10 DIFFICULT ADJECTIVES | English Pronunciation Lesson

547,781 views ใƒป 2018-08-09

mmmEnglish


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:09
Well hello! I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!
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ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ€ๅพกๆฉŸๅซŒใ‚ˆใ†๏ผ mmmEnglishใฎใ‚จใƒžใงใ™๏ผ
00:13
Now I have to admit that I'm a huge fan of adjectives.
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ไปŠใ€็งใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎๅคงใƒ•ใ‚กใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:18
I mean, I probably overuse adjectives
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00:21
if I'm being completely honest with you,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆญฃ็›ดใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใฐใ€็งใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€
00:23
but they are such a beautiful part of any language.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใฉใ‚“ใช่จ€่ชžใฎใจใฆใ‚‚็พŽใ—ใ„้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:27
They allow you to go into detail, to add colour, flavour
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่€ƒใˆใจใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่€ƒใˆใฎใ™ในใฆใซ่‰ฒใ€ๅ‘ณใจๅ€‹ๆ€งใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉณ็ดฐใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่จฑใ—ใพใ™
00:32
and personality to all of your thoughts and your ideas.
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ใ€‚
00:37
One of the most noticeable differences between
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00:39
intermediate level English speakers and advanced ones
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ไธญ็ดšใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎ่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใจไธŠ็ดšใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎ่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚้ก•่‘—ใช้•ใ„ใฎ1ใค
00:43
is their use of adjectives.
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ใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎไฝฟ็”จใงใ™ใ€‚
00:46
Because yes, you can add meaning to your sentences
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€
00:50
by using simple adjectives
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00:51
like 'happy' or 'sad' or 'nice' or 'bored'
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ใ€Œๅนธใ›ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้€€ๅฑˆใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ˜็ด”ใชๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๆ–‡็ซ ใซๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ
00:56
but life can be so much more
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ใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ไบบ็”Ÿใฏใใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ
00:59
spectacular than that, can't it?
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ๅฃฎ่ฆณใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€‚
01:01
Your English can be much more colourful than that,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใ‚ซใƒฉใƒ•ใƒซใซใชใ‚Š
01:05
right?
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ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
01:09
Using a wider range of adjectives will help you to
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅบƒใ„็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
01:11
be more expressive, to show emotions and feelings
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01:15
and to sound more interesting when you use English.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่กจ็พๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’็คบใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ข็™ฝใ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:19
So if you need to refresh your memory about
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ
01:21
how to use adjectives in English sentences,
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡ใงๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚’ๆ›ดๆ–ฐใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
01:24
then check out that lesson up there.
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ใใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:27
But right now, I've got ten adjectives for you
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซ10ๅ€‹ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:30
and I've specifically chosen them
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ใ€ใใ—ใฆ
01:32
because they're adjectives that English learners
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใŒใ—ใฐใ—ใฐ่ชค็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็‰นๅˆฅใซ้ธใณใพใ—ใŸ
01:35
often mispronounce.
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ใ€‚
01:38
They're all a little tricky.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
01:39
There's a few silent letters, some strange vowel sounds,
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ้ป™ๅญ—ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชๆฏ้Ÿณใ€ๅŒใ˜ๅ˜่ชž
01:44
different pronunciation of the same letter
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ใฎๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็™บ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
01:47
in the same word.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:49
But don't worry!
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผ
01:50
By the end of this lesson, you're going to have
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใงใซใ€
01:54
all of these adjectives completely down!
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏใ™ในใฆๅฎŒๅ…จใซใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:56
You're going to be saying them much more confidently
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใ‚‚ใฃใจ่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ
01:59
and more often.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ ป็นใซ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:01
Let's start with...
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†...
02:05
Now if you haven't heard this word pronounced before,
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
02:09
it looks a little tricky.
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ใฏใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:10
There's two C's and two S's.
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2ใคใฎCใจ2ใคใฎSใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
Of course, you know that in English, a C can sometimes
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€Cใฏ
02:19
be pronounced in the same way as an S.
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SใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:24
Many of my students,
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็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใฎๅคšใใฏใ€
02:25
they look at this word and take a guess and say
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใ€
02:28
"sussessful"
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ใ€Œsussesfulใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:30
which is a nice try, I can see why
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ„ใ„่ฉฆใฟใงใ™ใ€‚ ใชใœ
02:33
you would pronounce it that way but actually,
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ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ
02:36
each C in this word is pronounced differently
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ใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ„Cใฏ็•ฐใชใฃใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ•
02:40
and that's made clear
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02:41
when you look at the phonemic script.
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ใ‚Œใ€้Ÿณ็ด ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ—ใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใใ‚ŒใŒๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:45
The first C is pronounced as a /k/ sound
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎCใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใง/ k /้Ÿณใจใ—ใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œ
02:49
at the end of the first syllable
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02:51
and the second C is pronounced as a
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ใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎCใฏ
02:55
/s/ sound at the start of the second syllable.
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ใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใง/ s /้Ÿณใจใ—ใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:04
Now the second syllable is the stressed
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎ
03:06
syllable in this word and that's why you hear it
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้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ
03:09
pronounced more strongly
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ๅผท
03:12
while the first syllable is short and lower in pitch.
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ๅ‹ขใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏ็Ÿญใใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
03:19
The final syllable is also unstressed.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซใ‚‚ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:24
Successful.
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ๆˆๅŠŸใ€‚
03:28
The pronunciation is the same
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็™บ้Ÿณใฏ
03:29
throughout the word family. Success, successful,
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ๅ˜่ชžใƒ•ใ‚กใƒŸใƒชใƒผๅ…จไฝ“ใงๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆˆๅŠŸใ€ๆˆๅŠŸใ€
03:33
successfully.
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ๆˆๅŠŸใ€‚
03:36
And as frustrating as it is, that the same letter
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒฉใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ๅญ—
03:39
is pronounced differently in the same word,
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ใŒๅŒใ˜ๅ˜่ชžใง็•ฐใชใฃใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’
03:42
just accept it, practise it, remember it.
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ๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ€ๅฎŸ่ทตใ—ใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:46
Successful.
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ๆˆๅŠŸใ€‚
03:51
So 'successful' is used when someone achieves
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒๆˆๅŠŸใ€ใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒๅธŒๆœ›ใ™ใ‚‹็ตๆžœใ‚’้”ๆˆใ—ใŸใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ•
03:54
the result that they want.
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ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:56
They're really happy and they're satisfied with the result.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅนธใ›ใงใ€็ตๆžœใซๆบ€่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:01
He's a successful businessman.
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ๅฝผใฏๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใŸๅฎŸๆฅญๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚
04:08
We've had quite a successful year so far.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚ŠใฎๆˆๅŠŸใ‚’ๅŽใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:16
Anxious. Are you anxious looking at this one?
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ๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:20
It's a little tricky!
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
04:22
There are three consonant sounds here together
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ3ใคใฎๅญ้ŸณใŒไธ€็ท’ใซ
04:25
which makes it quite challenging.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€้žๅธธใซๅ›ฐ้›ฃใงใ™ใ€‚
04:27
In the first syllable, the stressed syllable,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅผทๅ‹ข้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใง
04:30
the strong vowel sound A
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ใฏใ€ๅผทใ„ๆฏ้ŸณA
04:33
is followed by the /ล‹/ consonant.
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ใฎๅพŒใซ/ล‹/ๅญ้ŸณใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:37
And that consonant sound is usually made by the letters
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฏ้€šๅธธ
04:40
-ng like in 'song'.
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ใ€ใ€ŒๆญŒใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ-ngใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
04:43
So my mouth is open slightly when I make this sound
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใจๅฃใŒๅฐ‘ใ—้–‹ใ„
04:46
and the back of my tongue is right up at the soft palate
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ใฆใ€่ˆŒ
04:50
in the back of my mouth.
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ใฎๅพŒใ‚ใŒๅฃใฎๅพŒใ‚ใฎ่ปŸๅฃ่“‹ใฎ็œŸไธŠใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:59
For the second syllable, you'll hear the /k/
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2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใฏใ€/ k /
05:02
and the /สƒ/ consonant sounds.
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ใจ/สƒ/ใฎๅญ้ŸณใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
05:07
So you're pushing that air through your mouth
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅฃ
05:10
to make the sound /kสƒ/
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ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆŠผใ—ๅ‡บใ—ใฆ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™/kสƒ/
05:13
Make sure you exaggerate this sound
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05:14
while you're practising.
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็ทด็ฟ’ไธญใฏใ“ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’่ช‡ๅผตใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:16
Pretend you're like a superhero fighting a monster.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒขใƒณใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใจๆˆฆใ†ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใƒญใƒผใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:24
And the following vowel sound will be unstressed,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎๆฏ้Ÿณใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใชใใชใ‚Š
05:27
the weak schwa sound /ษ™/
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ใ€ๅผฑใ„ใ‚ทใƒฅใƒฏ้Ÿณ/ษ™/
05:36
Anxious.
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ไธๅฎ‰ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:42
So this adjective is usually used to describe a person
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ไบบใ‚’่กจใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จ
05:46
and it's to do with their emotions or their feelings.
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ใ•ใ‚Œใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:49
An anxious person is worried or nervous because
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ไธๅฎ‰ใชไบบใฏ
05:52
they think that something bad might happen.
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ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใŸใ‚Š็ทŠๅผตใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:56
I'm feeling really anxious about my interview tomorrow.
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ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฎ้ขๆŽฅใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไธๅฎ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:07
My friend doesn't like flying so he's always
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็งใฎๅ‹ไบบใฏ้ฃ›ใถใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใง
06:10
quite anxious when we go travelling.
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ใ€็งใŸใกใŒๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใใจใใ€ๅฝผใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ‹ใชใ‚Šๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:20
Valuable.
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่ฒด้‡ใ€‚
06:21
Over the years as an English teacher,
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่‹ฑ่ชžๆ•™ๅธซใจใ—ใฆใฎไฝ•ๅนดใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใ€
06:25
I've heard this word pronounced in several
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็งใฏใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ
06:27
different ways and all of the problems coming from
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็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใง็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ•้กŒใŒ
06:30
those two vowel letters in the middle.
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็œŸใ‚“ไธญใฎ2ใคใฎๆฏ้Ÿณๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:33
The first common mistake is assuming that there are
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใฏใ€้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒ4ใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใฏ
06:36
four syllables but there's not, there's only three.
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ใชใใ€3ใคใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:40
And the first syllable 'val' is the stressed syllable
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ€Œvalใ€ใฏใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณ็ฏ€
06:44
the strongest one.
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ใฎไธญใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅผทใ„้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:47
But the second syllable is quite tricky.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:50
There's an extra consonant sound added,
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06:52
one that you can't see in the written word.
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ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใงใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆใชใ„ๅญ้ŸณใŒ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:00
Valuable.
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่ฒด้‡ใ€‚
07:05
So this adjective is really handy to know
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏ
07:08
because it can be used in a few different ways.
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ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใจ้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉใงใ™ใ€‚
07:12
Now you often hear this adjective used for things like
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ไปŠใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒ
07:16
jewellery or houses or cars
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ๅฎ้ฃพๅ“ใ‚„ๅฎถใ‚„่ปŠใชใฉ
07:20
to tell that something is expensive
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ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้ซ˜ไพกใงใ‚ใ‚‹
07:24
or worth a lot of money.
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ใ‹ใ€ๅคš้กใฎไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใฎใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ่€ณใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:26
My grandmother gave me her sapphire brooch.
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็งใฎ็ฅ–ๆฏใฏ็งใซๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ‚ตใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใƒ–ใƒญใƒผใƒใ‚’ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:29
I think it's quite valuable, though I'd never sell it.
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็ตถๅฏพใซๅฃฒใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‘ใฉใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚Šไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:33
It's quite valuable.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:36
But this is also an excellent adjective to describe
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบบใฎ่ณ‡่ณชใ‚’่กจใ™ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
07:40
a person's qualities
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07:42
and often used in a professional context.
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ใ€ๅฐ‚้–€็š„ใชๆ–‡่„ˆใงใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:45
So 'valuable' can not necessarily be about money
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œไพกๅ€คใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ใŠ้‡‘ใงใฏ
07:48
but about how important or useful someone is.
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ใชใใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉ้‡่ฆใพใŸใฏๆœ‰็”จใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
07:54
James is a really valuable member of our team.
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ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใƒใƒผใƒ ใฎๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่ฒด้‡ใชใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
08:02
That's a valuable piece of advice. Thanks.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ฒด้‡ใชใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
08:11
Exponential.
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ๆŒ‡ๆ•ฐ้–ขๆ•ฐใ€‚
08:13
Now most of the pronunciation problems with this
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็พๅœจใ€ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใฎๅ•้กŒใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏใ€
08:16
adjective relate to syllable stress.
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้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎๅผทๅ‹ขใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:20
There are four syllables.
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4้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:25
The third is the strongest,
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08:27
though the first one is also stressed.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€3็•ช็›ฎใŒๆœ€ๅผทใงใ™ใ€‚
08:31
The remaining two syllables are unstressed
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ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ2้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใชใ„
08:33
so they reduce down, they become the schwa sound
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ใฎใงๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ€
08:37
which is always short and low in pitch.
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ๅธธใซ็ŸญใใฆไฝŽ้Ÿณใฎใ‚ทใƒฅใƒฏ้Ÿณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:45
Can you hear how the two weaker syllables
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2ใคใฎๅผฑใ„้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ƒŒๆ™ฏใซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
08:49
fade into the background?
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ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:51
Exponential.
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ๆŒ‡ๆ•ฐ้–ขๆ•ฐใ€‚
08:58
This adjective is used when something is increasing
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ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้žๅธธใซๆ€ฅ้€Ÿใซๅข—ๅŠ ใพใŸใฏๆˆ้•ทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ
09:02
or growing really quickly.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:05
The company has experienced exponential growth
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ๅŒ็คพใฏ้ŽๅŽป2ๅนด้–“ใงๆŒ‡ๆ•ฐ้–ขๆ•ฐ็š„ๆˆ้•ทใ‚’้‚ใ’ใฆใ
09:08
over the last two years.
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ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:18
The renewable energy market is growing
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ๅ†็”Ÿๅฏ่ƒฝใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผๅธ‚ๅ ดใฏ
09:21
at an exponential rate.
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ๆŒ‡ๆ•ฐ้–ขๆ•ฐ็š„ใซๆˆ้•ทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:31
Complex. Now in standard British English,
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่ค‡้›‘ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ€ๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใชใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใง
09:34
there's just one way to pronounce this word
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09:37
with the stress on the first syllable.
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ใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซ้‡็‚นใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ1ใคใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:40
Complex.
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่ค‡้›‘ใ€‚
09:42
In American English, there is a difference between
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏ
09:45
the adjective 'complex'
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ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œcomplexใ€
09:47
and the noun 'complex'.
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ใจๅ่ฉžใ€Œcomplexใ€ใซใฏ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:50
But the real pronunciation challenge here
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใฎ่ชฒ้กŒ
09:54
is the cluster of consonants that are pronounced
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ใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅญ้Ÿณใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™
09:57
at the end.
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ใ€‚
09:58
The letter X usually produces a sound that has
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—Xใฏ้€šๅธธใ€
10:02
two consonant sounds pushed together,
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2ใคใฎๅญ้ŸณใŒไธ€็ท’ใซๆŠผใ—่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ—ใพใ™
10:05
/k/ and /s/
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ใ€‚/k/ใจ/ s
10:08
which is what makes this sound difficult.
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/ใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’้›ฃใ—ใใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:11
Two consonants together is tough.
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2ใคใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:16
The sound is produced right at the back of the throat
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้Ÿณใฏๅ–‰ใฎๅฅฅ
10:20
while the sound is made with the tongue and the teeth
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ใง้ณดใ‚Šใ€่ˆŒใจๆญฏ
10:24
at the front of the mouth.
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ใฏๅฃใฎๅ‰ใง้ณดใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:26
So really, creating this sound successfully is about
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ใ†ใพใไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏ
10:31
switching between these two these sounds smoothly.
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰2ใคใฎใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใซๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:51
So this adjective is used to describe something
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏ
10:54
that consists of many different and connected parts
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10:58
that makes it quite difficult to understand or manage.
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ใ€็†่งฃใ‚„็ฎก็†ใ‚’้žๅธธใซๅ›ฐ้›ฃใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ๅคšใใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่กจใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
11:03
It's a complex issue but we need to find a solution.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡้›‘ใชๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใŒใ€่งฃๆฑบ็ญ–ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:11
The relationship between the general manager
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ใ‚ผใƒใƒฉใƒซใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผ
11:13
and the marketing team is quite complex .
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ใจใƒžใƒผใ‚ฑใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใƒใƒผใƒ ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใฏ้žๅธธใซ่ค‡้›‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:17
They've never really seen eye-to-eye.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็›ฎใจ็›ฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:25
Rural.
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็”ฐ่ˆŽใ€‚
11:26
The /r/ and the /l/
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ/ r /ใจ/ l /ใฎ
11:29
sounds in this word make it a real challenge
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้Ÿณใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆ
11:33
but there's actually a little variation
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็š„ใซใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใฎ้–“ใซใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ใฎ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
11:35
between English accents for this word
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11:37
which is really common.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:39
Officially, the correct pronunciation is 'rural' with a /สŠษ™/
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ๅ…ฌๅผใซใฏใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„็™บ้Ÿณใฏใ€Œ็”ฐ่ˆŽใ€ใง
11:45
vowel sound as the stressed syllable.
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ใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใจใ—ใฆ/สŠษ™/ๆฏ้ŸณใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
11:48
But I want to share a little tip with you because
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ็™บ้ŸณใŒใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
11:51
in Australia, our pronunciation of this word is
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11:54
much more relaxed.
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ใ€‚
11:58
So if you're having trouble pronouncing this word,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใซๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
12:01
put on an Australian accent and say 'rural'.
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ใ€ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ€Œ็”ฐ่ˆŽใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
12:11
You can use this adjective to describe characteristics
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ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
12:15
of the countryside rather than the city.
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ใ€้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใฏใชใ็”ฐ่ˆŽใฎ็‰นๅพดใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:18
So usually it's
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้€šๅธธใ€ใใ‚Œ
12:19
farming land or a small village in the country.
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ใฏๅ›ฝใฎ่พฒๅœฐใพใŸใฏๅฐใ•ใชๆ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:24
So the opposite of rural is 'urban'
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅœฐๆ–นใฎๅๅฏพใฏ
12:27
which is characteristic of cities and towns.
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ใ€้ƒฝๅธ‚ใ‚„็”บใฎ็‰นๅพดใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:32
The government will help rural communities
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ๆ”ฟๅบœใฏ
12:35
affected by the floods.
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ๆดชๆฐดใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸ่พฒๆ‘ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:46
People are moving to rural areas
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ไบบใ€…ใฏ
12:48
to live healthier lifestyles.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅๅบท็š„ใชใƒฉใ‚คใƒ•ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใ‚’้€ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅœฐๆ–นใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:53
It's a bit of a tongue twister, isn't it?
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๆ—ฉๅฃ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
12:55
Rural areas.
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่พฒๆ‘้ƒจใ€‚
13:02
Specific.
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ๆ˜Ž็ขบใ€‚
13:04
The stress is on the middle syllable here and there are
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏไธญ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซ้‡็‚นใŒ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Š
13:08
two things to pay attention to with this word.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใงๆณจๆ„ใ™ในใ็‚นใŒ2ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:11
One is the consonant cluster at the start of the word.
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1ใคใฏใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅญ้Ÿณใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
13:16
The consonant sounds
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ๅญ้Ÿณใฏ
13:17
/s/ and /p/ together.
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/ s /ใจ/ p /ใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซ้ณดใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:22
So if you're having some trouble with this,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงๅ•้กŒใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏ
13:24
we're going to go to the gym for a minute
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ใ€ใ‚ธใƒ ใซ1ๅˆ†้–“่กŒใฃ
13:26
and do a little workout.
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ใฆใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:28
Practising pronunciation is just like training at the gym.
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็™บ้Ÿณใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใฏใ€ใ‚ธใƒ ใงใฎใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:32
We just need to train your muscles in your mouth to be
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ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฟซ้ฉใซ่กŒใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅฃใฎไธญใง็ญ‹่‚‰ใ‚’้›ใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:35
more comfortable doing something a little different.
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ใ€‚
13:39
/s/ and /p/ are both unvoiced consonant sounds
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/ s /ใจ/ p /ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚็„กๅฃฐๅญ้Ÿณใงใ€ๅฃใ‹ใ‚‰
13:45
and the sound is made by pushing air
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆŠผใ—่พผใ‚€ใ“ใจใง้ณดใ‚Š
13:47
through your mouth.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:49
So I want you to slowly bring these sounds together.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ใพใจใ‚ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:59
Now are you ready for your workout?
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ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:00
Take a deep breath and move back and forth
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ๆทฑๅ‘ผๅธใ‚’ใ—ใฆ
14:03
between these sounds really quickly, ready?
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้Ÿณใฎ้–“ใ‚’ใ™ใฐใ‚„ใ่กŒใๆฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:13
If these consonant sounds are too difficult
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅญ้Ÿณ
14:15
for you to pronounce, you need to do this workout daily.
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ใŒ็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใซใใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใ“ใฎใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’่กŒใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:20
Now the second challenge with this word is
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ2็•ช็›ฎใฎ่ชฒ้กŒใฏ
14:23
the final consonant sound - the consonant at the end.
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅญ้Ÿณใง
14:27
Make sure that you finish this word
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
14:30
on the consonant sound.
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ใ€‚
14:34
Don't get lazy and forget it. It's not 'specifi'
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ๆ€ ๆƒฐใซใชใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็‰นๅฎšใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
14:38
It's 'specific'.
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ใ€Œ็‰นๅฎšใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:41
And you can use it to explain that something is really
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆญฃ็ขบใพใŸใฏ่ฉณ็ดฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™
14:45
exact or detailed.
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ใ€‚
14:48
There are some general issues
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14:50
that I need to discuss with you
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็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใจ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ†ๅฟ…่ฆ
14:52
but there's one specific issue that's quite urgent.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€้žๅธธใซ็ทŠๆ€ฅใช1ใคใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎฟๆณŠๆ–ฝ่จญ
15:04
If you have any specific questions about
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ใซใคใ„ใฆๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใช่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
15:07
the accommodation, then please ask Sarah.
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ใ‚ตใƒฉใซ่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:18
Mischievous.
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ใ„ใŸใšใ‚‰ใ€‚
15:20
There are a lot of vowel letters in this word
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹
15:23
which makes it a little confusing to work out
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ใฎใงใ€
15:25
how to pronounce each syllable
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ๅ„้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใฎไป•ๆ–นใ‚„ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑ
15:28
and which one is stressed.
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:31
The first syllable is the strongest, the others relax.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅผทใใ€ไป–ใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:37
For some reason this word is one
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใ‹ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ
15:39
that native English speakers
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชž
15:41
sometimes get wrong as well. You might hear people
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ใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ๆ™‚ใ€…้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไบบใ€…
15:44
say 'mischievous' with four syllables
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ใŒ4้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ€Œใ„ใŸใšใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚’่žใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
15:48
but that's incorrect. There are only three syllables here
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ3ใคใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ—ใ‹ใชใ
15:52
and the stress is on the first syllable /หˆmษชs/
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€/ หˆmษชs /ใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:59
which means the second syllable reduces a little,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ—
16:02
the vowel sound is short and fast.
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ใ€ๆฏ้ŸณใŒ็Ÿญใใฆ้€Ÿใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:09
There's also two difficult consonant sounds here โ€˜chโ€™ and /v/
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ2ใคใฎ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅญ้Ÿณใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ 'ch'ใจ/ v /
16:16
So with both of these consonant sounds,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฎไธกๆ–นใง
16:18
your lip position is really important
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ใ€ๅ”‡ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใช
16:22
so I want you to exaggerate the position of your mouth
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ใฎใง
16:25
while you're practising with me just to make sure
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ใ€ๅฟตใฎใŸใ‚ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใฏใ€ๅฃใฎไฝ็ฝฎใ‚’่ช‡ๅผตใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:29
that you're pronouncing and your producing
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็™บ้Ÿณใ—
16:32
the correct sound.
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ใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚
16:34
So for 'ch', see how my lips are really flared, exaggerated,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œchใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ๅ”‡ใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใƒ•ใƒฌใ‚ขใ•ใ‚Œใ€่ช‡ๅผตใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:42
and this sound is controlled by my tongue
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ใ“ใฎ้Ÿณใฏ
16:46
in a similar way to the /t/ sound.
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ใ€/ t /้ŸณใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ˆŒใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅˆถๅพกใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
16:49
The tip of my tongue.
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่ˆŒๅ…ˆใ€‚
16:51
But also my tongue is tense all the way
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฎ่ˆŒใ‚‚
16:55
along the sides here.
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ใ“ใ“ใฎๅด้ขใซๆฒฟใฃใฆใšใฃใจ็ทŠๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:58
And they're pushed up against the inside of my top teeth
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใฎไธŠใฎๆญฏใฎๅ†…ๅดใซๆŠผใ—ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
17:03
so we move through tสƒษช/
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ใฎใง
17:06
through the unstressed vowel sound to /v/
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ใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎใชใ„ๆฏ้Ÿณใ‚’ไป‹ใ—ใฆ/ v /ใซ็งปๅ‹•
17:11
making sure that your top teeth
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ใ—ใ€ไธŠๆญฏ
17:14
are touching your lower lip.
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ใŒไธ‹ๅ”‡ใซๆŽฅ่งฆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:26
Mischievous.
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ใ„ใŸใšใ‚‰ใ€‚
17:29
Now if you have cheeky children in your life, this
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ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไบบ็”Ÿใซ็”Ÿๆ„ๆฐ—ใชๅญไพ›ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
17:33
could be the perfect adjective to describe them.
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ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
17:37
So usually it's an adjective to describe children but it's
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้€šๅธธใฏๅญไพ›ใ‚’่กจใ™ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€
17:40
okay to describe adults with it sometimes or even pets.
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ๅคงไบบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใƒšใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
17:45
It describes someone who has fun by being silly
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆ„šใ‹
17:49
and creating a disruption but not in a negative way,
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ใงๆททไนฑใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„
17:53
not in a way that's
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ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงใฏใชใใ€
17:54
really annoying or that really harms anyone.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่ฟทๆƒ‘ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚„่ชฐใ‹ใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฎณใ‚’ๅŠใผใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใฏใชใ„่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:58
It's kind of a cute or funny attribute.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€็จฎใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ใพใŸใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ๅฑžๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚
18:02
I was quite a mischievous child.
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็งใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šใ„ใŸใšใ‚‰ใฃๅญใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
18:12
There are a few mischievous children in the classroom.
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ๆ•™ๅฎคใซใฏใ„ใŸใšใ‚‰ๅฅฝใใชๅญไพ›ใŒไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:23
Detrimental.
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ๆœ‰ๅฎณใงใ™ใ€‚
18:25
Now, this is a wonderful, descriptive adjective
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€่ชฌๆ˜Ž็š„ใชๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
18:28
that means harmful or damaging in some way.
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ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๅฝขใงๆœ‰ๅฎณใพใŸใฏๆๅฎณใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:33
So looking at this word,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹
18:34
it's the third syllable that is the strongest
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ใจใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅผทใ„ใฎใฏ3็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
18:38
and just like 'exponential'
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ใ€ŒๆŒ‡ๆ•ฐ้–ขๆ•ฐ็š„ใ€ใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
18:41
the first syllable also has a secondary stress
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซใ‚‚2ๆฌก็š„ใชใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
18:45
so we can hear that one clearly as well
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ใŸใ‚ใ€1ใคใ‚‚ใฏใฃใใ‚Šใจ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™
18:48
which means that the other two reduce.
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ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไป–ใฎ2ใคใŒๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:54
Detrimental.
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ๆœ‰ๅฎณใงใ™ใ€‚
18:57
But the second syllable is the most difficult here
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎใชใ„ๆฏ้Ÿณ
19:00
because of the consonant cluster /trษช/
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ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผ/trษช/ใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ›ฐ้›ฃใงใ™
19:05
with an unstressed vowel sound.
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ใ€‚
19:09
So it's like the noun 'tree', but with a shorter,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€Œใƒ„ใƒชใƒผใ€ใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
19:13
weaker vowel sound.
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ๆฏ้Ÿณใฎ้ŸณใŒ็Ÿญใใ€ๅผฑใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:21
So as I said, the adjective 'detrimental' suggests that
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œๆœ‰ๅฎณใ€ใฏ
19:24
something is creating a negative effect.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅŠนๆžœใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบๅ”†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:28
It's harmful or it's damaging in some way.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœ‰ๅฎณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๅฝขใงๆๅฎณใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:32
It had a detrimental effect on the company's growth.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไผš็คพใฎๆˆ้•ทใซๆ‚ชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅŠใผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
19:39
The infection was detrimental to her recovery.
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ๆ„ŸๆŸ“ใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅ›žๅพฉใซๆœ‰ๅฎณใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
19:43
It was detrimental.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœ‰ๅฎณใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
19:51
Comfortable.
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ๅฟซ้ฉใ€‚
19:54
I've talked about this adjective before
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ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ไปฅๅ‰
19:56
in another pronunciation lesson
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ใซๅˆฅใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
20:00
but it's so common and it's so often mispronounced
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ใŒใ€้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ€็™บ้ŸณใŒ้–“้•ใฃ
20:04
that it had to be included in this lesson as well.
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใ‚‚ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:08
The correct pronunciation of this word uses only
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„็™บ้Ÿณใฏ3้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎใฟใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:12
three syllables which means that this vowel
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆฏ้Ÿณ
20:15
is completely silent.
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ใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็„ก้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:22
So notice that the first syllable is the stressed one
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏๅผท
20:26
and the following syllables reduce down
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ๅ‹ขใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฌกใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€
20:29
to the schwa sound.
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ใฏใ‚ทใƒฅใƒฏ้Ÿณใพใงๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
20:34
Now you may hear native speakers using a tiny, tiny, tiny
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒๅฐใ•ใชใ€ๅฐใ•ใชใ€ๅฐใ•ใชไฝ™ๅˆ†ใช้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ่žใ“ใˆใ€
20:39
extra syllable and say 'comfortable' which is fine too,
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ใ€Œๅฟซ้ฉใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
20:44
it's just a difference in accent or dialect.
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ใ€‚ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใ‚„ๆ–น่จ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
20:47
And you may think that it's easier to pronounce
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ใพใŸ
20:50
this word with four syllables, particularly if it's difficult
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ใ€็‰นใซ/ f /ใจ/ t /ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’4้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใง็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นใŒ็ฐกๅ˜ใ ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
20:54
for you to pronounce the /f/ and /t/
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20:58
consonant sounds together.
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ใ€‚
21:00
Of course people are going to understand you
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹
21:02
whatever you say but please, please, please
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ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใ€
21:06
make sure that that syllable is super, super tiny.
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ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ€ใใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒ่ถ…ใ€่ถ…ๅฐๅž‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
21:17
So hear how short and quick those schwa sounds are?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ทใƒฅใƒฏใฎ้ŸณใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉ็Ÿญใใฆ้€Ÿใ„ใ‹่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผŸ
21:27
Like I said, 'comfortable' is the more
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็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€Œๅฟซ้ฉใ€ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š
21:30
common pronunciation
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ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็™บ้Ÿณใช
21:31
so I recommend that you practise using that one.
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ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:34
I'm not comfortable doing that.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
21:44
Are you comfortable with the decision?
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ๆฑบๅฎšใซๆบ€่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
21:54
Well that's it, ten tricky English adjectives
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘
21:59
that English learners often mispronounce.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใŒใ‚ˆใ่ชค่งฃใ™ใ‚‹10ใฎใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใช่‹ฑ่ชžๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€‚
22:03
So I hope that this was a useful lesson for you.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆๆœ‰็›Šใชๆ•™่จ“ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:06
Remember that if you haven't subscribed yet
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mmmEnglish Channelใ‚’ใพใ ่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆ
22:09
to the mmmEnglish Channel please do it.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
22:12
You just need to hit that red button right down there.
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ใใฎ่ตคใ„ใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚’ๆŠผใ™ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
22:16
You can turn on the notifications
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้€š็Ÿฅใ‚’ใ‚ชใƒณใซใ—
22:18
so that I notify you when I've got a new lesson ready!
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ใฆใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใŸใจใใซ้€š็Ÿฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
22:23
But if you are ready right now
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠใ™ใ
22:25
to keep practising with another lesson,
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ๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒ
22:27
then check out these ones right here.
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ใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
22:30
Thanks for watching today
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22:33
and I'll see you for another English lesson next week.
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ๆœฌๆ—ฅใฏใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆฅ้€ฑใฏใพใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
22:36
Bye for now!
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ใพใŸใญ๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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