Using the Historical Present to Improve YOUR Jokes and Stories! | English Grammar Lesson

39,741 views ใƒป 2021-09-13

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:07
So yesterday morning, I'm running a bit late, I grab a piece of toast and
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฎๆœใ€ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้…ๅˆปใ—ใฆใ€ใƒˆใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ไธ€ๆžš
00:11
head out to my car, but my car won't start. So I have to take the bus.
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ๆŒใฃใฆ่ปŠใซๅ‘ใ‹ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€่ปŠใŒๅง‹ๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใƒใ‚นใซไน—ใ‚‰ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:20
Now, let me pause me right there.
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ใงใฏใ€ใใ“ใงไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:23
Did you notice anything unusual grammatically about what she,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใŒไปŠ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซไฝ•ใ‹ๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸ
00:27
I just said? When did all this happen?
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ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:30
So yesterday morning. I'm running a bit late ...
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ใใ‚Œใงๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฎๆœใ€‚ ็งใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้…ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™...
00:34
Yesterday morning. So it's past, right?
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ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฎๆœใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้ŽๅŽปใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:36
OK, so listen again. How many past verb forms can you hear?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝ•ๅ€‹่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
00:40
ย 
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00:45
ย  ย 
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00:51
Thank you, Joanne. Right, let's look at the score.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใ‚ขใƒณใ€‚ ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:56
Now would you look at that:
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00:59
zero, nil, nothing, zilch, nought.
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ใ‚ผใƒญใ€ใ‚ผใƒญใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚ธใƒซใƒใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใชใ„ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
01:02
I think we can agree that this did happen in the past.
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ใ“ใจใซๅŒๆ„ใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:05
So how is it that Joanne didn't use any past forms?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใ‚ขใƒณ ใŒ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏใชใœใงใ™ใ‹?
01:09
Did I, she make a mistake? Well, surprisingly, no.
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็งใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใˆใˆใจใ€้ฉšใในใใ“ใจใซใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™
01:19
Let me explain how it's possible to use the present
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01:19
to talk about the past. We call it the historical present,
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ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆญดๅฒ็š„็พๅœจ
01:23
or it may also be called the dramatic present or narrative present.
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ใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ€ๅŠ‡็š„็พๅœจใ€็‰ฉ่ชž็š„็พๅœจใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:29
We use it a lot when we tell jokes or anecdotes, for example,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
01:32
because using present forms to describe past actions makes
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้ŽๅŽปใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
01:36
the story seem more immediate, more engaging, more personal.
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ใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒชใƒผใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใงใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚„้€ธ่ฉฑใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:40
We also see present forms being used for the past a lot in news headlines,
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ใพใŸใ€ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น ใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใŒ่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ€ๅฐๅˆท็‰ฉใ‚„ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใงๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€็พๅœจๅฝขใŒ ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใง้ŽๅŽปใซๅคšใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Š
01:45
whether read by news readers or written in print or online.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:49
And historians might use it to talk about the ancient past
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ใใ—ใฆๆญดๅฒๅฎถใฏใ€ๆญดๅฒใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅคไปฃใฎ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:53
in a way to make history more appealing.
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01:56
ย  In 1066 William the Conqueror invades
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1066 ๅนดใซๅพๆœ็Ž‹ใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒชใ‚ขใƒ ใŒไพตๆ”ป
01:58
and thousands of new words enter the English language.
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ใ—ใ€ไฝ•ๅƒใ‚‚ใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ ๅ˜่ชžใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใซ็™ปๅ ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:03
Now, in all of these cases, we could use past forms.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:07
Let's get Joanne back to tell us the story again,
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Joanne ใซ่ฉฑใ‚’ๆˆปใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:10
ย  only this time using past forms.
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ใ€‚ไปŠๅ›žใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎใฟใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:23
Let's have a look at the past form score board,
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้ŽๅŽปใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ  ใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ข ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹
02:26
and we've got a grand total of five.
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ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚็ท่จˆใฏ 5 ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:28
Exactly the same events, but using past forms.
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ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใงใ™ ใŒใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:32
It's not quite as involving, not quite as engaging, but it is still correct.
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ใใ‚Œใปใฉ้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:39
Now, I want to go back to the car.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ปŠใซๆˆปใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:41
My car won't start.
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็งใฎ่ปŠใฏๅง‹ๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:43
Notice here that we have what might appear to be a future form being
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจ ใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœชๆฅๅฝขใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
02:47
used in the present to talk about something that happened in the past.
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02:52
The first thing to mention here is that
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆœ€ๅˆใซ ่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€
02:54
'will' is not really a future form.
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'will' ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๆœชๆฅๅฝขใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:59
It's a modal auxiliary and we do use it to talk about an intention
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซ่ฃœๅŠฉ่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐ็ช“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใชใฉใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ›ณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—
03:03
to do something in the future, say, for example, opening a window.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:07
It's hot. I'll open the window.
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ๆš‘ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ช“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:10
The act of opening the window might be in the future,
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็ช“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹่กŒ็‚บ ใฏๆœชๆฅใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:14
but the intention to open it is in the present, at the moment of speaking.
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ใŒใ€็ช“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ›ณใฏ ็พๅœจใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็žฌ้–“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:18
It might seem weird, but 'will' actually refers to present time, not future time.
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ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซๆ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€'will' ใฏๅฎŸ้š› ใซใฏๆœชๆฅใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใฏใชใใ€็พๅœจใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:23
And believe it or not, it's the same for would and wouldn't.
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ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€would ใจ would not ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:30
In the same way that will and won't are not about future time,
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will ใจ will not ใŒๆœชๆฅใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
03:34
would and wouldn't aren't about past time.
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would ใจ would not ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:37
It's a bit more tricky to get your head around that point.
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ใใฎ็‚นใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:39
So I would prefer to talk about that another time.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅˆฅใฎๆฉŸไผšใซใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:43
Oh look! I just use 'would' to talk about something that hasn't happened yet.
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ใปใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใฆ๏ผ ใพใ ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏใ€'would' ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:48
Hmm. An example that shows it can't be the past.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ้ŽๅŽปใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ไพ‹ใ€‚
03:51
So I'm going to have to knock off a point from our past-o-meter.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ ้ŽๅŽปใฎใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใƒŽใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ชใƒ•ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
03:55
Before I leave you, one more thing to make you think.
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ใŠๅˆฅใ‚Œใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใค่€ƒใˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:58
As we've seen, 'will' is used for an intention,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใพใง่ฆ‹ใฆใใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ 'will' ใฏๆ„ๅ›ณ
04:01
a plan, an idea to do something. So when we say:
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ใ€่จˆ็”ปใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใŒ่จ€ใ†ใจใ๏ผš
04:04
My car won't start!
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็งใฎ่ปŠใฏๅง‹ๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ
04:06
Are we suggesting the car doesn't have the will to start,
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่ปŠใซ ใฏ็™บ้€ฒใ™ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅฟ—ใŒใชใใ€็งใŸใก
04:09
it has chosen not to start just to wind us up, just to make us angry?
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ใ‚’ๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ ใ‘ใซ็™บ้€ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€็™บ้€ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ธๆŠž ใ—ใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
04:21
It may be we choose to give the human quality of stubbornness to
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ๆฌฒๆฑ‚ไธๆบ€ใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ—ใฆใ€ไบบ้–“ใฎ้ ‘ๅ›บใ•ใฎๆ€ง่ณชใ‚’็„ก็”Ÿ็‰ฉใซไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
04:24
an inanimate object as a way to express our frustration.
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.
04:28
Well, my car certainly is inanimate at the moment, and that is very frustrating.
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ใพใ‚ใ€็งใฎ่ปŠใฏ็ขบใ‹ใซ ็พๆ™‚็‚นใงใฏ็„ก็”Ÿ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒฉใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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