World Space Week: Junk in space

16,249 views ใƒป 2021-10-07

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:01
Hundreds of new satellites are launched every year,
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ืžืื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
00:04
but what happens to the old ones?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื?
00:06
Space is getting crowded...
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ืฃ...
00:09
so we'll show you what the law says about who is responsible
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™
00:12
and what happens if things start crashing into each other.
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืกืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™.
00:16
Is space junk putting our way of life at risk?
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ื”ืื ื–ื‘ืœ ื—ืœืœ ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•?
00:19
And what happened when NASA's Skylab fell from the sky...
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ื•ืžื” ืงืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืกืงื™ื™ืœืื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ื ืคืœ ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื...
00:29
The European Space Agency estimates there are currently
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื
00:33
170 million bits of rubbish orbiting the Earth.
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170 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืฉืคื” ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:38
How did they get there?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื?
00:39
And could they be a more serious problem than you think?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘?
00:43
Space travel is not something to take for granted.
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ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
00:46
It could actually become impossible,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™,
00:48
dramatically impacting our daily lives.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:51
In 1978, NASA scientist Donald J Kessler predicted
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978, ืžื“ืขืŸ ื ืืก"ื ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื’'ื™ื™ ืงืกืœืจ ื—ื–ื”
00:56
that as we keep launching things into orbit,
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ,
00:59
more and more of them could hit each other,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”,
01:02
breaking up into smaller bits.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:04
Those bits hit other objects and break again...
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘...
01:08
...and again.
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...ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
01:09
Eventually, the amount of space debris
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืœืœ
01:11
could make it unsafe for any space travel โ€“
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ -
01:14
or even satellites for things like GPS,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• GPS,
01:17
television, or weather forecasts.
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ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืื• ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:20
This is called the Kessler syndrome.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืกืœืจ.
01:25
Professor Moriba Jah is taking this very seriously.
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื‘ื” ื’'ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
01:29
His map tracks all known human-made objects in space
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ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืœื• ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ
01:33
to help scientists monitor and predict their behaviour.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจ ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื.
01:37
This is what I call a super-spreader event:
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืคื–ืจ-ืขืœ:
01:40
large rocket bodies that have been up there for decades,
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ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
01:44
that are pretty much ticking time-bombs
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงืชืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘
01:46
and that at some point, they will either explode
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ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืื• ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•
01:50
or something will hit them
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ืื• ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื”ืŸ
01:52
and they'll become many tens of thousands of pieces.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:55
The map is tracking 200 potential 'super-spreader events'.
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ื”ืžืคื” ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ 200 'ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืคื–ืจ-ืขืœ' ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
02:00
These rocket bodies belong to at least three different countries.
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ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:05
So, with the danger of satellites crashing increasing,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช,
02:08
here's space lawyer Jessica Noble
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ื ื•ื‘ืœ
02:10
to explain what that means and who is responsible.
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ืฉืชืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™.
02:14
Right now, if...
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื...
02:16
if a satellite crashes into another...
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ืื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจืกืง ืœืชื•ืš ืื—ืจ...
02:20
another object, whether that is in space or on Earth,
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ืขืฆื ืื—ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:24
the state that launched that satellite is the one
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื•
02:28
who is responsible for that damage and for any clean-up.
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื–ืง ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื›ืœ ื ื™ืงื•ื™.
02:32
However, right now there are no explicit laws
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื
02:36
regarding removal of debris or dead satellites in orbit.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืกืจืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
02:41
However, there have been norms and guidelines
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช
02:44
that states have been working on to address that very issue.
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ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
02:49
When a country launches a satellite, it is responsible for it
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื’ืจืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื•
02:52
and any damage it might cause,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื,
02:55
though the law does not fully address this issue yet.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”.
02:58
What about the environment in space?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ?
03:00
Does the law protect it from damage?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืง?
03:02
In the Outer Space Treaty, one of the articles addresses
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ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก
03:07
protection of the outer space environment
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ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
03:10
and requires that states conducting activities
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ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
03:14
in outer space do so in a manner
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ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
03:18
which avoids harmful contamination of the...
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ืฉื™ืžื ืข ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ืง ืฉืœ...
03:23
the moon and other celestial bodies.
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ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:27
However, this term 'harmful contamination' is not really...
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ' ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ืง' ืื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ...
03:32
is not well understood at this point.
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ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”.
03:35
We don't know exactly what that means,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
03:39
as it relates to conducting activities in outer space
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
03:43
and that's something that we're...
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื•...
03:46
there we're trying to figure out right now.
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:50
The Outer Space Treaty, one of the oldest bits of international space law,
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ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
03:54
was created to protect the space environment,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ,
03:57
but it's not exactly clear on what it means about pollution.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
04:01
So, has the situation changed since the treaty was written?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื– ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืžื ื”?
04:04
Is it still good enough?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘?
04:07
The treaty might have come about in 1967,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืืžื ื” ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘-1967,
04:11
but the authors of the treaty did a good job
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
04:15
of leaving the language broad enough
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ื‘ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”
04:18
to account for different types of activities in space.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
04:23
It is still the backbone of all of our activities
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:27
around the globe, in space,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:30
and has provided a good platform for those activities.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืง ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•.
04:37
There's always room for... for change
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœ... ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
04:39
when we think about norms
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช
04:43
or how we approach those activities,
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ืื• ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
04:45
but the treaty itself as the foundational law
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“
04:50
is still relevant and still applicable today.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:54
Jessica's opinion is that the Outer Space Treaty was written in a way
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ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
04:59
that makes it flexible enough to cope with all the changes
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืžื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
05:02
and the new problems we face in space.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
05:05
So, laws make it clear who's responsible for crashes,
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ืื–, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช,
05:09
but there's still work to be done on pollution.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
05:12
But what happens when something falls out of orbit...
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืคืœ ืžืžืกืœื•ืœ...
05:14
...and down to Earth?
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...ื•ื•ืจื“ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
05:18
That's exactly what happened to the US space laboratory Skylab.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช Skylab.
05:23
At the end of its life in 1979,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘-1979
05:26
it was supposed to break apart and fall into the sea.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ื•ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื™ื.
05:29
That didn't go to plan.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืœืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ.
05:32
Most of it did end up in the Indian Ocean,
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ืจื•ื‘ื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
05:34
but some, including this bit, landed in Western Australia.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื”, ื ื—ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
05:40
No one was hurt, luckily, but what laws dealt with this?
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื ืคื’ืข, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื–ื”?
05:44
Has the law changed since then?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื–?
05:47
The law regarding damages from...
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืž...
05:50
from space to Earth is contained in the liability convention.
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ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
05:55
And that convention โ€“ that was a treaty that came into force in 1972
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ื•ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื - ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘-1972
05:59
and that is still the same today.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:02
It... it relates to...
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ื–ื”... ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœ...
06:04
it deals with space objects hitting the Earth
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
06:08
and it deals with space objects hitting each other up in space.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ ื—ืœืœ ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
06:12
But there's a different type of liability
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
06:14
that applies in space to one that applies on Earth.
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ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœื–ื• ืฉื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:18
A law called the Liability Convention of 1972
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ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ืงืจื ืืžื ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1972
06:23
still deals with space objects hitting the Earth,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:26
so the law hasn't changed since Skylab crashed.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื– ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช Skylab.
06:30
So, if something hit my house, what could I do?
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ืื– ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
06:33
The law does permit you to sue what's known as the launching state,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจ ืœืš ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื’ืจืช,
06:39
who is responsible for that piece of space junk
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ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ
06:42
that crashed into a house or landed on your property,
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ืฉื”ืชืจืกืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœืš,
06:46
if... if you incur damage.
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ืื... ืื ื ื’ืจื ืœืš ื ื–ืง.
06:48
If you have damage as a result โ€“ that's....
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื ื–ืง ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ....
06:51
that's physical injury or damage to property โ€“
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ื–ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืื• ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ โ€“
06:54
then you have a right to claim compensation for that damage.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื ื–ืง.
06:58
And you can do it in one of two ways:
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื:
07:01
you can have your country, your state,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš,
07:04
make a claim against that other state who was responsible for that damage;
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื–ืง ื”ื–ื”;
07:09
or you can go to that state's own courts
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื”
07:12
and you can make a claim yourself.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.
07:14
But you cannot do both at the same time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
07:18
If your house gets hit by something from space,
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ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื ืคื’ืข ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื—ืœืœ,
07:21
you can claim damages in one of two ways:
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื:
07:25
either through your own government or via the other country's courts.
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ืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœืš ืื• ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช.
07:30
So, what about protecting the environment
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ืื– ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
07:32
from crashes and accidents?
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ืžืคื ื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ื ื•ืช?
07:35
Many states require you to get a licence,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืžืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ,
07:39
to provide them with an environmental protection plan.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:43
They need to see what you're going to do,
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
07:46
with respect to protecting the environment,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
07:48
before they issue you with a licence.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ.
07:50
So, in that regard states
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
07:53
and their domestic national concerns
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
07:58
are ahead of the game, regarding international law,
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ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
08:01
which doesn't impose those same requirements.
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช.
08:05
Yet, because of that though, I think it's only a matter of time
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ
08:09
before these environmental controls that are imposed nationally
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
08:15
will find international expression
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ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
08:18
and be part of international law.
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
08:21
Some countries require that you have a licence to launch a spacecraft.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื’ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
08:26
To get this, you need an environmental protection plan,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
08:29
but there isn't an international law about this yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:33
The law tries to keep our satellites and spacecraft safe from junk,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื‘ืœ,
08:37
and tries to protect us, here on Earth.
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:40
But it's clear there's still work to be done for lawyers!
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ!

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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