Water crisis - BBC Learning English

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BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
Climate change and population growth put more pressure on water supplies.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฅ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื.
00:06
We'll show you how the law can help those in need get what they need.
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ืื ื• ื ืจืื” ืœืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
00:11
As populations and temperatures rise, how will the law stop a crisis?
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืœื•, ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ?
00:18
And... can the law stop businesses taking the water you need to live?
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ื•... ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืขืกืงื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช?
00:29
There are more than 7.8 billion of us on the planet.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-7.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
00:33
That number is going up.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”.
00:36
We're using more and more water,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื,
00:38
but there's only a limited amount available.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžื™ื ื”.
00:41
Cape Town, South Africa:
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ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”:
00:44
water levels in reservoirs started dropping in 2015.
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ืžืคืœืก ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015.
00:50
In 2017, people started talking about Day Zero,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืืคืก,
00:56
a possible time when taps would need to be turned off.
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ื–ืžืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ื.
01:00
Real worries that a city of four and a half million people
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ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
01:04
would need to queue in the streets to get water.
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ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื.
01:08
The Dead Sea in Jordan:
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ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ:
01:11
30 years ago, water reached this motorway,
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:15
but rivers were diverted for farming.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื ื• ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
01:19
Climate change added to the problem
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื”
01:21
and now the sea itself is at risk
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
01:25
and the soil is drying out so much,
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ื•ื”ืื“ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช,
01:28
the structure of the ground is breaking.
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ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืฉื‘ืจ.
01:31
Huge sinkholes have opened up, wrecking roads and homes.
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ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื ืคืขืจื• ื•ื”ืจืกื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื.
01:37
This is the kind of problem that causes other problems.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:42
People may fight for water,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื,
01:44
or run to another country for help.
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ืื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืขื–ืจื”.
01:47
How can the law help?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?
01:49
We spoke to Dr Paul Orengoh,
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขื ื“"ืจ ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจื ื’ื”,
01:51
from the African Ministers Council on Water.
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ืžืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืžื™ื.
01:55
He explained which laws are in place
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
01:57
to help share this vital resource.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
02:01
We have conventions and protocols
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื
02:03
that promote universal access to clean water
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ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืœืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื
02:06
and I would consider the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืฉื ืช 2030
02:10
to fit under this.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืชื—ืช ื–ื”.
02:12
However, these international conventions,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
02:15
protocols and political commitments are loosely structured
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ืคืฃ
02:20
in a way that countries are not forced to commit to them.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืืœืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื.
02:25
So, in such a case, with a weak framework as that,
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืขื ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ืœืฉื” ื›ื–ื•,
02:29
then it becomes a matter of choice upon individual countries
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
02:34
to pick whether they use them or not.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื• ืœื.
02:36
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
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ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
02:40
encourage sharing water, but they aren't legally binding:
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช:
02:45
they don't force countries to do so.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืืœืฆื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:48
Which laws need to be developed?
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืชื—?
02:51
Water issues are usually very local in terms of challenges and opportunities,
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:55
and each local set-up has their own unique set of features.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจืš ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื•.
03:00
So, why do we need a global commitment
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
03:04
to be able to influence the local legislation?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช?
03:08
I think laws will need to be done
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช
03:11
within the sensitivities of local context,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
03:15
to be able to have been effective enough
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
03:18
to serve the agenda of universal access to water.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืœืžื™ื.
03:21
While we need a global commitment to solve the water crisis,
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ืืžื ื ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ
03:25
every country is different.
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ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:27
So, they need local laws that work in their context.
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ืื–, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:32
The water crisis will make people leave their homes;
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื;
03:37
do they have the right to seek help in other countries?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช?
03:41
We currently do not have laws or policies
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
03:45
that provides for climate-induced migration
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ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
03:50
or movements or misplacements of persons
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ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:52
that happens as a result of climate change.
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ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
03:57
Unfortunately, that is the current situation
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™
04:00
but laws and policies are needed,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
04:02
especially to protect the very poor,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
04:05
who bear the burden of climate change.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
04:10
Unfortunately, there aren't laws directly protecting people
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:14
who have to leave their homes due to lack of water.
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ืฉื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื.
04:18
People currently don't have the right to seek refuge from climate issues.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืคืœื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
04:23
Do we have enough climate laws to manage the water crisis?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืงื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื?
04:28
At the national level and regional level,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช,
04:31
as well as global level, these kind of laws are needed.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
04:35
Within the context of climate change, of course,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
04:37
what is done at the national level
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ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
04:39
feeds into regional level and to the global level.
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ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืจืžื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืจืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
04:43
So, there's no kind of one-way approach to this.
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ืื–, ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื–ื”.
04:49
It has to be done across the levels.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืžื•ืช.
04:51
Climate change is a global problem,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
04:54
so we need laws at a global level.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
04:57
But, to get things done, we really need laws
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื
05:00
at a smaller, regional and national level too.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
05:04
Paul says there aren't many international laws
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ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:08
protecting people forced out of their homes to find water,
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ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื,
05:12
and that local laws need changing too.
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ื•ืฉื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
05:15
Of course, water isn't just vital for drinking.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
05:18
We use it in our factories in huge amounts.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:22
People depend on work and water to survive,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
05:26
so what could the future hold?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
05:29
Early 2021...
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ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2021...
05:32
and Taiwan's biggest reservoir, Tsengwen,
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ื•ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ , Tsengwen,
05:35
was at its driest in years.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
05:38
Other reservoirs in Taiwan are also thirsty,
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ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืฆืžืื™ื ื’ื ื”ื,
05:42
including this one in the north, which supplies water
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืกืคืง ืžื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”
05:45
for Taiwan's $100 billion semiconductor industry.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ . ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช
05:50
The world's largest contract chip maker, TSMC, is nearby.
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ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื , TSMC, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื.
05:56
It and other semiconductor companies
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ื”ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืื—ืจื•ืช
05:59
need a lot of water to spray clean the silicon wafers
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ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ
06:03
that go inside tech gadgets...
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ื”ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื...
06:06
using up to 170,000 tonnes of water a day.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื“ 170,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
06:11
The government has stopped irrigating
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช
06:13
thousands of hectares of nearby farmland.
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ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื”.
06:17
That has left farmers like Chuang Chen-deng
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ื•ืื ื’ ืฆ'ืŸ-ื“ื ื’
06:20
worried about his rice fields.
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ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื– ืฉืœื•.
06:23
You can give us water for two days a week
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข
06:25
or one day โ€“ farmers will find a way.
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ืื• ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ - ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš.
06:27
But now, they've completely cut our water.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื—ืชื›ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:30
Farmers can't find a way out.
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื•ืฆื.
06:33
You're focusing entirely on semiconductors.
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ืืชื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
06:35
Chip maker TSMC planned for the worst.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื TSMC ืชื›ื ื ื” ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ.
06:39
They brought truckloads of water, extracted from construction sites,
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ืžืืชืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”,
06:44
and increased the amount of water they recycle and reuse.
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ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
06:48
Experts, however, warned that even after this drought,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื•,
06:52
tough action is needed to address the causes of Taiwan's water shortages.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ.
07:00
So, with different groups all needing water,
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ืื–, ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืžื™ื,
07:04
we found out more from Mark Zeitoun,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืืจืง ื–ื™ืชื•ืŸ,
07:07
Professor of Water Security and Policy
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื
07:10
at the University of East Anglia in the UK.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
07:13
He explained how the lack of water โ€“
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื -
07:16
also called water scarcity โ€“ is a complex issue.
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ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื - ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
07:20
Well, actually, there are two types of scarcity:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ:
07:23
one โ€“ the most common โ€“ is what we call biophysical scarcity.
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ื”ืื—ื“ - ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื–ื™.
07:27
That's when it doesn't rain enough and when we're counting on the rains.
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ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ืฉื ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื.
07:31
The other type of water scarcity,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื,
07:33
which is much more important, is called social scarcity.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื ืงืจื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
07:36
That's scarcity that comes from that fact that we deny water
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื™ื
07:41
to people who can't afford it, or if they are the wrong nationality.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืขืฆืžื, ืื• ืื ื”ื ื”ืœืื•ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:46
It has nothing to do with how much rain falls on the area.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
07:50
There are two types of lack of water for law to look at.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
07:55
Biophysical scarcity is lack of rain.
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ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืฉื.
07:59
Social scarcity is when people are denied water by others.
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ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:05
Is international law or national law more helpful when it comes to water?
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ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ื?
08:11
It's all about enforceability โ€“ I mean,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืคื” โ€“ ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืืช
08:13
national law in general can be enforced:
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ:
08:17
you have a police force, you have a legal system,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช,
08:20
you have courts, you have prisons.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืชื™ ืกื•ื”ืจ.
08:22
International law and international water law cannot be enforced:
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื:
08:28
I mean, there is no global policeman.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
08:31
I don't know of any state would be welcomed as a global policeman
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
08:34
and that's probably a good thing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:37
But, because the international water law cannot be enforced,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
08:41
that means violations of international water law can continue,
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš,
08:45
sometimes without any consequences.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.
08:48
National laws are more likely to have a system of enforcement
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ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืคื”
08:53
when it comes to a lack of water,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื,
08:55
because international law has no international enforcement agency.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
09:01
The other good thing about international water law is
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื
09:04
it tells you how to distribute the resources
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
09:06
that are transboundary or that are international.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
09:10
It doesn't say that, if there are three countries involved,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:13
that each country gets one third;
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ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ;
09:15
it says that each country should use the waters
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื
09:18
in an equitable and reasonable amount.
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
09:21
And then it gives a definition of equitable and reasonable,
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
09:25
stating how much...
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื”...
09:26
how many people are dependent on the water resources,
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
09:30
what's the economic value of the water resources
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ืžื” ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
09:32
and are there alternative water resources?
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ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื?
09:35
International law regulates cross-border disputes,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืกื“ื™ืจ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:39
where things like lakes and rivers cross borders between countries.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
09:45
It can make sure countries share water fairly.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช.
09:49
International law also has a lot to say about human rights.
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ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื.
09:54
Does this help?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ?
09:56
Yes, most definitely. The human right to water can help for...
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ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœ...
09:59
to deal with social water scarcity.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื.
10:02
I mean, if... if a country recognises in its national legislation
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื... ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช
10:08
that the right to water cannot be denied
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื
10:12
then the government or the companies that provide you water
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ืื– ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืœืš ืžื™ื
10:16
cannot turn their taps off, even if you don't pay for the water.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื’ื ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืžืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื.
10:21
This is the case in the UK:
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”:
10:23
the UK government has recognised the right to water
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื
10:27
and so even the private companies here cannot turn your taps off.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ื.
10:31
The human right to water helps people in many countries
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
10:35
get the water they need to drink.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช.
10:38
Additional protection can be gained
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื’ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
10:40
if countries have included it in their own laws.
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ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
10:45
We've seen that international law has gaps
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจื™ื
10:48
when it comes to making sure that people have enough water.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื.
10:52
But, because international law says everyone has a human right to water,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื,
10:57
even as supplies are drying up,
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ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืืกืคืงื” โ€‹โ€‹ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช,
10:59
people should be able to rely on that right.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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