The End of Roe v. Wade -- and What Comes Next | Kathryn Kolbert | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

"What's the Supreme Court going to do about abortion?"

「最高法院打算怎麼處理墮胎？」

“They’re not really going to overturn Roe v. Wade, are they?”

「他們不會真的推翻 羅訴韋德案吧？」

"They can't do that, can they?"

「他們不能那麼做，對吧？」

I can't tell you how many people have asked me questions like this

我已經算不出來在最近 幾個月有多少人問我

in recent months.

像這樣的問題。

It makes sense.

這是合理的。

I have argued two abortion cases in the US Supreme Court,

我在最高法庭為兩件 墮胎案做過辯論，

including the 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey,

包括 1992 年的 家庭計劃組織訴凱西案，

which is credited with saving Roe v. Wade.

該案被認為拯救了羅訴韋德案。

I was a co-founder of the Center for Reproductive Rights,

我是生育權中心的共同創辦人，

and I spent 20 years of my career

我的職涯中有二十年的時間都在

arguing on behalf of women who needed abortions

為需要墮胎女性

以及其他生育健康照護的女性辯論。

and other reproductive health care.

So my answer is depressing but direct:

所以，我的答案很讓人沮喪

但也很直接：

Roe v. Wade will be dead within the year.

羅訴韋德案在一年內就會被推翻。

The constitutional right to choose whether or not to have an abortion

選擇是否要墮胎的憲法權利

will no longer be protected by the United States Constitution.

將不會再受到美國憲法的保護，

This court is likely to overrule Roe and Casey

這個法院很可能會 推翻羅案以及凱西案，

or so undermine its meaning

或者破壞它們代表的意義，

that it will be effectively unavailable for use.

讓它無法被有效地運用。

Now I heard your gasps,

我聽到各位倒抽一口涼氣了，

I'm going to say it again.

讓我再說一遍，美國的聯邦憲法

The Federal Constitution of the United States

will no longer protect reproductive freedom.

將不會再保護

生育自由。

Now I'm also here to tell you

我來這裡也是要告訴各位，

that there's hope.

仍然有希望。

That we can preserve, by working together,

我們可以透過同心協力來保住

我們的生育自由。

our reproductive freedoms.

And by that, I mean more than just the right to choose abortion.

我所謂的生育自由，不只是

選擇墮胎的權利，我所謂的生育自由

By that, I mean the ability to make decisions about becoming parents.

包括決定是否要成為 父母的決策能力。

All people should have that right.

所有人都應該有這項權利。

Whatever their race, whatever their gender,

不論種族、不論性別， 不論愛的人是誰，

whoever they love,

all people ought to have the right to decide to become parents

所有人都應該有權利 決定要不要成為父母，

and the social supports that are necessary

也應該得到必要的社會支持，

to raise those children with dignity and in safety.

讓他們能帶著尊嚴， 安全地養育那些孩子。

So opponents argue three things

所以，

對手

說他們想要禁止墮胎時， 會用三項主張來辯論。

when they say they want to ban abortion.

They talk about religion;

他們會談到宗教；

they talk about protection of fetal rights;

他們會談到保護胎兒的權利；

they talk about protection of women's health.

他們會談到保護女性的健康。

So let's take those each in turn.

咱們一項一項來談。

Religion.

宗教。要知道，世界的現實就是

You know, the reality of the world is

that the world's religions have a wide variety of views on abortion,

世界上的宗教對於墮胎 有各式各樣的看法，

and many support them in a whole range of different circumstances.

且許多宗教會在許多 不同的情況下支持墮胎。

So when abortion opponents say religion,

所以，當墮胎的對手提到宗教，

they're really just imposing their religion on the rest of us.

他們只是把他們的宗教 套用到我們其他人身上。

And what about protection of fetal rights?

那保護胎兒的權利呢？

If in fact you cared about protecting fetal rights,

如果你真心想要保護胎兒的權利，

you'd spend a lot of time working to eliminate

你就會花很多時間努力去降低

the alarming rate of infant mortality in this country.

美國非常讓人憂慮的嬰兒死亡率。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Because in the United States,

因為，在美國，

we have one of the highest rates of infant mortality

我們的嬰兒死亡率在已開發國家之中

in the developed world.

是名列前茅。

They also should be supporting programs for children once they are born.

他們也應該支持孩子 出生之後的方案計畫。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

You know, what about the protection of women's health?

那保護女性的健康呢？嗯，

Well, the reality is, abortion is already an extremely safe surgical procedure.

現實是，墮胎現在已經 是非常安全的手術了。

It is safer than childbirth.

它比生孩子更安全。

And imposing new restrictions on abortion only makes it less safe.

對墮胎施加新的限制 只會讓它變得比較不安全。

In my view, what we're really talking about,

我個人認為，我們真正在談的，

this fixation on abortion by opponents,

對手對於墮胎緊咬不放，

those people who want to ban abortion,

想要禁止墮胎的那些人，

is all about controlling women.

重點是在於要控制女性。

And women are unable to operate,

而女性會無法

有影響力、成為我們 社會的平等參與者，

to be equal participants in our society,

if we cannot control whether, when and with whom we have children.

如果我們無法控制

我們要不要、何時、和誰生孩子。

We cannot exercise the fundamental human right

我們無法行使最基本的人權，

to make decisions about our bodies and our destinies.

來決定我們的身體

和我們的命運。

So why am I so convinced

所以，我為何如此深信

that the Supreme Court is going to overrule Roe and Casey

最高法院會推翻羅案和凱西案？

and take what is clearly a radical step?

並採取很明顯相當激進的一步？

Now, interestingly enough,

有趣的是，

I learned everything I needed to know to be successful in the Supreme Court

在最高法院上要成功的所有秘訣，

我都是在《芝麻街》學到的。

on “Sesame Street.”

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Why?

為什麼？因為你得學會數數。

Because you've got to learn to count.

And the only number that matters is five --

唯一重要的數字就是五——

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

which is a majority of the justices on the Court.

在法院，五位法官就算是多數。

Now, when Casey went to the High Court in 1992,

1992 年，凱西上高等法院時，

I was convinced that there were five justices then

我相信當時有五位法官

prepared to overrule Roe

準備要推翻羅案，

and return to the states the ability to ban abortion.

讓各州可以決定是否要禁止墮胎。

I was correct.

我是對的。

Right after my argument,

我的辯論結束後，法官 回到他們的會議室投票，

the justices returned to their conference room and took a vote,

and seven justices voted to uphold the Pennsylvania restrictions

共有七名法官

投票支持該案中 爭議的賓州限制規定。

that were at issue in the case.

And then Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote a draft opinion.

首席大法官倫奎斯特 撰寫了一份意見草稿。

While he never said the magic words, that Roe is fatal,

雖然他從來沒有說出魔咒，

說羅案很致命，

as Justice John Paul Stevens recently wrote in his memoir,

如大法官約翰‧保羅‧史帝文斯最近

在他的自傳中寫到，

the opinion effectively repudiated the central holding of Roe.

該意見很有效地駁斥了 羅案的核心判決理由。

Now, luckily, that opinion was never filed in 1992.

幸運的是，那份意見 在 1992 年並沒有歸檔。

At the last minute, Justice Anthony Kennedy changed his mind,

最後一刻，

大法官安東尼‧甘迺迪改變了心意，

and together with justices Sandra Day O'Connor

再加上大法官珊卓‧戴‧歐康納

and David Souter,

及大衛‧蘇特，

they issued what they called a joint opinion.

他們發出了他們所謂的共同意見。

And in it, they upheld the right of women to obtain abortion up until viability,

意見中，他們支持女性墮胎的權利，

在嬰兒有生命之前可行使，通常 是懷孕二十四到二十八週時。

usually between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy,

in all 50 states and US territories.

適用於所有五十州以及美國領土。

But the Casey decision went a little further,

但凱西案的判決又再 進了一步，它允許各州

and it had permitted states to enact barriers to abortion

可以制定墮胎的限制條件，

as long as they weren't undue burdens on women.

只要不是對女性 加以過度的負擔即可。

And as a result,

因此，

in the following three decades,

在接下來三十年，

we’ve seen states pass hundreds of restrictions on abortion,

我們看到許多州通過

對於墮胎的數百條限制規定，

and the increasingly conservative courts uphold those restrictions.

而越來越保守的法庭 也支持那些限制規定。

And as a result, we've seen a dwindling availability of abortion.

結果就是，越來越難 找到進行墮胎的場所。

Today, about 11 percent of the counties in this country

現今，

美國有大約 11% 的郡

that actually have an abortion provider.

有提供墮胎服務的場所。

There are six states that have one abortion provider.

有六個州，只有一處可以進行墮胎。

As we know, in the days before Roe,

我們知道，在羅案之前，

women with means were able to get abortions.

有辦法的女性就可以墮胎。

Other women, on the other hand,

另一方面，其他女性，就連現今——

even today --

low-income women, women who live in rural areas,

低收入女性、住在鄉村地區的女性、

teenagers, women of color, women who are disabled --

青少女、有色人種女性、

身心障礙女性——

all of whom have difficulty

她們都很難

accessing safe and affordable abortion.

取得安全、平價的墮胎服務。

Now the question is: What’s going to happen now?

問題是：

現在會怎麼樣？

And unfortunately, things are going to get worse.

不幸的是，還會再更糟。

There are currently three cases pending in the Supreme Court,

目前有三個案子還在 最高法院等候判決，

two from Texas and one from Mississippi.

兩個來自德州， 一個來自密西西比州。

Now, most of you probably have been following the Texas situation.

大部分人可能有在追德州的狀況。

Texas passed a ban on abortion at about six weeks of pregnancy.

德州通過了禁令，

禁止在懷孕六個月後墮胎。

It allowed any individual to sue abortion providers.

它容許任何人

去告進行墮胎的機構。

Vigilantes could collect a bounty of 10,000 dollars

檢舉違反該法規的行為

可以拿到一萬美金的獎金。

for a violation of the law.

And as a result, many, many clinics,

因此，許多診所，

probably most of the clinics in Texas,

可能是德州的大部分診所，

have closed their doors

都不再做墮胎，

or have decreased the number of abortions they performed.

或者減少它們進行的墮胎數。

It's difficult.

很辛苦。

But the critical piece about Texas

但，關於德州，關鍵在於

is that five justices --

五位大法官——記得五這個數字——

remember that number five --

five justices already voted to permit the Texas law to go into effect.

五位大法官已經投票

允許德州實施該法律。

And besides the harm for women,

且，除了對女性的傷害，

those justices are not really considering the constitutionality of the act,

那些大法官並沒有真正考量 該法案是否符合憲法，

only who can be sued and where.

只考量了能告誰、在哪裡告。

The more important case is out of Mississippi.

更重要的是密西西比州的案子。

There, there's a ban on abortion at 15 weeks of pregnancy.

在該州，

懷孕十五週之後就禁止墮胎。

Arguments were heard this week, and in my view,

本週進行了辯論，

我個人認為，我們很可能 會看到至少五位大法官

we are likely to see at least five justices

overrule Roe and Casey

推翻羅案和凱西案，

and send the question of abortion back to the states.

把墮胎的問題丟回給各州。

Sesame Street, five votes.

芝麻街，五票。

And unfortunately, this time around,

不幸的是，這次，

there is no Justice Kennedy to save us.

沒有甘迺迪大法官來拯救我們。

Now, what's going to happen when Roe and Casey are overturned?

當羅案和凱西案

被推翻之後會怎麼樣？

I'd guess that about half the states in this country

我猜，美國會有半數的州

will ban all or most abortions.

會禁止所有或大部分的墮胎。

We're likely to see ban stretching from Georgia all the way west to Texas,

我們很可能會看到禁令 從喬治亞州一路向西延伸到德州，

from Idaho, all the way south to Arizona.

從愛達荷州一路向南 延伸到亞利桑那州。

Women, like Texan women, will be forced to travel to the 15 states

女性，如德州的女性， 會被迫要到主張墮胎

合法化的立法者和州長 所掌管的那十五州。

that are controlled by pro-choice legislators and governors.

Other women will seek medication abortion,

其他女性會尋求藥物墮胎，

using the internet or gray or black markets

透過網際網路，或灰／黑市取得，

and subject themselves in some states to criminal prosecutions.

在某些州還會讓自己 承受刑事訴訟的風險。

Still, other women will carry their unintended pregnancies to term.

其他女性則會帶著她們 不想要的身孕到足月生產。

The bottom line is this is not a pretty picture.

結果不會是美好的景象。

So what now?

那，現在怎麼辦？

What can we do?

我們能怎麼做？ 五十年來我們一直在說：

We have been saying for five decades,

"Save Roe, save Roe, save Roe."

「拯救羅案，拯救羅案， 拯救羅案。」

That strategy is no longer feasible.

那種策略已經不適用了。

Give it up.

別再用了。

We've got to make sure

我們要確保別再用我們的頭去撞

we quit hitting our heads against the marble staircase.

那些大理石樓梯。

And try to find new strategies.

想辦法找出新策略。 今天我會提出兩項。

So I'm going to propose two of them to you today.

First, we’ve got to build a badass social justice movement.

第一，

我們得要發起一場 夠悍的社會正義運動。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Which means loudly crying for our rights,

意思就是大聲疾呼要求我們的權利，

loudly saying: this is something that belongs to us.

大聲說：這是屬於我們的。

We know from watching the Black Lives Matter movement

我們在看黑命貴運動 和婚姻平權運動時可以知道，

and the marriage equality movement that coalition is queen.

聯手才是王道。

We've got to find allies

我們得找到盟友，

and work with them to make sure our rights are protected.

和他們合作，來確保 我們的權利受到保護。

But equally important,

但，同樣重要的，

we've got to ensure that we elect --

我們得要確保我們選出——

and I'd actually say more important --

我應該要說這點更重要——

is we've got to elect legislators,

我們在選立法者時，

throughout the states and in Congress,

包括各州以及國會的立法者，

who are champions for reproductive health.

要選支持生育健康的人。

Now, I'm not going to bother to tell you all

我不打算

花時間告訴各位如何從事政治活動。

how to get politically active.

This is a crowd that knows how to do it.

這是個知道怎麼做的觀眾群。

But knowing how to do it and actually doing it

但，知道怎麼做 和實際去做是兩回事，

are two different things,

so what you need to do is get politically active.

各位需要做的就是去進行政治活動。

But one of the things I will tell you

但我會告訴各位一件事，

is what would our world look like

那就是我們的世界會變成什麼樣子，

if we were able to wrest the reins of governmental power

如果我們可以從反對墮胎的人手上

away from those who oppose abortion

奪走政府權力的韁繩，

and allow an agenda

讓議程能夠

that reflects reproductive freedoms and justice.

反應出生育自由和正義。

Picture this.

想像一下。

We would have childcare

在美國的每一個社區中，

and universal childhood education in every community in this country.

我們都會有孩童照管 以及全民的兒童教育。

We would have paid maternity and paternity leaves,

我們會有有薪的產假和陪產假，

and people would actually take them.

且大家真的會請這些假。

All working parents ought to have that right.

所有在工作的父母 都應該享有這項權利。

You know --

要知道——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

According to the Centers for Disease Control,

根據疾病管制與預防中心， 美國的非裔女性、

African American women,

Native American women, Alaska Native women

美國原住民女性、 阿拉斯加原住民女性，

are dying of pregnancy-related causes

因為懷孕相關的原因而死的比率

at three times the rate of white women.

是白人女性的三倍。

And most of those deaths are preventable.

那些死亡大部分是可以避免的。

So in our world where we control the reins of power,

所以，在我們握有 權力韁繩的世界裡，

we would ensure,

我們會確保，

we would ensure that there were programs

我們會確保

會有計畫方案來降低 這讓人憂心的產婦死亡率。

to reduce this alarming rate of maternal mortality.

And we would make sure

且我們會確保體制上的種族主義

that the systemic racism in our health care system

不會再存在於我們的 健康照護體制當中。

would be eliminated.

And we'd work to eliminate infertility

且我們會努力

消除不孕，

with special programs for women who can't get pregnant.

為無法懷孕的女性提供專案計畫。

And we would make sure that all women are entitled to health care services

我們也會確保

所有女性都有資格 取得健康照護服務，

at all stages of their life.

且在人生中的每個時期都有。

Now all of those things I've talked about,

我剛才談的一切，

are family-friendly policies

都是家庭關懷的政策，

and ought to be supported by our opponents as well.

我們的對手也應該支持。

I'll wait to see if that's the case.

我會等著看是否真是如此。

But in my world where we control the reins of power,

但在我心中的世界， 若我們能握有權力韁繩，

we would do more.

我們還會做更多。

The birth control pill would be available over the counter.

避孕藥丸不需要處方就可以取得。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

OK, as easy to get as a bottle of Tylenol.

和取得一瓶泰諾止痛藥一樣容易。

And we'd have quality sex education in every public school in this country.

且在美國的每間公立學校 都會有優質的性教育。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And we would make sure that ...

且我們會確保……

abortion is affordable and available --

墮胎是平價且可以取得的——

no more bans, no more barriers,

不再有禁令，不再有條件，

no more restrictions on funding.

不再有資金限制。

And medication abortion,

而藥物墮胎，

the abortion pill,

墮胎藥丸，

would be available not just at Planned Parenthoods

不會要到家庭計劃組織以及全國

and the dwindling number of abortion clinics in this country,

越來越少的墮胎診所才能取得，

but at pharmacies without a prescription,

而是在藥房，不用處方箋也能取得，

at walk-in health centers

還有不用預約的健康中心

and on every college campus in the United States.

以及美國的每個大學校園都能取得。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And if you had any doubt

如果你會懷疑

about the importance of getting politically active,

進行政治活動的重要性，

we could also pass

我們也能通過

a constitutional amendment,

憲法修正案，

what I call a gender equity amendment,

我稱之為性別平等修正案，

that would guarantee to all persons

它能保證所有人

the ability to make decisions not just about abortion,

都能夠做決定，不僅是 墮胎相關的決定，

but about pregnancy and marriage

還有關於懷孕、婚姻、

and sexuality and parenting.

性向，以及教養的決定。

And it would be a permanent part of the United States Constitution.

且它會永遠成為美國憲法的一部分。

Now the important part of that is

重要的是，

these rights should not be controlled by politicians.

這些權利不該被政治人物掌控。

They shouldn't be dependent on where you live

這些權利不應該還要依據

你住在哪裡、賺多少錢、

or how much money you make

or the color of your skin

你的膚色、

or the person you love

你愛的人，或者你用的代名詞。

or the pronouns you use.

These are universal fundamental human rights,

這些是屬於所有人的基本權利，

and they ought to be guaranteed in law,

它們應該要受到法律保障，

in the Constitution,

受到憲法保障，最高法院才不能

so the Supreme Court cannot willy-nilly take them away.

不管願不願意就把它們奪走。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now to do this,

要做到這個目標，

we need to elect champions for choice

我們得要選出支持選擇的人，

to the 500,000 elected seats in our government in this country:

坐上美國的政府中 五十萬個民選席位：

everything from school boards to town councils,

從學校董事會到鎮議會，

to state legislatures to Congress and the White House.

到州立法機關，

到國會及白宮。

All of those seats need to be controlled by champions of our cause.

所有這些席位，

都應交給支持我們目標的人。

And that can only happen if you get politically active.

只有各位參與政治活動， 才有可能實現這一切。

Your vote, your willingness to work in campaigns,

各位的選票，

各位參與競選活動的意願，

write postcards, make phone calls,

寫明信片、打電話、登門造訪。

knock on doors,

can make that happen.

才有可能實現，甚至去參選，

And even run for office,

because that's what we need to do.

因為那是我們需要做的。

Now while dire, the end of Roe is not the end of the story.

雖然很慘，

但羅案的結束並不代表 故事就結束了。

To paraphrase Joan Baez,

改述瓊‧拜亞的話，

the best antidote to despair is action.

絕望的最佳解藥就是行動。

And your action,

而各位的行動，

your willingness to work hard

願意付出心力的意願，

cannot only preserve reproductive freedoms for ourselves

不僅能為我們自己保有生育的自由，

but for our children as well.

也是為了我們的孩子。

So let's do it.

所以，咱們來做吧！

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Cheers and applause)

（歡呼及掌聲）