Stop Making Mistakes with Relative Clauses! [Which & That]

411,314 views ใƒป 2019-07-19

mmmEnglish


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Well hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€mmmEnglishใฎEmmaใงใ™ใ€‚
00:03
Today we're going to talk about two words that are
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚Šไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹2ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™
00:06
pretty similar. Two words that I know
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ใ€‚
00:09
many of you have been confused about:
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅคšใใŒๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹2ใคใฎ่จ€่‘‰๏ผš
00:11
which or that?
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใใ‚Œใ‹๏ผŸ
00:14
Now these words are exactly what we're going to talk
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใพใ•ใซไปŠๆ—ฅ็งใŸใกใŒ
00:17
about today, 'which' or 'that' in relative clauses.
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่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใฎใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:21
And I'll check that you've been listening at the
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹
00:24
end of this lesson because I've got a mini quiz
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ใŸใ‚ใฎใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ่žใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—
00:27
to test you, right?
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ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:29
Ten questions in a little over two minutes.
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2ๅˆ†ๅผทใง10ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ€‚
00:32
So make sure you pay attention.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ไปŠๆ—ฅใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅพŒๆด
00:42
Guys I'd like to take a moment to offer a big warm
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00:44
shout out to our friends at Lingoda
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹Lingodaใฎๅ‹้”ใซใ€ๅคงใใชๆธฉใ‹ใ„ๅซใณๅฃฐใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„
00:47
who are sponsoring this lesson for you today.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:49
Now most of you already know that I've been taking
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ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏใ€็งใŒๅ…ˆๆœˆใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅLingodaใงใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใงใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:51
Spanish lessons with Lingoda
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00:53
every single day for the last month.
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ใ€‚
00:57
I'll show you.
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ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:22
No - one day I'll remember which one is which.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆ-ใ„ใคใฎๆ—ฅใ‹ใ€ใฉใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:27
In the meantime, here are three things
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ใใ‚Œใพใงใฎ้–“ใ€
01:30
that I love about Lingoda and why I
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Lingodaใซใคใ„ใฆ็งใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹3ใคใฎใ“ใจใจใ€
01:32
highly recommend you check them out.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผทใใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ™ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’ไปฅไธ‹ใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:34
Number one.
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ไธ€็•ชใ€‚
01:35
They have small classes
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ๅฐ‘ไบบๆ•ฐๅˆถใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚น
01:37
with no more than five students in each class.
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ใงใ€ๅ„ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ๆ•ฐใฏ5ไบบไปฅไธ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:39
I always have the chance to join in.
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็งใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:42
In fact, quite a few of the classes I've had
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ใ€‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€็งใŒๅ—ใ‘ใŸใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฎใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎๆ•ฐใฏใ€
01:45
were just me and the teacher which I was like
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็งใจ็งใŒ
01:47
"Yes! Private lesson!"
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ใ€Œใฏใ„๏ผใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ™ใƒผใƒˆใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ๏ผใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ ใ‘ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:50
Number two. They have native teachers.
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ใƒŠใƒณใƒใƒผ2ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใฎๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:53
So for you, wanting to learn English, that includes
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใณใŸใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
01:55
teachers from the US and the UK.
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใจใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆ•™ๅธซใ‚’ๅซใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
01:58
And number three. They're really, really affordable.
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ใใ—ใฆ3็•ช็›ฎใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ‰‹้ ƒใชไพกๆ ผใงใ™ใ€‚
02:01
Their group classes start from just eight euros a class.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฏใ€1ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚ใšใ‹8ใƒฆใƒผใƒญใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:05
So if getting results quickly is important to you
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ตๆžœใ‚’ใ™ใฐใ‚„ใๅ–ๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒไปŠใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆ
02:08
right now, you should definitely check them out.
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ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅฟ…ใšใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:11
The link to have a look at Lingoda is
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Lingodaใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใฏ
02:13
in the description below.
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ใ€ไปฅไธ‹ใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
And you'll be supporting me and the mmmEnglish
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใจmmmEnglishChannelใ‚’ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:17
Channel if you use it.
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ใ€‚
02:19
Plus, if you use my code at the checkout, you'll get
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒˆๆ™‚ใซ็งใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
02:22
twenty percent off your first purchase.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณผๅ…ฅใ‹ใ‚‰20๏ผ…ๅ‰ฒๅผ•ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:24
So which one is it?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใ‚Œใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:26
Which or that?
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ใฉใฃใก๏ผŸ
02:28
These words are super, super common.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏ่ถ…ใ€่ถ…ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:30
They have lots of different uses and meanings
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใฏๅคšใใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็”จ้€”ใจๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒ
02:33
which causes confusion.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆททไนฑใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:36
Which cat?
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ใฉใฎ็Œซ๏ผŸ
02:38
That cat!
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ใ‚ใฎ็Œซ๏ผ
02:41
Did you see that?
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ใ‚ใ‚Œ่ฆ‹ใŸ๏ผŸ
02:45
Which way do I need to go?
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใซ่กŒใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:48
But we're not going to go over all of the different uses
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œwhichใ€ใจใ€Œthatใ€ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใฎใ™ในใฆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
02:51
of 'which' and 'that' in this video today.
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ใ€‚
02:54
There's loads!
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ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™๏ผ
02:56
Today we'll focus on those times when it's confusing
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ๆททไนฑใ—
02:59
or it's unclear which one you should be using.
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ในใใ‹ใŒๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚
03:02
Which or that?
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ใฉใฃใก๏ผŸ
03:05
And that's when they're used in relative clauses
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใง
03:08
to introduce adjective clauses.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใใงใ™ใ€‚
03:11
Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait.
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ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€‚
03:13
Just pause for a second here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅฐ‘ใ—ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:15
Relative clause, adjective clause,
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้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€
03:18
what are we talking about? That sounds confusing!
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็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็ด›ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใญ๏ผ
03:21
Let's look at a few examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:23
It's much easier than it sounds.
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ๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Šใšใฃใจ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:25
So take a look at this sentence here.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ“ใงใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:28
My car, which is brand new, is making strange noises.
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ๆ–ฐๅ“ใฎ็งใฎ่ปŠใŒๅค‰ใช้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:33
Now can you see that this sentence has two parts?
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใŒ2ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:36
Two separate bits of information about the car.
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่ปŠใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹2ใคใฎๅˆฅใ€…ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€‚
03:40
My car which is brand new.
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ๆ–ฐๅ“ใฎ็งใฎ่ปŠใ€‚
03:43
My car is making strange noises.
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็งใฎ่ปŠใฏๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใช้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:47
See how each of these clauses has a subject and a verb
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ„็ฏ€ใซไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
03:51
That's what makes it a clause.
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ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใŒ็ฏ€ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
03:53
Now look at the clause that starts with 'which'.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œwhichใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅฅใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:57
That clause gives us more information
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ใใฎๆก้ …ใฏใ€็งใŸใกใซไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆ
04:00
about the subject.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:02
It's not just my car, it's my brand new car.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎ่ปŠใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใใ€็งใฎ็œŸๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ปŠใงใ™ใ€‚
04:07
So 'which' and 'that' are often used at the beginning
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œwhichใ€ใจใ€Œthatใ€ใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ฉณ็ดฐๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฅใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใงใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ
04:10
of clauses that give us
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04:11
more information about the subject.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:14
And these are the adjective clauses that we talked
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒไปฅๅ‰ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใŸๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™
04:17
about earlier. They describe the subject in more detail.
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ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธป้กŒใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:23
But there is an important difference
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ใŸใ ใ—
04:25
that you need to remember.
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ใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้‡่ฆใช้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:27
'That' is used for essential clauses.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใช็ฏ€ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
04:30
Now essential means you need it, it's necessary.
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ไปŠไธๅฏๆฌ ใจใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ้‡่ฆใช
04:33
You need to use 'that' when you are adding information
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:36
that's important.
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ใ€‚
04:38
Okay without it, we wouldn't know exactly
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€็งใŸใกใฏ
04:41
what you're talking about.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๆญฃ็ขบใซใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:43
We use 'which' when the information is not essential.
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๅฟ…้ ˆใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:47
It's nice to have extra information but we don't
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่ฟฝๅŠ ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ„ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒ
04:51
have to have it to understand the meaning.
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ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:53
Without it, we're still going to understand
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๆ–‡ไธญใฎ็ฏ€ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
04:56
the clause in the sentence.
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ใ€‚
04:59
Let's look at a few examples together.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:02
Remember my car? My brand new car.
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็งใฎ่ปŠใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใฎ็œŸๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ปŠใ€‚
05:06
I'm using 'which' in this sentence because
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05:08
the information that my car is brand new
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็งใฎ่ปŠใŒๆ–ฐๅ“
05:11
is not essential to the meaning in this sentence.
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ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใซไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใฏใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:14
I only have one car.
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็งใฏ่ปŠใ‚’1ๅฐใ—ใ‹ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:17
If I take that part of the sentence out,
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ๆ–‡ใฎใใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€
05:19
then the sentence still makes sense, right?
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ใใฎๆ–‡ใฏใพใ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
05:22
My car is making strange noises.
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็งใฎ่ปŠใฏๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใช้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:25
Same car, same problem.
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ๅŒใ˜่ปŠใ€ๅŒใ˜ๅ•้กŒใ€‚
05:28
Just lacking a bit of detail.
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ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณ็ดฐใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:30
But now let's look at a different example.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:33
The car that I hired last week
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็งใŒๅ…ˆ้€ฑ้›‡ใฃใŸ่ปŠ
05:36
was making strange noises.
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ใฏๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใช้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚
05:38
Now I used 'that' because it's important,
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้‡่ฆใง้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ไปŠใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
05:41
essential information.
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ใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ
05:44
I'm trying to be specific about the car because it's not
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ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใฏใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€็งใฏ่ปŠใซใคใ„ใฆๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:47
clear which one I'm talking about.
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ใ€‚
05:50
There are lots of cars for hire.
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ใƒฌใƒณใ‚ฟใ‚ซใƒผใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:52
Maybe I've even driven more than one.
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ใŸใถใ‚“็งใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚’้‹่ปขใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ•ใˆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:54
So that is introducing information that helps me
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใฉใฎ่ปŠใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒ็ดนไป‹ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
05:58
to be specific about which car, alright?
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ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:02
We can't take that part of the sentence out
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒใฏใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎใใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’
06:06
because then the sentence isn't clear, right?
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ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
06:10
It just doesn't make sense.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:12
Which car was making noises?
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ใฉใฎ่ปŠใŒ้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
06:15
For any of you who are sitting exams and writing
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่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฏ
06:18
essays - that kind of thing,
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ใ€ใใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€
06:20
there's another really important tip that I've got for you.
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็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฎๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้‡่ฆใชใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:23
Do you notice the difference
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06:25
between these two sentences?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ2ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้•ใ„ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
06:28
What's the difference? Apart from 'which' and 'that'.
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้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ 'which'ใจ 'that'ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆใ€‚
06:32
Yeah it's the commas, right?
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ใˆใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
06:35
This difference in punctuation is absolutely necessary.
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ใ“ใฎๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฎ้•ใ„ใฏ็ตถๅฏพใซๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:41
So when you have an adjective clause that's starting
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
06:44
with 'that' you don't need to use commas.
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:47
This information is essential, right?
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ใ“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
06:50
It's part of the meaning of the sentence.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™ใ€‚
06:52
It can't be taken out.
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ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:54
If the adjective clause starts with 'which',
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใŒใ€Œwhichใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅฅใฎๅ‰ๅพŒใซ
06:57
then you need to put a comma
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:59
before and after the clause.
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ใ€‚
07:01
This makes it seem like it's an extra,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใช
07:04
inserted piece of information, which it is, right?
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ๆŒฟๅ…ฅใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
07:07
It's got the commas to show you that you can pick it up
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‹พใ„ไธŠใ’ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใซ็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
07:11
and remove it and your sentence still makes sense.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡ใฏใพใ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:15
Alright one more example and then you're going to be
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ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
07:18
more than ready to take the quiz at the end.
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒๆ•ดใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:21
Imagine that I have three dogs.
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็งใŒ3ๅŒนใฎ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:24
Right, one of my dogs has spots.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€็งใฎ็Šฌใฎ1ๅŒนใซใ‚ทใƒŸใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:27
The other two don't.
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ไป–ใฎ2ใคใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:29
And my dog that has spots is missing.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆ–‘็‚นใฎใ‚ใ‚‹็งใฎ็Šฌใฏ่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใงใ™ใ€‚
07:34
So if I tell you my dog is missing,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฎ็ŠฌใŒ่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€็ง
07:36
it's not very helpful because you don't know which dog
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ใŒใฉใฎ็Šฌใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ›ใ‚“
07:40
I'm talking about, right?
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ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
07:42
My dog that has spots is missing.
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ๆ–‘็‚นใฎใ‚ใ‚‹็งใฎ็ŠฌใŒ่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใงใ™ใ€‚
07:45
The fact that the dog has spots,
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็Šฌใซๆ–‘็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸ
07:48
it's not the brown one, it's not the white one.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่Œถ่‰ฒใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€็™ฝใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:52
This information is essential,
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ใ“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใ™ใ€
07:53
it's important information, right?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
07:57
So let's compare it to my brother's dog
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07:59
because my brother has just one dog.
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ๅ…„ใซใฏ็ŠฌใŒ1ๅŒนใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅ…„ใฎ็Šฌใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:01
He got the dog for his birthday and his dog is sick.
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ๅฝผใฏๅฝผใฎ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใฎใŸใ‚ใซ็Šฌใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฎ็Šฌใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:05
My brother's dog is sick.
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็งใฎๅ…„ใฎ็Šฌใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:09
We don't need to know any more information about this,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
08:12
right? We know which dog because he's only got one.
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ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ๅฝผใฏ1ๅŒนใ—ใ‹้ฃผใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใฉใฎ็Šฌใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:15
But if I wanted to give some extra information
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ใŸใ ใ—
08:18
to tell you a little bit more about the dog,
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ใ€็Šฌใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
08:21
I can use 'which'.
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ใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:23
My brother's dog, which he got for his birthday, is sick.
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ๅฝผใŒ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใซๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸ็งใฎๅ…„ใฎ็Šฌใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:28
So that's extra information right? It's not essential
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ๅฟ…้ ˆใงใฏใชใ„
08:32
So we used 'which' and we used commas.
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ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:36
Okay how are you feeling? Are you ready to
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ๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅฐ‘ใ—่‡ชๅˆ†ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใฆ
08:39
test yourself a little?
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:41
I think you are, I think you are more than ready.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ†ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไปฅไธŠใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:45
I'll be back after this super quick break with a quiz
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใงใ€ใ“ใฎ้žๅธธใซ็Ÿญใ„ไผ‘ๆ†ฉใฎๅพŒใซๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ™
08:48
to check what you learned during this lesson.
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ใ€‚
08:51
Don't go anywhere.
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ใฉใ“ใซใ‚‚่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:53
Okay are you ready? All you need to do
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ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆ
08:56
is decide
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎ
08:58
is 'which' or 'that' the correct word to use.
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œใฉใกใ‚‰ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
09:02
This quiz is going to get faster as we go so you'll have
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฏ้€ฒใ‚€ใซใคใ‚Œใฆ้€Ÿใใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
09:06
less and less time to answer each question.
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ๅ„่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใพใ™ใพใ™ๅฐ‘ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:08
So you've got to be ready, right?
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ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
09:10
Make sure you keep track of how many questions
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ๆญฃ่งฃใ—ใŸ่ณชๅ•ใฎๆ•ฐใ‚’่ฟฝ่ทกใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:12
you get right so that you can tell me
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09:14
how you did at the end.
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ใ€‚
09:17
Up here I'm going to show you two sentences
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ2ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™
09:19
but only one of those sentences is correct.
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ใŒใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใฏ1ใคใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:23
Right you just need to choose the correct one.
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:25
You ready?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€œใ‚’็”จๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
09:27
Number one.
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ไธ€็•ชใ€‚
09:28
I have one house that has a green door.
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็ท‘ใฎใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฎถใŒ1่ป’ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:32
So which of these sentences is the correct sentence?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:39
The answer's B:
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็ญ”ใˆใฎB๏ผš
09:40
My house, which has a green door
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็ท‘ใฎใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎใ‚ใ‚‹็งใฎๅฎถ
09:43
is at the end of the street.
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ใฏ้€šใ‚Šใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:45
I've only got one house, right?
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ๅฎถใฏ1ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
09:47
So the detail about the door is not essential information.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ฉณ็ดฐใฏ้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:52
So number two.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰2็•ช็›ฎใ€‚
09:54
Shoes that have cheap soles make my feet hurt.
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่ถณใฎ่ฃใŒๅฎ‰ใ„้ดใฏ่ถณใŒ็—›ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:59
Or:
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผš
10:00
Shoes, which have cheap soles, make my feet hurt.
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้ดๅบ•ใŒๅฎ‰ใ„้ดใฏ่ถณใ‚’็—›ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:08
A is the right answer here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๆญฃ่งฃใฏAใงใ™ใ€‚
10:10
Not all shoes have cheap soles, right? And they don't
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ใ™ในใฆใฎ้ดใฎ้ดๅบ•ใŒๅฎ‰ใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ
10:13
all hurt my feet, only the shoes with cheap soles.
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ใ™ในใฆ็งใฎ่ถณใ‚’ๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅฎ‰ใ„้ดๅบ•ใฎ้ดใ ใ‘ใ‚’ๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:18
So I'm being specific, it's essential information.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
10:22
Number three.
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ๆ•ฐ3ใ€‚
10:26
Which one of these is correct?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:30
The ring that my grandma gave me
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ใŠใฐใ‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒใใ‚ŒใŸๆŒ‡่ผช
10:32
is worth a lot of money.
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ใฏๅคง้‡‘ใฎไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:34
Or: The ring which my grandma gave me
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใŠใฐใ‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒใใ‚ŒใŸๆŒ‡่ผช
10:38
is worth a lot of money.
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ใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใŠ้‡‘ใฎไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:42
Actually both of them could work here.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ใ“ใ“ใงๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:45
So I guess you're right! It would depend if the listener
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™๏ผ ใƒชใ‚นใƒŠใƒผ
10:48
knew which ring they were talking about, right?
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ใŒใฉใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
10:53
If we both knew that we were talking about this ring,
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็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใฎๆŒ‡่ผชใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใŸใกใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
10:57
if I only had one ring on,
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ใ„ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใŒ1ใคใฎๆŒ‡่ผชใ—ใ‹ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€
10:59
then it's just extra information, right?
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
11:02
But if you didn't know which ring,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใฉใฎๆŒ‡่ผชใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใชใ‚‰
11:04
then I can be specific and say:
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ใ€็งใฏๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™๏ผš
11:08
"The ring that my grandma gave me."
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ใ€Œ็งใฎใŠใฐใ‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒ็งใซใใ‚ŒใŸๆŒ‡่ผชใ€ใ€‚
11:11
Number four.
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4็•ช็›ฎใ€‚
11:18
What do you think?
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ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:23
It's definitely A.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใชใAใงใ™ใ€‚
11:24
He's not allergic to all food, just specifically food
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ๅฝผใฏใ™ในใฆใฎ้ฃŸๅ“ใ€็‰นใซๅคง่ฑ†ๆฒนใง่ชฟ็†ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้ฃŸๅ“ใซใ‚ขใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
11:28
cooked with soy oil.
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ใ€‚
11:30
So see how if we remove this clause,
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅฅใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
11:34
it changes completely, right?
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
11:36
Food can give him an allergic reaction.
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้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใฏๅฝผใซใ‚ขใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผๅๅฟœใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:40
It's a completely different meaning.
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ใพใฃใŸใ้•ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
11:42
The information is essential.
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:45
I have one pair of sunglasses and they're pink.
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็งใฏใ‚ตใƒณใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚นใ‚’ไธ€็ต„ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒ”ใƒณใ‚ฏใงใ™ใ€‚
11:50
So number five.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰5็•ช็›ฎใ€‚
11:53
B makes more sense. The fact that they're pink
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Bใฎๆ–นใŒ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ”ใƒณใ‚ฏใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
11:55
is not really essential information, is it?
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ใฏใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใญใ€‚
11:58
So we would choose B.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€Bใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ—ใพใ™
12:01
Number six.
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ใ€‚6็•ช็›ฎใ€‚
12:03
I've had my computer for six years. It's the
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็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’6ๅนด้–“ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ
12:07
only computer that I have.
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ใฏ็งใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
12:11
B. Yes!
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B.ใฏใ„๏ผ
12:12
Again, this information is not essential because
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
12:16
we know that I only have one computer, right?
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ใ€็งใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’1ๅฐใ—ใ‹ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏๅฟ…้ ˆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:20
Music makes me want to dance
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้Ÿณๆฅฝใฏ็งใ‚’่ธŠใ‚ŠใŸใใ•ใ›ใพใ™
12:22
but only music with a good beat
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ใŒ
12:24
not any other types of music.
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ใ€ไป–ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎ้Ÿณๆฅฝใงใฏใชใใ€ใƒ“ใƒผใƒˆใฎ่‰ฏใ„้Ÿณๆฅฝใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:28
Yes it's A, you're right.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏAใงใ™ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:31
My shirt that has a stain on it needs to be washed.
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ๆŸ“ใฟใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใฏๆด—ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:36
Or: My shirt, which has a stain on it, needs to be washed
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšๆฑšใ‚Œใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใฏใ€Aใงๆด—ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
12:40
A, right? It's essential information.
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ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
12:43
I need to know which shirt, out of all of my shirts,
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ใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใฎไธญใงใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใ‚’ๆด—ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹
12:47
which is the one that needs to be washed.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:50
The one with the stain.
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ๆฑšใ‚Œใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
12:54
I forgot my jacket that's purple on the bus.
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ใƒใ‚นใฎไธญใง็ดซ่‰ฒใฎใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:59
I forgot my jacket, which is purple, on the bus.
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ใƒใ‚นใฎไธญใง็ดซ่‰ฒใฎใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:02
The answer's B.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏB
13:04
Okay the last one now.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ1ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
13:06
The picture that was taken at sunset is my favourite.
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ๆ—ฅๆฒกๆ™‚ใซๆ’ฎใฃใŸๅ†™็œŸใŒ็งใฎใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
13:11
The picture, which was taken at sunset, is my favourite.
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ๆ—ฅๆฒกๆ™‚ใซๆ’ฎใฃใŸๅ†™็œŸใŒ็งใฎใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
13:17
Yeah! The picture that was taken at sunset
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ใ†ใ‚“๏ผ ๆ—ฅๆฒกๆ™‚ใซๆ’ฎใฃใŸๅ†™็œŸ
13:19
is my favourite.
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ใŒ็งใฎใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
13:21
Perfect! Nice work!
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ๅฎŒๅ…จ๏ผ ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸ๏ผ
13:24
That got really, really fast towards the end,
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้€Ÿใ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ
13:26
don't you think?
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่ฟ‘ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใญใ€‚
13:28
How did you do?
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ใฉใ†ใ ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:30
How many did you get right?
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ไฝ•ไบบๆญฃ่งฃใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
13:31
Did you make any mistakes?
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
13:35
Share your results in the comments so I can see
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ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ็งใฏ
13:37
how you did. I love creating new lessons for you
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฏŽ้€ฑๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใช
13:41
every single week so if you did enjoy this lesson,
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ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใ ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
13:44
then make sure you hit the subscribe button down there.
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ใ€ๅฟ…ใšไธ‹ใฎ[่ณผ่ชญ]ใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:47
And let me know if there are any English lessons you are
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็งใซๆ•™ใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
13:50
dying for me to teach.
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ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:52
Right now, I think it's time to head over
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ไปŠใ€ใ“ใ“ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใ„ใ€
13:55
here and check out this lesson. I'll see you in there!
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใŒๆฅใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใกใ‚‰ใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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