How to Use WITH & BY โšก๏ธEnglish Prepositions | Common Grammar Mistakes

1,154,675 views ใƒป 2019-02-15

mmmEnglish


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hey there, I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€mmmEnglishใฎEmmaใงใ™๏ผ
00:03
In this lesson, we'll go over these two prepositions.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰2ใคใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:08
Now, if you're a little confused by prepositions
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
00:12
that's totally normal!
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆญฃๅธธใงใ™๏ผ
00:14
Wait a second, I could also say
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆ
00:18
If you're feeling frustrated with prepositions
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซไธๆบ€ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใชใ‚‰ใ€
00:23
you're definitely not alone.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใชใไธ€ไบบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:25
It's a little tricky, right?
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:27
Are both of those sentences right?
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:30
Does the meaning change?
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:31
So both of these sentences are perfectly fine
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Š
00:34
but let's find out a little more about how to use
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00:39
these little
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฐใ•ใ„
00:41
but important English prepositions correctly.
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ใŒ้‡่ฆใช่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:44
Hold tight!
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ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใƒ›ใƒผใƒซใƒ‰๏ผ
00:55
Prepositions are, well,
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏใ€ใพใ‚ใ€
00:58
they're just annoying little buggers!
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใŸใ ่ฟทๆƒ‘ใชๅฐใ•ใชใƒใ‚ฌใƒผใงใ™๏ผ
01:00
They're such tiny words,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฐใ•ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใŒใ€
01:03
yet they influence your sentence significantly.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใซๅคงใใชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
01:07
When they're used correctly,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ
01:08
they can make your English sound more advanced.
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ๅบฆใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:12
They can help you to sound more natural
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
01:15
and more fluent when you're speaking
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‡ช็„ถใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆตๆšขใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
01:17
which of course, is exactly what you're aiming for.
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ใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็›ฎๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใพใ•ใซใใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚
01:20
But, if they're used incorrectly, well
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€
01:25
these errors are quite obvious
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใฏ
01:27
to native English speakers.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใซใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็™ฝใงใ™ใ€‚
01:28
And these mistakes, they actually reduce the quality
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›
01:32
of your English.
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ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ่ณชใ‚’ไฝŽไธ‹ใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:34
And sometimes it can also mean that you're
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ใพใŸใ€่ชค่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:37
misunderstood - the meaning's not clear.
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:41
So you probably know that there's lots
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:43
of prepositions in English.
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ใ€‚
01:53
I could keep going but you get the point.
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็งใฏ็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅ–ๅพ—ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:55
Actually when you get the chance, you can review
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ๆฉŸไผšใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
01:57
this playlist right here, it's full of my lessons
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใง็ขบ่ชใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๆบ€่ผ‰ใงใ™
02:01
about prepositions.
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ใ€‚
02:02
One problem that my students have with prepositions
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็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ•้กŒใฎ1ใค
02:06
from their own native language
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02:09
is that they don't translate perfectly into English
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ใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใซๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„
02:12
so they end up using the wrong preposition
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ใŸใ‚ใ€้–“้•ใฃใŸๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
02:15
and it becomes a bit of a habit, right?
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ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:19
Which is why it's really important
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02:21
to study and practise prepositions
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02:24
in context, so using books,
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๆœฌใ€ใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ฐๆŠ•็จฟใ€ใใฎไป–ใฎใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ๆ–‡่„ˆใฎไธญใงๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ—ใฆๅฎŸ่ทตใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ
02:26
blog posts and other texts.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
02:28
They're really great places to really try and understand
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ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่ฉฆใ—ใฆ็†่งฃ
02:31
English prepositions and
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02:33
see them, how they're used naturally.
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ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ่‡ช็„ถใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:36
In this lesson, I'll go over the prepositions 'with' and 'by'.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œwithใ€ใจใ€Œbyใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:42
So we'll talk about the general rules
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ใใ“ใงใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ฆๅ‰‡
02:44
and the uses for each of those prepositions.
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ใจใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:48
We'll also talk about how both of them
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ใพใŸใ€ไธกๆ–นใ‚’ๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
02:50
could be used in the same sentence.
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ใ€‚
02:52
And later on, later in the lesson,
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ใใ—ใฆๅพŒใงใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๅพŒๅŠใง
02:55
I'll test you on what you've learnt so make sure you
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใพใ™ใฎใง
02:59
stick around until the end of the lesson
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ใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใงใ€
03:00
so we can practise a little together, right?
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็งใŸใกใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใจ้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใญ๏ผŸ
03:03
Cool! So let's start with
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ๆถผใ—ใ„๏ผ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€Soใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:09
So, 'with' can actually mean
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ใ€‚ใ€Œwithใ€ใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ
03:12
all of these different things as a preposition.
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ‚‚ใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:15
But let's just start with the first one for now.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:18
You can use 'with' when you're talking about people,
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ไบบใ‚„็‰ฉไบ‹ใŒไธ€็ท’ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
03:22
or things being together.
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ใ€‚
03:25
So if you're with someone,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ชฐใ‹ใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใ‚‹
03:27
then you're probably in the same place as them.
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฝผใ‚‰ใจๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:35
This means
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03:35
I was physically in the same place as Jane yesterday
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไบ‹ๆ•…ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€
็งใŒๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒณใจ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใซๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
03:39
while the accident was happening.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:41
Now this could be people or objects,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบบใ‚„็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
03:44
so two objects or things that are with each other
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ใฎใงใ€ไบ’ใ„ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹2ใคใฎ็‰ฉใ‚„
03:48
are also together.
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็‰ฉใ‚‚ไธ€็ท’ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:55
When I eat a burger
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ใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฌใƒผใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใจใ
03:56
I put mustard on it and I eat the burger
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ใฏใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ใฎใ›ใฆใ€ใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฌใƒผ
03:59
and the mustard together, right?
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ใจใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซ้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
04:02
So 'with' means physically in the same place.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใฏ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใซๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:07
There's one exception though,
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไพ‹ๅค–ใŒ1ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:08
this is an informal usage but a very, very common one.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใงใ™ใŒใ€้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:13
Two people that are together or with each other,
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ไธ€็ท’ใซใพใŸใฏใŠไบ’ใ„ใซไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใ‚‹2ไบบใฎไบบใ€
04:18
well this can actually mean that they're in a
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ใพใ‚ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ
04:20
romantic relationship or they're dating.
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ใƒญใƒžใƒณใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใช้–ขไฟ‚ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไป˜ใๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:27
So Chris and Jane probably haven't been
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใจใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒณใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ
04:30
physically in the same location since last year,
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ๆ˜จๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰็‰ฉ็†็š„ใซๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
04:33
but they have been together in a relationship.
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ใŒใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ€็ท’ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็ฏ‰ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:38
Now this usage, it's quite contextual,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใฏใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆ–‡่„ˆใซๆฒฟใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎ
04:41
you kind of need the other information in the sentence
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ใงใ™
04:44
to help you recognise the meaning.
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ใ€‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๆ–‡ใซไป–ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
04:47
So here's a couple more examples.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:53
So this is that informal use - talking about a relationship
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใใฎ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชไฝฟ็”จใงใ™-้–ขไฟ‚
04:57
and 'boyfriend' there is the clue that we're talking about,
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ใจใ€Œใƒœใƒผใ‚คใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Š
05:00
a romantic relationship.
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ใ€ใƒญใƒžใƒณใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใช้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:13
Now here, this probably isn't talking about
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ตใƒŸใƒผใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใƒญใƒžใƒณใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใช้–ขไฟ‚ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:17
a romantic relationship because
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05:19
we're looking for Sammy,
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05:21
we want to know where she is,
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ใ€‚ๅฝผๅฅณใŒใฉใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ็พๅœจใฉใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™
05:23
where she physically is right now. We're asking
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ใ€‚
05:26
is she with you?
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจไธ€็ท’ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:28
Okay? It's not the romantic meaning.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏใƒญใƒžใƒณใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:31
'With' can also mean having something.
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ใ€Œwithใ€ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:34
So you can use 'with' to show that something
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹
05:38
or someone has something else.
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ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:42
So a person with tattoos is someone who has tattoos.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๅขจใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใฏๅ…ฅใ‚Œๅขจใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
05:46
A dog with a red collar
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่ตคใ„้ฆ–่ผช
05:49
is a dog who has a red collar.
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ใฎ็Šฌใฏ่ตคใ„้ฆ–่ผชใฎ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€‚
06:07
Okay so 'with' can also mean to use something,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹
06:12
to make or to do something else.
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ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:15
So think about a time when you were doing an action
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€
06:19
or you were making something
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ใพใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
06:21
with the help of
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06:23
a tool or an object or an ingredient.
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้“ๅ…ทใ‚„็‰ฉใ‚„ๆๆ–™ใฎๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:28
It sounds a little confusing.
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ๅฐ‘ใ—็ด›ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
06:30
But let me think of a couple of examples
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:33
just to make it a bit easier to understand.
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ใ€‚
06:40
So she used the candles to make the table look nice.
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ใใ“ใงๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎ่ฆ‹ๆ „ใˆใ‚’่‰ฏใใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:44
Okay? She's using them as a tool or as a material.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’้“ๅ…ทใจใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๆๆ–™ใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:55
So he uses a pencil while he's doing his homework.
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ใใ‚Œใงๅฝผใฏๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“้‰›็ญ†ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:03
So these three meanings that we've just been through,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒไปŠ็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใŸใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ3ใคใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณ
07:07
they're all quite similar
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ใฏใ™ในใฆ้žๅธธใซไผผ
07:08
but small details in a sentence can help you
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ็ดฐ้ƒจใŒ
07:11
figure out the meaning of 'with' in that sentence.
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ใใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ€Œwithใ€ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
07:14
So I want to give you a few examples to help you
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€
07:17
compare these three different uses of 'with', okay?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ3ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ 'with'ใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’ๆฏ”่ผƒใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:26
So here I'm talking about using basil to cook.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ“ใง็งใฏใƒใ‚ธใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๆ–™็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
07:30
It's an important ingredient or tool, I guess,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€็ง
07:34
that I use to make this specific recipe.
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ใŒใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้‡่ฆใชๆๆ–™ใพใŸใฏใƒ„ใƒผใƒซใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:38
But I could also say in general
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ
07:42
that I like pasta sauce with basil.
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็š„ใซใฏใƒใ‚ธใƒซใฎใƒ‘ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚นใŒๅฅฝใใ ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
07:46
Okay? So I'm not making the pasta sauce here,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใƒ‘ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ไฝœใฃ
07:50
I'm not using basil.
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ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใƒใ‚ธใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚
07:52
I'm just speaking about how I like pasta
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07:56
or pasta sauce that has basil in it,
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ใƒใ‚ธใƒซใŒๅ…ฅใฃใŸใƒ‘ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚„ใƒ‘ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚นใŒๅฅฝใใชใฎ
07:59
that contains basil.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:01
But if I went to a restaurant, the waitress might ask
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚คใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒ่žใ„ใฆใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
08:10
So she's asking if
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08:11
if I want the pasta and the basil sauce together.
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ใฎใงใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚นใ‚ฟใจใƒใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใ‹ใจ่žใ„ใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:15
So if I say yes,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒใใ†่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€
08:16
I'm going to get both of those things together
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไธกๆ–น
08:19
on my plate, right?
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ใ‚’็งใฎ็šฟใซใพใจใ‚ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
08:20
Does that make sense?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:22
Okay so there are two more ways that you can use
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž 'with'ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ‚ใจ2ใคใ‚ใ‚Š
08:25
the preposition 'with'
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08:27
though these ones are a little
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•
08:29
less common than the last three.
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ใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ3ใคใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฐ‘ใ—ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:32
But you can use 'with'
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
08:34
to show the feeling behind an action.
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ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ่ƒŒๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:37
So to say that you're doing an action
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
08:40
with a certain feeling.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่กŒๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:46
So the person who's writing that message
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใฎใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
08:49
they want to show or explain that they're feeling sad
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ใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฏใ€ใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ๆ›ธใ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๆ‚ฒใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ‚Š่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆ
08:52
as they are doing the action of writing the message.
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:05
Okay?
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09:05
So we can use 'with' to explain
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
09:08
how an action - the emotion behind an action.
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ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ๏ผˆใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ่ƒŒๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…๏ผ‰ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:12
Now lastly,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
09:13
if someone is with you,
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ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸ
09:15
they agree with you, they're on your side.
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ใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‘ณๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚
09:18
So imagine that everyone at work
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ทๅ ดใฎๅ…จๅ“ก
09:21
is in the middle of a big discussion.
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ใŒๅคงใใช่ญฐ่ซ–ใฎ็œŸใฃๅชไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:23
Everyone has different opinions, right?
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ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฏไบบใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
09:25
But you agree with Matt, so you can say:
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒžใƒƒใƒˆใซๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒžใƒƒใƒˆใซๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹
09:31
When you say that you are
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09:32
letting everyone know that you
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ใ“ใจใ‚’ใฟใ‚“ใชใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ
09:34
agree with Matt.
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ใ€‚
09:36
You have the same opinions as Matt, right?
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ใƒžใƒƒใƒˆใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„่ฆ‹ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
09:38
Now we also talked about this same use
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ไปŠใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ“ใ‚ŒใจๅŒใ˜ไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
09:42
in this video.
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ใ€‚
09:43
This is the video about the prepositions, 'for' and 'by'.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œforใ€ใจใ€Œbyใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ™ใ€‚
09:47
So you can use 'for' to express
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
09:50
a similar idea, to agree or support someone.
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ใ€ๅŒๆง˜ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’่กจ็พใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซๅŒๆ„ใพใŸใฏใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:53
But 'with' is usually used to say that you
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไบบใจใใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
09:56
support a person and their opinion.
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ใ€‚
09:59
And 'for' is usually used to say that you support an idea.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œforใ€ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:03
So I would say:
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ ใ‚ใ†๏ผš
10:06
We both agree in free healthcare for everyone.
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็งใŸใกใฏ็š†ใฎใŸใ‚ใฎ็„กๆ–™ใฎๅŒป็™‚ใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:10
Now compare that to
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅคงไธˆๅคซใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—
10:16
Okay? There's a difference.
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ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:17
Now interestingly, this expression
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่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ“ใจใซใ€ใ“ใฎ
10:20
'to stand by someone'
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พ
10:23
has a very similar meaning, it's a similar idea.
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ใฏ้žๅธธใซไผผใŸๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ไผผใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใช่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚
10:26
It's really nice when someone stands by you, right?
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใใฐใซ็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
10:30
But this is an important expression to keep in mind
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใ้‡่ฆใช่กจ็พ
10:33
because the meaning is very similar
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ
10:35
to what we've just been talking about
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ไปŠ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™
10:38
but the preposition is different.
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ใŒใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:40
Right? So you just need to take a note of it.
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒกใƒขใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:43
Right, so we've been over
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ใใ†
10:45
all of the uses of 'with' as a preposition.
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ใงใ™ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎใ€Œwithใ€ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:48
But before we move on, I want you to
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใ‚€ๅ‰ใซ
10:51
pause for a moment and write a few sentences
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ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ€ไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
10:55
in the comments below
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10:56
to practise using what you've learned just now, okay?
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ใ€ไปŠๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:00
And I'll try and check them and
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ€
11:02
make sure I give you some feedback,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ‰ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹
11:03
make sure that you're using them correctly.
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ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:06
Down there!
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ใ‚ใใ“๏ผ
11:08
All right, let's check out the preposition 'by' now.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:12
Now it can be used to talk about general proximity.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ฟ‘ๆŽฅๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:16
So to show that someone is near
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒ
11:18
or close to something else.
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ไป–ใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:20
And it usually means that
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏ้€šๅธธใ€
11:23
that thing is right beside it
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ใใฎใ“ใจใฏใใฎใ™ใๆจช
11:25
or to the side of something else.
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ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฎๆจชใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:28
Where did you park the car?
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่ปŠใฏใฉใ“ใซ้ง่ปŠใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
11:33
Okay?
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11:33
So that means I parked near the supermarket.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใฏใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒผใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซ้ง่ปŠใ—ใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
11:36
My car is really close to the supermarket.
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็งใฎ่ปŠใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒผใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใซ่ฟ‘ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:39
It's probably right next to it.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใใฎใ™ใ้šฃใงใ™ใ€‚
11:52
So this is easy enough, right?
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
11:54
Now
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ใ“ใ“
11:56
there's a teeny weeny thing that you need
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ใง่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฐใ•ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
11:58
to remember here.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:59
When 'by' is used with a verb that shows movement,
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ใ€Œbyใ€ใฏใ€ๅ‹•ใใ‚’็คบใ™ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใจใ‚‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
12:03
it describes the movement past
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12:06
a person or a place or a thing.
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ใ€ไบบใ€ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็‰ฉใ‚’้€š้Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•ใใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:09
So 'by' with a movement verb shows us
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ€Œbyใ€ใฏใ€
12:12
that something is moving past another thing.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅˆฅใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’้€šใ‚Š้ŽใŽใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:20
So here, 'walk' is a verb that shows movement, right?
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œๆญฉใใ€ใฏๅ‹•ใใ‚’็คบใ™ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
12:25
So I walked past your office,
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ใใ‚Œใง็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใ‚’้€šใ‚Š้ŽใŽใพใ—ใŸใ€
12:26
I walked by your office.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใฎใใฐใ‚’ๆญฉใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:29
Now we also use 'by' to set a time limit.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆ™‚้–“ๅˆถ้™ใ‚’่จญๅฎšใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:34
So when 'by' is used with time, it means
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใŒๆ™‚้–“ใจใจใ‚‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
12:36
not later than a certain time.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้…ใใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:44
I can leave before seven thirty,
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็งใฏ7ๆ™‚30ๅˆ†ๅ‰ใ€
12:46
or exactly at seven thirty
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ใพใŸใฏๆญฃ็ขบใซ7ๆ™‚30ๅˆ†ใซ
12:49
but I can't leave later than seven thirty.
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ๅ‡บ็™บใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€7ๆ™‚30ๅˆ†ไปฅ้™ใซๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:52
If I leave later,
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ๅพŒใงๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
12:54
well, I'll be late for work.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใซ้…ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
13:05
Have your parents ever said that to you?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธก่ฆชใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:08
So in this lesson here, I actually go into more detail
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ
13:12
about how we use 'by'
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ใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
13:14
to talk about time.
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ใฆๆ™‚้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:16
So if you want to go a little more deeper on that,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
13:19
click this link here.
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ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:21
We can also use 'by' to show
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ใพใŸใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
13:23
who or what is doing something
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€่ชฐใŒใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’
13:25
when we're using the passive voice.
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:34
So this is the passive voice.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:36
In English, we use the passive voice or the active voice
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็†็”ฑใงๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใพใŸใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
13:39
for different reasons.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:41
Actually I made a lesson on it a few months ago so it's
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ๅฎŸใฏๆ•ฐใƒถๆœˆๅ‰ใซใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใง
13:44
right here if you are curious about the passive voice.
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ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:52
So this is the passive voice.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:54
The active voice is
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่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏ
14:00
So in the first example I'm using the passive voice
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ไบบ
14:04
to show that the emphasis is on the action,
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ใงใฏใชใ่กŒๅ‹•ใซ้‡็‚นใŒ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„
14:07
not the person.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:08
The action is the most important thing in the sentence.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
14:12
And we use 'by' to know who or what
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ใพใŸ
14:15
is doing the action, if it's important.
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ใ€้‡่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:30
Now when you want to
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ใ“ใ‚Œใง
14:32
explain how an action will be done,
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ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฎŸ่กŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹
14:34
you can also use 'by'.
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:37
So you're saying what is your
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใ“ใ‹ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
14:40
method for arriving somewhere.
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ใ€‚
14:42
Or getting something done
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ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆˆใ—้‚ใ’
14:45
or doing something.
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:47
What is the way that you're going to do it?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:49
In all of those different situations, you can use
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็Šถๆณใฎใ™ในใฆใงใ€
14:52
'by' to explain how.
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ใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
15:01
Okay? So bike was the method
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใฏ
15:03
that I used to get to work.
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็งใŒไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
15:06
Another one.
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ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใ€‚
15:19
Okay these are the methods to achieve the outcome.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็ตๆžœใ‚’้”ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:24
All right, last one
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15:25
and then we'll practise together, I promise.
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ไบ†่งฃใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚็ด„ๆŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:29
We can use 'by' with a reflexive pronoun
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ๅๅฐ„ไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
15:33
to say that you'll do something alone.
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ใ—ใฆใ€ไธ€ไบบใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
15:36
Okay or a person is doing something alone.
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใพใŸใฏไบบใŒไธ€ไบบใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
15:39
Now all personal pronouns have a reflexive
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ไปŠใงใฏใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎไบบ็งฐไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏ
15:42
form in English, right?
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงๅๅฐ„ๅฝขใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
15:44
So we have
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏ
15:51
Right? There's quite a few of them.
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎๆ•ฐใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:54
But you can use 'by' with a reflexive pronoun
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅๅฐ„ไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
15:57
to talk about doing something alone
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ๅ˜็‹ฌใงใ€
15:59
or without any help from anyone else.
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ใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎไบบใฎๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใšใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:02
So you would say 'by myself'
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
16:08
That kind of thing.
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ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใ€‚
16:13
So that just means
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ใคใพใ‚Š
16:14
that I don't need you, I can clean up on my own.
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ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใง็‰‡ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:26
Speaking of reflexive pronouns,
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ๅๅฐ„ไปฃๅ่ฉžใจ่จ€ใˆ
16:29
let's go back to the preposition 'with' for a moment
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ใฐใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œwithใ€ใซๅฐ‘ใ—ๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
16:32
because 'with' can also be used with a reflexive pronoun
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ใ€Œwithใ€ใฏๅๅฐ„ไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹
16:36
So remember that 'with'
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ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œwithใ€
16:38
and a person
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ใจไบบ
16:40
means together, right?
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ใฏไธ€็ท’ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:42
So 'with' and a reflexive pronoun, it's kind of like
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใจๅๅฐ„ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€
16:45
saying together with oneself, right?
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
16:56
So he was talking to himself, probably just
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ใใ‚ŒใงๅฝผใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ้ ญใฎไธญใง่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
16:59
inside his head, right?
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ใญ๏ผŸ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใจไผš่ฉฑ
17:01
You don't have to speak out loud to have
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅคงๅฃฐใง่ฉฑใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
17:03
a conversation with yourself, right?
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ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
17:05
Cool, so let's look at a few situations
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ใ‹ใฃใ“ใ„ใ„ใฎใง
17:09
where both 'with' and 'by' can be used correctly
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ใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใจใ€Œbyใ€ใฎไธกๆ–นใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็Šถๆณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
17:14
but of course,
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€
17:15
it means the meaning changes
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
17:17
and this is where it can get a little confusing, all right?
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใญใ€‚
17:20
I want you to take your time here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
17:32
So I want you to think about
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
17:34
what's the difference in the meaning here.
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ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:37
Why have we used each of these prepositions
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ใชใœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
17:41
and what do they mean in each of these sentences?
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ใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใงไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
17:44
I want you to pause the video for a moment
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญข
17:46
and write your answer in the comments.
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ใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
17:49
Okay so the first sentence.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ€‚
17:51
It uses 'by' to show who was doing the action,
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'by'ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€่ชฐใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใ€
17:55
who filmed the movie. It was Jerry.
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่ชฐใŒๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’ๆ’ฎๅฝฑใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒชใƒผใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
17:58
But in the second sentence, 'with' tells us
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ€Œwithใ€ใฏ
18:01
what was used to do the filming
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ใ€ๆ’ฎๅฝฑใซไฝ•ใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ€
18:04
so what kind of equipment was used.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆฉŸๅ™จใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:07
Well it was an underwater camera, right?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆฐดไธญใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใงใ—ใŸใญ๏ผŸ
18:10
Let's try another one.
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ๅˆฅใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
18:20
So pause the video, think about the difference.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ€้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
18:23
Try and explain it in the answers.
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็ญ”ใˆใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
18:25
And I'll be down there to check soon.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใ™ใใซใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใซใ‹ใใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใซไผใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
18:27
So I hope that you paused and you wrote your answer
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ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
18:31
because I'm about to tell you it anyway.
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ใ€‚
18:34
So in the first sentence, 'with' shows togetherness.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใฏไธ€ไฝ“ๆ€งใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:37
The lady and the dog are together, it's probably her dog.
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ๅฅณๆ€งใจ็Šฌใฏไธ€็ท’ใงใ™ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฝผๅฅณใฎ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€‚
18:41
But in the second sentence,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
18:43
'by' tells us the location of the lady. She's near the dog.
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ใ€Œbyใ€ใฏๅฅณๆ€งใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็Šฌใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:48
It could be her dog but
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎ็Šฌ
18:50
maybe not, we don't really know.
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ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€็งใŸใกใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
18:52
Now that you know the rules about these prepositions,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ฆๅ‰‡ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ
18:55
you'll be able to read through a few
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18:57
pages of your favourite English book
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ใฎใงใ€ใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆœฌใฎๆ•ฐใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’่ชญใฟใ€
19:00
and start to recognise these different uses.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
19:03
Actually, that's a really great way to help you
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€
19:06
remember what you learned in this lesson, to actually
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ
19:09
start practising,
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็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใ€
19:11
looking for these prepositions
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
19:13
and trying to understand them.
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ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆ็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใค้žๅธธใซๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
19:15
Now before you go, I've got a few last sentences
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่กŒใๅ‰ใซใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจไธ€็ท’
19:18
to practise with you, okay?
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ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
19:20
I'm going to give you some sentences
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆ
19:22
and see if you can choose the correct preposition
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็ฉบ็™ฝใฎใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚นใซ่กŒใใŸใ‚ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’้ธใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
19:25
to go in the blank space, right?
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ใญ๏ผŸ
19:28
So I want you to write your answers in the comments
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™
19:30
below. I'm going to be down there checking them
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ใ€‚
19:33
straight away after this lesson's live.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ™ใใซใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:36
And I don't want you to write
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ็ญ”ใˆใ ใ‘ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใปใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
19:38
just the answer, I want you to tell me why
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ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใ ็†็”ฑใ‚’็งใซๆ•™ใˆใฆๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™
19:41
you've chosen that preposition.
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ใ€‚
19:43
What's the meaning behind it, right?
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ใใฎ่ƒŒๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
19:46
Here we go!
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ใฉใ†ใž๏ผ
19:52
Is it 'by' or 'with'?
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'by'ใพใŸใฏ 'with'ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
19:54
It's 'by' right? Because we've got
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'by'ใงใ—ใ‚‡๏ผŸ ใชใœใชใ‚‰
19:56
a reflexive pronoun here
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ใ€ใ“ใ“
19:59
to talk about doing something alone.
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ใซใฏใ€ไธ€ไบบใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใฎๅๅฐ„ไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:02
Right? Okay now it's your turn.
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๅบฆใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็•ชใงใ™ใ€‚
20:05
What's the preposition?
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
20:13
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
20:15
Here's another one.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
20:24
So that's together, right?
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ใใ‚Œใงไธ€็ท’ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
20:26
Fries and your burger together.
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ใƒ•ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒใƒ†ใƒˆใจใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฌใƒผใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซใ€‚
20:29
Now it is possible to say
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ใ“ใ‚Œใง
20:31
'Would you like to order any fries by your burger?'
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ใ€ใ€Œใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฌใƒผใงใƒ•ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
20:35
Sounds a bit weird though. That just means
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉ
20:38
on the plate, so next to the burger on your plate.
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็šฟใฎไธŠใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็šฟใฎไธŠใฎใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฌใƒผใฎ้šฃใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
20:42
So it's a way less common way of saying that.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใฏใชใ„่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚
20:45
It's not completely incorrect but it
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
20:46
certainly doesn't sound right.
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ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็ขบใ‹ใซๆญฃใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
20:48
So 'with' is the correct option there.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
20:50
How about this one?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†๏ผŸ
20:59
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
21:01
So here, 'by' is telling us that
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใฏ
21:04
it's the method that something is done, right?
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ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ ใจ็งใŸใกใซ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
21:12
This one?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™๏ผŸ
21:21
We're using 'with' here to say that she has something.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œwithใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:26
Something. She has thirteen children.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใซใฏ13ไบบใฎๅญไพ›ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:29
Can you imagine that?
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ๆƒณๅƒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
21:30
It would be chaos!
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ๆททๆฒŒใ ใ‚ใ†๏ผ
21:32
Absolute chaos!
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็ตถๅฏพ็š„ใชๆททไนฑ๏ผ
21:34
Okay, how about this one? We've got two.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ 2ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
21:41
Is it 'with' or 'by'? Where does it go?
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'with'ใพใŸใฏ 'by'ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใใฎ๏ผŸ
21:48
Correct.
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚
21:49
Together with their parents.
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ไธก่ฆชใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ€‚
21:51
And
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ใใ—ใฆ
21:54
So next to the river.
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ใ€ๅทใฎ้šฃใ€‚
21:56
Last one.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไธ€ใคใ€‚
22:04
So it's
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22:06
so we're together and
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใ‚‹
22:10
so that's the method of getting to work.
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ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไป•ไบ‹ใซๅ–ใ‚ŠๆŽ›ใ‹ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
22:14
So how did you go?
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ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“
22:16
I hope that you enjoyed that lesson
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ใงmmmEnglishใงๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
22:18
especially the practice section at the end
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22:21
because you need to make sure that you're
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ€็‰นใซๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“
22:24
using the lessons that you learn here at mmmEnglish.
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ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:28
Like I said,
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็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
22:29
practise while you read, just grab your favourite book,
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่ชญใฟใชใŒใ‚‰็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฎๆœฌใ‚„
22:33
English book, or find an article online even,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆœฌใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใง่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘
22:37
but then underline every 'with' and 'by' on the page.
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใ€Œwithใ€ใจใ€Œbyใ€ใซไธ‹็ทšใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
22:42
These words are so common, I'm sure you'll find
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
22:44
plenty of them.
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ใ€‚
22:46
But what I want you to do is to then
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใฎใฏ
22:49
be curious and try to understand or try to work out
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ใ€ๅฅฝๅฅ‡ๅฟƒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็†็”ฑใ‚’็†่งฃใพใŸใฏ่งฃๆ˜Žใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
22:54
why these different prepositions were used.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
22:57
It will really help your brain to remember this lesson.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่„ณใŒใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅŠฉใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
23:00
Now I would love to keep teaching you
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„
23:03
more about prepositions right here.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
23:05
Or we can switch things up a little bit and maybe
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใฆใ€
23:08
try this lesson instead.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฉฆใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
23:10
But don't forget to subscribe and show your support
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€mmmEnglishใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
23:14
for the mmmEnglish channel
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23:15
and I will see you
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23:17
in one of these lessons.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
23:19
See you there!
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ใพใŸใญ๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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