Is Cultivated Meat the Future of Food? | Uma Valeti | TED

翻译人员: Fanglin ren 校对人员: suya f.

I was 12 years old

当我面对肉类的悖论时，

when I came face-to-face with the paradox of meat.

我才 12 岁。

I was at my friend's birthday party.

我参加了我朋友的生日聚会。

There was a lot of fun, music,

房子前面有很多乐趣、音乐、

celebration and games in the front of the house.

庆祝活动和游戏。

So I ran into the backyard looking for more fun.

于是我跑到后院寻找更多乐趣。

And what I stumbled upon shocked me.

我偶然发现的东西震惊了我。

There were people slaughtering frightened animals for the birthday feast.

有人在生日盛宴上屠杀受惊的动物。

This was a strange feeling.

这是一种奇怪的感觉。

As a 12-year-old kid,

作为一个 12 岁的孩子，

seeing intense suffering in the back and sheer joy in the front,

看到背后的痛苦和前方的纯粹喜悦，

juxtaposing a birthday with a death day

将生日和死亡日

all in the same instance was too much to handle.

并置在 同一个例子中实在难以应付。

The 12-year-old me broke down into tears.

这个 12 岁的我流下了眼泪。

I know this is a common experience for many of you,

我知道这对你们中的许多人 来说是一种常见的经历，

and probably many of your children.

可能还有你的许多孩子。

We all know at some level

我们在某种程度上都知道，

that the meat that we eat today

我们今天吃的肉背后

has a really troubling story behind it.

有一个非常令人不安的故事。

We know that billions of animals are raised in painful,

我们知道，数十亿只动物是在痛苦、

overcrowded conditions

过度拥挤的条件下饲养的，

and not in the idyllic pastures that we'd like to believe in.

而不是在我们想相信 的田园牧场上饲养的。

We know that climate change is caused --

我们知道气候变化是造成的。

a leading cause for it, in fact, is meat production.

事实上，其主要原因是肉类生产。

We also know that factory farming

我们还知道，工厂化养殖

is responsible for the spread of incredibly scary diseases,

是极其可怕的疾病传播的原因，

and also to the rising antibiotic resistance.

也是抗生素耐药性上升的原因。

But despite all of this, you probably will continue to eat meat.

但是，尽管如此，你可能会继续吃肉。

In fact, the world is going to eat twice the amount of meat

实际上，本世纪上半叶世界的肉类摄

in the first half of this century than when we started.

入量将是我们刚开始时的两倍。

So despite all of this,

所以，尽管如此，

why?

为什么会这样？

Why is the question.

问题是为什么。

Do we really have a solution for it?

我们真的有解决方案吗？

I'm not sure yet.

我还不确定。

But I'll tell you why this is a complex question to answer,

但我要告诉你为什么这是一个复杂问题，

because meat is the most incredibly delicious food

因为肉是我们已经习惯的最美味的食物。

that we've gotten used to.

No disrespect to salads or beans.

不是我不尊重沙拉或豆子。

It's been part of our culture, traditions and religion

数百年甚至数千年来， 它一直是我们文化、

传统和宗教的一部分。

for hundreds, if not thousands of years.

We love the product, not so much the process.

我们喜欢这个产品，与其说是过程。

So we've learned to ignore the conflict by simply turning a blind eye.

因此，我们学会了 通过视而不见来忽视冲突。

And I think this is the central conflict that a conflicted carnivore deals with.

而且我认为这是矛盾的食肉动物 要处理的核心冲突。

So is there a way out for a conflicted carnivore?

那么矛盾的食肉动物有出路吗？

I believe there is.

我相信有。

In fact, I am betting on it.

事实上，我敢打赌。

About eight years ago, I quit my job as a cardiologist

大约八年前， 我辞去了心脏病专家的工作

and moved my family across the country

和我的家人搬到了全国各地

to start a team solely focused on working on solving this problem.

成立了一个专门致力于 解决这个问题的团队。

I cofounded a company called UPSIDE Foods

我与他人共同创立了一家名为 UPSIDE Foods 的公司，

to work on a crazy idea called cultivated meat.

想研究一个叫做培育肉类的疯狂想法。

It's based on a simple principle that all the meat we eat

它基于一个简单的原理， 即我们吃的所有肉都

comes from a bunch of animal cells.

来自一堆动物细胞。

So we asked the question,

所以我们问了一个问题，

could we just grow the animal cells directly into meat

我们能不用饲养动物

without having to raise the animal?

就直接把动物细胞培育成肉吗？

And it turns out

事实证明，这个想法在科幻小说中

that this idea was rooted in science fiction

for many, many decades.

扎根了好几十年。

And I want to show you

我想向你展示

and illustrate to you how we can do this with chicken.

并说明我们如何用鸡肉做这件事。

So let's start off with a chicken or an egg.

因此，让我们从鸡肉或鸡蛋开始。

What we do is we take a small sample of cells from the egg or the chicken,

我们要做的是从鸡蛋或鸡肉中 取出一小部分细胞样本，

and we identify the cells that are high-quality

然后鉴定出高质量的细胞，

and continue to grow outside the animal into chicken meat.

并继续在动物体外生长成鸡肉。

Once we have the right cells,

一旦我们有了正确的细胞，

we save them for later

我们就会保存它们以备将来

or when we want to make chicken,

或者当我们想做鸡肉的时候，

we pull them out in a small sample

我们把它们抽成一个小样本，

just like the one that will fit in a vial like this.

就像那个可以装在小瓶里的样本一样。

Inside this vial

在这个小瓶里，

you could expect to see millions of cells

你可以看到数百万个细胞，

just like the ones you're seeing on the slide.

就像你在幻灯片上看到的那样。

Now remember, the life of a chicken

现在记住，鸡的生命

started with a single cell

始于单个细胞，

that grew and multiplied into millions and billions of cells.

它生长并繁殖成数百万个细胞。

So we take these cells and put them in a cultivator.

因此，我们采集这些细胞 并将其放入培养机中。

You might ask, what is a cultivator?

你可能会问，什么是中耕机？

A cultivator is nothing but a clean vessel

中耕机不过是一个干净的容器，

that provides a safe and nurturing

它为细胞生长成鸡肉提供了安全、

and warm environment for the cells to grow into chicken meat.

滋养和温暖的环境。

They can come in a small size, like the size of a water bottle,

它们可以是小尺寸， 比如水瓶的大小，

or they could be as tall as one to two stories,

也可以像一到两层楼一样高，

steel, clean, gleaming tanks like the one you're seeing behind me.

钢制的、干净的、 闪闪发光的水箱，

就像你在我身后看到的那个。

Once we grow this meat for about two weeks,

一旦我们将这种肉 种植了大约两个星期，

we are ready to harvest it

我们就可以收获它

and shape it into the products that we love.

并将其塑造成我们喜欢的产品了。

Whole cut products or cut products.

整切产品或切割产品。

And it's common to mix some of these products

而且，通常将其中一些产品

with plant-based fibers to add texture.

与植物基纤维混合以增加质感。

This can be done with beef, salmon, duck,

这可以用牛肉、三文鱼、鸭肉

or any species that you can imagine.

或任何你能想象的物种来完成。

And once we have the cells we want,

而且，一旦我们有了想要的细胞，

we do not have to go back to the animal.

我们就不必回到动物身边。

In fact, the cells we've been using to grow chicken,

实际上，我们一直用来种鸡的细胞，

we've taken them from an egg in 2018,

是在 2018 年从鸡蛋中提取的，

and for six years we haven't had to go back to the animal again.

六年来我们再也不用回到动物身边。

It's a kinder way to make meat,

这是一种更友好的肉制作方式，

but it's also kinder to the environment.

但对环境也更友善。

A number of studies are showing, for instance,

例如,许多研究表明,

for cultivated beef, when grown at scale,

对于人工培育的牛肉, 如果大规模种植,

using renewable energy,

使用可再生能源，

has a 90 percent lower greenhouse gas emissions,

温室气体排放量减少

90 percent lower land use and lower pollution.

90 ％，土地利用率 降低 90％，污染更低。

It's also cleaner in the absence of animal waste

or the need to use antibiotics that increase the risk of infections,

或需要使用会增加 感染风险的抗生素的情况下，

无论是大肠杆菌

whether it's E-coli or salmonella.

还是沙门氏菌，它也更清洁。

We can have really clean conditions for manufacturing.

我们可以有非常干净的制造条件。

Now, I think you're certainly thinking that this is science fiction for sure,

现在，我想你肯定认为这是科幻小说，

this is crazy,

这很疯狂

but eight years ago, when I started UPSIDE Foods,

但是八年前， 当我创办 UPSIDEFoods 时，

a number of people laughed at me and our team.

许多人嘲笑我和我们的团队。

Let me show you the rapid progress that's happened in the last eight years.

让我向你展示在过去 八年中取得的快速进展。

In 2016, we showed the world the first cultivated beef meatball

2016 年，我们向世界展示了 第一个培育牛肉丸，

and followed that up in 2017

随后在 2017 年

by showing the first ever cultivated duck or chicken.

展示了有史以来 第一只培育的鸭肉或鸡肉。

This proved science.

这证明了科学依据。

This was proof of science for multiple species over a few years.

这是几年来多个物种的科学证明。

So what's next?

那么下一步是什么？

The most important thing next was to prove safety.

接下来最重要的是证明安全。

We started working with the top two regulators in the United States,

我们开始与美国前两大监管机构，

the FDA and the USDA,

即美国食品药品管理局 和美国农业部合作，

and over multiple years,

在多年的时间里，

and after thorough examinations of our process,

在对我们的流程进行了全面审查之后，

we got the green light to release our products into the market

不到一年前， 即 2023 年 7 月，

less than a year ago, in July 2023.

我们获准将我们的产品投放市场。

I have to tell you,

我必须告诉你，

the next part of this is the consumer.

下一部分是消费者。

You might ask, how does it taste?

你可能会问，味道怎么样？

The faces of these people,

这些人的面孔，无论是

hardcore meat eaters and vegetarians alike,

铁杆食肉者还是素食者，

will tell you the story that this is delicious.

都会告诉你这很美味。

In fact, our favorite quote is from “The Washington Post,”

实际上，我们最喜欢的一句话

来自《华盛顿报》 詹姆斯·比尔德获奖作家

where the James Beard Award-winning writer wrote

在那里写道，

that "this was the most chickeny chicken" he's tasted in a long time.

“这是他长期以来 品尝过的最鸡肉的鸡肉”。

Alright, so speaking of delicious,

好吧，说到美味，

our chef here has been busy cooking some of the products

我们这里的厨师一直在忙着做

that I want to show to you.

一些我想给你看的产品。

Let me show or illustrate how this could work in your life.

让我来展示或说明 这如何在你的生活中起作用。

Imagine a week.

想象一周。

It starts off with a Sunday,

它从星期天开始，

and your kids want you to cook breakfast.

你的孩子想让你做早餐。

And their favorite breakfast is a breakfast sausage.

他们最喜欢的早餐是早餐香肠。

Let me show you how that could look.

让我来告诉你那会是什么样子。

Thank you. David.

谢谢。大卫。

OK, for instance, there's a cultivated chicken breakfast sausage.

好吧，举个例子， 有一种培育过的鸡肉早餐香肠。

It's delicious, it's juicy.

好吃，多汁。

I want to eat it right now.

我现在想吃。

But there's more.

但是还有更多。

I want you to think about Wednesday.

我想让你考虑一下星期三。

You're on a work trip

你正在出差，

and you want to get a quick power lunch.

想快速吃一顿能量午餐。

Imagine this.

想象一下。

A protein-packed chicken salad

一种富含蛋白质的鸡肉沙拉，

that has delicious golden brown chicken on it.

上面有美味的金棕色鸡肉。

And I want to eat this, too.

而且我也想吃这个。

But there's more.

但是还有更多。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Now it's Friday, end of the week, thank God.

现在是星期五，本周末，谢天谢地。

And you want to go to a really relaxing and romantic dinner with your partner.

而且你想和你的伴侣一起 吃一顿非常轻松和浪漫的晚餐。

And you want to impress your partner

而且，你想

by taking your partner to the restaurant closest to you

通过带你的伴侣去离你最近的餐厅 来给你的伴侣留下深刻的印象，

and asking for the best thing on the menu,

并要求菜单上最好的东西，

that shows what a great person you are.

这表明你是一个多么棒的人。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And we have that for you too.

我们也有这个要给你。

Thank you, David.

谢谢你，大卫。

So this is a delicious chicken breast,

所以这是一块美味的鸡胸肉，

tender and juicy

鲜嫩多汁，

and cooked in front of you,

在你面前煮熟， 在盘子里发出嘶嘶声。

sizzling on the plate.

And your partner takes a bite.

然后你的伴侣会咬一口。

And says,

然后说：

"Hmm."

“嗯。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"The most chickeny chicken I've ever had."

“我吃过最鸡肉的鸡。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Alright, so what comes next?

好吧，那么接下来会发生什么？

This industry is growing rapidly.

这个行业正在迅速发展。

I'm really thrilled to see there is about 170 companies in this space

看到除南极洲以外的每个大洲都有 大约 170 家公司进入这个领域，

in every continent except Antarctica.

我感到非常兴奋。

And multiple research organizations, like the Good Food Institute,

还有多个研究机构， 例如Good Food Institute，

working on making this available

正在努力提供这些服务，

and building training programs at the universities.

并在大学中制定培训计划。

We've got multiple countries giving regulatory approvals:

我们有多个国家给予监管部门的批准：

the United States, Singapore, Israel and soon to be also Australia.

美国、新加坡、以色列， 不久还将是澳大利亚。

We've got three billion dollars being put to work.

我们已经投入了三十亿美元。

And hear this,

听听这个，

South Korea has just started a free economic zone

韩国刚刚启动了自由经济区，

to encourage cultivated meat to be commercialized rapidly

以鼓励培育肉类迅速商业化，

and China has added this to their five-year plan.

中国已将其添加到其五年计划中。

There are a number of companies across the world

世界各地有许多公司

ready to bring delicious products to the market.

准备将美味的产品推向市场。

And just look at this.

看看这个。

They could be whole-cut products,

它们可能是全切产品，可以是牛排，

they could be steaks,

也可以是备受喜爱的食物，

they could be beloved foods like hot dogs, burgers or sushi.

例如热狗、汉堡或寿司。

Folks, there is a global race

各位，这是一场全球竞赛，

and never in history has an idea of this magnitude moved

在不到十年的时间里， 历史上从未有过如此庞大的想法

from an idea stage to this level of interest

从构思阶段发展

到如此浓厚的兴趣。

in a span of less than a decade.

So what comes next?

那么接下来会发生什么？

The next step is proof of scale.

下一步是规模证明。

We have to work and see if the industry can scale

我们必须努力看看该行业能否扩大规模，

to meet the size of the problem we're trying to go after.

以适应我们正在努力解决的问题的规模。

This means we'll have to build much larger, bigger,

这意味着我们必须建造更广、更大、

more efficient manufacturing facilities and supply chains.

更高效的制造 设施和供应链。

We've already lowered the cost by 100-fold,

我们已经将成本降低了 100 倍，

but teams across the world are working relentlessly

但世界各地的团队都在不懈地

to lower the cost even further.

努力进一步降低成本。

This is an example of our production facility

这是我们在疫情期间 在加利福尼亚建造的生产设施

that was built in California during COVID,

的一个例子， 在过去的 12 至 18 个月中，

where we've been producing cultivated meat regularly

我们一直在定期生产培育肉类，

for the last 12 to 18 months,

and improving operations and designs

并改善运营和设计，

to make it a blueprint for much larger production facilities.

使其成为大型生产设施的蓝图。

And we've released all of this across openly for the world to see.

而且我们已经公开了 所有这些内容供全世界观看。

And I think more and more of this is needed.

而且我认为越来越需要这样做。

So what other challenges exist?

那么，还有哪些其他挑战呢？

Timelines are hard to predict.

时间表很难预测。

Regulatory approvals are hard to predict,

监管部门的批准很难预测，

but I believe multiple companies will be available in restaurants

但我相信，在未来几年内， 将有多家公司在

serving their products in the next few years,

餐厅提供其产品，

and then next five to 10 years,

然后在未来五到十年内，

these should be available widely in retail.

这些批准将在零售业中广泛推出。

Continuing to lower costs further does not come easily.

继续进一步降低成本并非易事。

There is also hurdles related to making meat that's not just less bad,

还有一些与制作肉类相关的障碍， 这种肉不仅不那么糟糕，

but I'm really excited about walking the path

而且我对对制作更好吃的肉 的未来感到非常兴奋。

of making meat that is more good.

For example, as a cardiologist,

例如，作为一名心脏病专家，

nothing gets me more excited than opening the path of meat

没有什么比开辟肉类

to be more tastier and healthier.

更美味、更健康的道路更让我兴奋的了。

Imagine, steak with a nutritional profile of a salmon.

想象一下，具有三文鱼营养成分的牛排。

I think that's the future that I'm very excited about.

我认为这是我非常兴奋的未来。

But our challenges are not just technological or manufacturing challenges

但是，我们面临的挑战不仅仅是技术

or funding challenges.

或制造挑战或资金挑战。

There are also social and political challenges.

还有社会 和政治挑战。

Florida just banned and criminalized cultivated meat production last month.

佛罗里达州上个月刚刚禁止种植 肉类生产并将其定为犯罪。

Alabama is doing it as of October this year

阿拉巴马州从今年 10 月开始 这样做，意大利也在今年

and Italy earlier this year.

早些时候这样做。

All in an attempt to protect an age-old industry from competition.

所有这些都是为了 保护一个古老的行业免受竞争。

But I truly believe people,

但我坚信，这些地方的人们、

businesses and communities in these places will benefit from cultivated meat

企业和社区将受益于栽培肉类

as well as the rest of the world.

以及世界其他地区。

So this is no idealistic fantasy.

因此，这不是理想主义的幻想。

Throughout history,

纵观历史，

transformative innovations have always triumphed

变革性创新一直战胜

over deep, entrenched opposition, reshaping societies for the better.

根深蒂固的反对，重塑社会， 向更好的方向发展。

This is no different.

这也不例外。

It is the indomitable spirit of the people in the arena

正是舞台

that will be foundational to push this innovation through.

上人们不屈不挠的精神 将是推动这项创新的基础。

But we can't do it alone.

但是我们无法单独做到这一点。

We'll need a lot of people, cheerleaders,

我们需要很多人、啦啦队长、跨党派

politicians crossing party lines, people, businesses,

政治家、人士、企业、

investors and incumbent industry joining this work.

投资者和现有行业参与这项工作。

Because investing in a critical idea like this,

因为投资于这样一个关键的想法，

即培育肉类，

cultivated meat, for the future

to keep all the foods we love on the table,

以便将来我们喜爱 的所有食物留在餐桌上，

as well as opening an enormous economic,

并开辟巨大的经济、

ethical and environmental opportunity

道德和环境机会，

is right in front of us.

就在我们面前。

I leave you with one closing thought.

我最后想一想。

I truly believe that cultivated meat offers this rare opportunity

我真的相信，培育肉类 提供了这个难得的机会，

to bring people of every stripe together under the big tent,

可以将各行各业的人

those who love meat

聚集在大帐篷下， 无论是喜欢肉类的人

and those who object to the slaughter of animals.

还是反对屠杀动物的人。

Those who prize innovation

那些珍视创新的人

and those who prize tradition.

和那些珍视传统的人。

Those who love choice

那些热爱选择的人

and those who value life.

和那些珍惜生命的人。

It's our chance,

这是我们的机会

if you can forgive the joke,

如果你能原谅这个笑话，

to have our chicken and eat it too.

这是我们吃鸡肉然后也吃掉的机会。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Thank you very much.

非常感谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）