introduction, you need to have clear answers to all of these

如果您想寫一個好的引言， 您需要對所有這些問題

questions!

有清晰的回答。

Now, let’s see how you could effectively paraphrase this question:

現在，我們看看您怎樣可以有效地 釋義這個問題。

Advances in technology have led to the automation of many jobs, especially low-level or manual

Advances in technology have led to the automation of many jobs, especially low-level or manual

positions.

positions.

This has led to many serious problems, including unemployment and increasing rates of poverty

This has led to many serious problems, including unemployment and increasing rates of poverty

and inequality.

and inequality.

This is what a good paraphrase looks like.

這看上去像是一個好的釋義。

Here’s a question: which way do you think this essay is going?

這裡是一個問題：您認為這篇 作文會導向哪裡？

Do you think the writer will be positive, negative or neutral about the effects of automation?

您認為作者認為自動化的影響會 是正面的、負面的或是中性的？

It sounds negative.

那聽起來是負面的。

You can guess that the essay will conclude that automation causes serious problems which

您可以猜作文會總結 自動化產生了不易解決的

are not easy to solve.

嚴重問題。

Someone who reads the first sentence of your introduction should be able to do the same

讀了您的引言第一句的人應該 能夠做同樣的事情；

thing; they should be able to guess where your essay is going.

他們應該能夠猜到您的 作文會寫什麼。

Remember: this starts in your head.

記住：這在您的腦海裡就開始了。

Everything needs to be clear in your head before you write anything.

在您開始寫任何東西之前，每一件事情 需要在您的腦海裡是清晰的。

Another point to notice: our paraphrase doesn’t have the same sentence structure as the task.

另一個要注意的要點：我們的釋義 句子結構與任務的不同。

The paraphrase is two sentences, while the task is just one.

釋義是兩個句子， 而任務只有一個。

The task asks a question: “What problems does this cause?”

任務問一個問題：“What problems does this cause?”

Our paraphrase replaces this with a statement: “This has led to many serious problems.”

我們的釋義用一個陳述取代了這個： “This has led to many serious problems.”

Also, our paraphrase replaces general ideas in the question with more specific ideas.

同樣，我們的釋義用更具體的想法 取代了問題裡的一般想法。

The question mentions “many jobs,” but our paraphrase talks about “low-level or

問題提及 “many jobs,”，但是， 我們的釋義談論 “low-level or

manual positions.”

manual positions.”

The question mentions “problems,” but our paraphrase talks about “serious problems,

問題提及 “problems,”，但是， 我們的釋義談論 “serious problems,

including unemployment and inequality.”

including unemployment and inequality.”

To review, to write an effective paraphrase, you need to do three things:

來複習一下，寫一個有效率的 釋義，您需要做三件事情：

One: have a clear plan in your head, with a clear conclusion, which should be obvious

一：在您的腦海裡有一個清晰的計劃， 它包含從您的作文的

to your reader from the first sentence of your essay.

第一句開始，對您的讀者來說 就是明顯的、清楚的結論。

Two: don’t try to stick too closely to the sentence structure in the question.

二：不要試圖堅持太貼近在 問題裡的句子結構。

Paraphrasing is about ideas, not just words.

釋義是與想法相關，而 不僅僅是單字。

Three: interpret and develop the ideas in the task, so that you replace general ideas

三：解釋和拓展任務裡的想法，以便 您用您自己更具體的想法

in the task with your own more specific ones.

去替換任務裡的一般想法。

Now, you should understand more about how to paraphrase in your IELTS essay.

現在，您應當了解怎麼在您的 雅思作文裡釋義更多了。

Good luck if you have an IELTS exam coming up soon!

如果您近期有一個雅思 考試，祝您好運！

You can find more free English lessons, including IELTS preparation lessons, on our website:

您可以在我們的網站找到包括雅思 準備課程在內的更多免費英文課程：

Oxford Online English dot com.

Oxford Online English dot com.

Thanks for watching!

感謝觀看！

See you next time!

下次見！