English Grammar - The Passive Voice ...and zombies

166,177 views ใƒป 2018-03-24

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Today I'm at St. James's Park in London, which is right next to Buckingham Palace
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใƒใƒƒใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฌใƒ ๅฎฎๆฎฟใฎใ™ใ้šฃใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใฎใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใƒปใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใƒปใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ฏใซใ„
00:04
It's all blurry you can't really see it
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ใพใ™ ใ™ในใฆใŒใผใ‚„ใ‘ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆ
00:05
but trust me that is Buckingham Palace
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใƒใƒƒใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฌใƒ ๅฎฎๆฎฟใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
00:13
The passive form: What is it why do we use it?
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00:17
Hey dude!
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ใŠใ„ใŠใ„๏ผ
00:18
What are you doing?
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ไฝ•ใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ
00:20
Me? I'm just enjoying the water and the sun!
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่‡ชๅˆ†๏ผŸ ็งใฏใŸใ ๆฐดใจๅคช้™ฝใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™๏ผ
00:25
Oh that's nice! Some water, sun, it's all very relaxing, and...
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใญ๏ผ ๆฐดใ€ๅคช้™ฝใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆใจใฆใ‚‚ใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ
00:29
Whoa! What's happening?!
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ๏ผ
00:31
What? What?
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ไฝ•๏ผŸ ไฝ•๏ผŸ
00:34
oh man! Something bit me!
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ๏ผ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็งใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚“ใ  ๏ผ
00:37
Oh mate! That sucks
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ใŠใ„๏ผ ใใ‚Œใฏใฒใฉใ„
00:40
Ah! What bit you?
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ใ‚ใ‚๏ผ ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚“ใ ใฎ๏ผŸ
00:42
I don't know
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Š
00:45
Is it bleeding bad?
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ ๅ‡บ่ก€ใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:48
Oh that's pretty bad, huh?
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆ‚ชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:52
I don't feel good
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ๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใŒๆ‚ชใ„
00:54
Ah, that's awful
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใฒใฉใ„
00:56
well let me take your mind off that for a second
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ใงใ™ใญใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้ ญใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
00:59
In English, what is the structure of a sentence?
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆง‹้€ ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
01:02
What?!
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ไฝ•๏ผŸ๏ผ
01:03
Sentence structure?
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆง‹้€ ๏ผŸ
01:05
oh I I really don't want to talk about grammar
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€็งใฏ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:08
Oh come on! We're doing a lesson!
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ใ€‚ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผ
01:11
what do I need?
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็งใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•๏ผŸ
01:13
I don't know, a subject
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ไปถๅ
01:15
...and?
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...ใใ—ใฆ๏ผŸ
01:19
A verb
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01:20
A verb! Good! and what else?
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ๅ‹•่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉž๏ผ ่‰ฏใ„๏ผ ใใ—ใฆไป–ใซไฝ•๏ผŸ
01:23
an object
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ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆ
01:26
Please get an ambulance or something
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ๆ•‘ๆ€ฅ่ปŠใ‹ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’
01:28
Yeah yeah, an ambulance, great idea! I'll phone a helicopter or something!
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ๆ‰‹้…ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใˆใˆใˆใˆใ€ๆ•‘ๆ€ฅ่ปŠใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ ๏ผ ใƒ˜ใƒชใ‚ณใƒ—ใ‚ฟใƒผใ‹ไฝ•ใ‹ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™๏ผ
01:33
but first, that sentence!
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ใงใ‚‚ใพใšใฏใใฎไธ€ๆ–‡๏ผ
01:36
You said "Something bit me"
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็งใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚“ใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใฏ
01:38
what?
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ไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:39
yeah I think a shark bit me
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚ตใƒกใซๅ™›ใพใ‚ŒใŸใจๆ€ใ„
01:42
Are you sure it was a shark?
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ตใƒกใงใ—ใŸใ‹?
01:45
Dude! It's the ocean! Sharks bite!
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ใŠๅ‰๏ผ ๆตทใงใ™๏ผ ใ‚ตใƒกใŒใ‹ใ‚€๏ผ
01:49
Maybe it was a shark
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ๅคšๅˆ†ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ตใƒกใ ใฃใŸ
01:51
Maybe it was Nemo
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ๅคšๅˆ†ใใ‚Œใฏใƒ‹ใƒขใ ใฃใŸ
01:53
Maybe it was me
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ๅคšๅˆ†ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใ ใฃใŸ
01:54
so if you don't know the subject
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ใฎใงใ€ไธป้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
01:56
the action is more important
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ใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š้‡่ฆใง
01:59
you should use the...?
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ใ‚ใ‚‹...?
02:01
Why haven't you called an ambulance!?
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ใชใ‚“ใงๆ•‘ๆ€ฅ่ปŠๅ‘ผใฐใชใ„ใฎ!?
02:03
That's right! The passive form
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„๏ผ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹
02:05
So "Something bit me" becomes "I was bitten by something"
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ ใซๅ™›ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใฏใ€Œ็งใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅ™›ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€
02:10
or just "I was bitten"
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ใพใŸใฏๅ˜ใซใ€Œ็งใฏๅ™›ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€
02:15
So, "something bit me" - That's an active sentence
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02:18
and it changes to
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ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:19
"I was bitten by something"- A passive sentence
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ๆ–‡
02:22
now this happened in the past
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
02:24
so that version of B will be a past tense
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ใฎใงใ€B ใฎใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏ้ŽๅŽปๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:26
"was" or "were"
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"was" ใพใŸใฏ "were"
02:28
Well the subject is "I"
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏ "I"
02:29
So it's not "were"
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ใชใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ "were" ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:31
"was" - "I was"
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"was" - "I was"
02:32
and that verb will always be in "Verb 3" / The past participle
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ใใ—ใฆใใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅธธใซ be in "ๅ‹•่ฉž 3" / ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉž
02:36
It doesn't matter if it's a future tense past tense or present tense
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02:39
that verb is always verb 3, past participle,
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅธธใซๅ‹•่ฉž 3ใ€้ŽๅŽป ๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๆ™‚ๅˆถใพใŸใฏ็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:42
so "bite" - it's always "bitten"
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅ™›ใ‚€ใ€ - ๅธธใซใ€Œๅ™›ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€
02:45
"I was bitten"
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ใ€Œๅ™›ใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€
02:47
Be careful and remember that when you use a passive voice
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
02:50
it completely changes the direction of the verb
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ใจใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ–นๅ‘ใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹
02:52
so let me give you an example:
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ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:54
This sentence is an "Active sentence"
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ€ใงใ™
03:00
A zombie is biting me
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ใ€‚ใ‚พใƒณใƒ“ใŒ็งใ‚’ๅ™›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
03:04
Let's use the same subject but change it to "passive"
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ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–
03:06
now it means this...
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ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ...
03:08
Come here zombie!
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ใŠใ„ใงใ‚ˆใ‚พใƒณใƒ“๏ผ
03:12
zombie is being bitten
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ใ‚พใƒณใƒ“ใŒๅ™›ใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
03:16
So be careful, it completely changes who receives the action
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ใฎใงๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ไบบใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹
03:21
so why do we use the passive?
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ใฎใซใ€ใชใœใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
03:22
Is it just to sound more formal?
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:24
I mean yeah it does sound more formal but that's not the only reason
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ …่‹ฆใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใŒ็†็”ฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
03:28
We already learned one reason
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ใ‚‚ใ†ใฒใจใคใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸ
03:29
it's because we don't know the subject
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธป้กŒใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰
03:31
"Something bit me" - "I was bitten by something"
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ใงใ™ ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅ™›ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅ™›ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€
03:35
Maybe we don't know it, or maybe it's just really really obvious
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ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ˜Ž็™ฝ
03:39
like this example
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03:40
You are being arrested
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ใงใ™ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้€ฎๆ•ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:43
Who by!? haha! ...I'm sorry
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่ชฐใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ!? ใƒใƒ๏ผ ...
03:47
in both cases the action is more important
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€่กŒๅ‹•ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š้‡่ฆใงใ™
03:50
the action is the focus of the sentence
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ใ€‚่กŒๅ‹•ใŒๆ–‡ใฎ็„ฆ็‚นใงใ™ใŒใ€
03:52
but there is one last reason
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ็†็”ฑใŒ 1 ใค
03:54
and this could be more useful in social situations or political situations
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€็คพไผš็š„็Šถๆณใ‚„ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„็Šถๆณใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
03:58
Let's see the passive voice first:
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆใซๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:01
"I acknowledge that mistakes were made here"
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ ใ“ใ“ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ชใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€
04:03
and he's right mistakes were made
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ใจๅฝผใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„
04:06
mistakes were made here
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸ ใ“ใ“
04:07
a serious mistake was made
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ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸ ้‡ๅคงใช้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸ
04:09
clearly mistakes were made
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ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸ
04:11
Hmm interesting! Let's hear the "Active voice"
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใƒœใ‚คใ‚นใ€
04:14
"I think I made a mistake"
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ใ€Œ้–“้•ใˆใŸ
04:15
"yeah I take responsibility for it"
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ใฟใŸใ„ใ€ใ€Œ่ฒฌไปปๅ–ใฃใฆ
04:17
and there you have it!
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ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€ใฃใฆ่จ€ใฃใฆใฟใ‚ใ‚ˆ๏ผ
04:18
in an active voice you can see the subject taking responsibility for the action
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่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใŒ่กŒๅ‹•ใฎ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒ
04:23
whereas in the passive voice
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ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใฏ
04:25
you can avoid responsibility
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่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ๅ›ž้ฟใงใใ‚‹
04:27
so maybe you want to avoid responsibility for an action...
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ใฎใงใ€่กŒๅ‹•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่ฒฌไปปใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“...
04:31
you can use the passive voice
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:34
I'm gonna go knock on the Queen's door, and see if she wants to come out and play
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ๅฅณ็Ž‹ใฎใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ€ใใ—ใฆๅฝผๅฅณใŒๅ‡บใฆใใฆ้ŠใณใŸใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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