Is Cultivated Meat the Future of Food? | Uma Valeti | TED

譯者: 麗玲 辛 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

I was 12 years old

我十二歲的時候，

when I came face-to-face with the paradox of meat.

第一次面對肉食的矛盾。

I was at my friend's birthday party.

那是在我朋友的生日派對上。

There was a lot of fun, music,

前院充滿了歡樂、音樂、

celebration and games in the front of the house.

祝賀和遊戲。

So I ran into the backyard looking for more fun.

我跑到後院尋找更多樂趣。

And what I stumbled upon shocked me.

結果，我偶然發現的景象 讓我震驚不已。

There were people slaughtering frightened animals for the birthday feast.

有人正在屠宰驚恐的動物， 準備作為生日宴會的食物。

This was a strange feeling.

這是一種奇怪的感覺。

As a 12-year-old kid,

對於一個十二歲的小孩來說，

seeing intense suffering in the back and sheer joy in the front,

在後院看到強烈的痛苦， 而前院卻是純粹的歡樂，

juxtaposing a birthday with a death day

將生日與死亡並列在同一刻，

all in the same instance was too much to handle.

這實在難以承受。

The 12-year-old me broke down into tears.

十二歲的我因此淚流滿面。

I know this is a common experience for many of you,

我知道這對很多人來說是常有的經歷，

and probably many of your children.

也可能是你們的孩子的經歷。

We all know at some level

我們都在某種程度上知道，

that the meat that we eat today

我們現在吃的肉背後

has a really troubling story behind it.

有非常令人不安的事實。

We know that billions of animals are raised in painful,

我們知道，數十億的動物 被飼養在痛苦、

overcrowded conditions

擁擠的環境中，

and not in the idyllic pastures that we'd like to believe in.

而不是在我們想像中的田園牧場。

We know that climate change is caused --

我們知道氣候變遷的成因之一，

a leading cause for it, in fact, is meat production.

或者說，主要原因之一， 就是肉類生產。

We also know that factory farming

我們也知道，工廠化養殖

is responsible for the spread of incredibly scary diseases,

是一些極其可怕的疾病傳播的原因，

and also to the rising antibiotic resistance.

並且還導致抗生素抗藥性不斷上升。

But despite all of this, you probably will continue to eat meat.

儘管如此，你可能還是會繼續吃肉。

In fact, the world is going to eat twice the amount of meat

事實上，到這個世紀的中段，

in the first half of this century than when we started.

全球的肉類消耗量 將是本世紀開始時的兩倍。

So despite all of this,

所以，儘管有這些問題，

why?

為什麼呢？

Why is the question.

為什麼是個問題。

Do we really have a solution for it?

我們真的有解決方案嗎？

I'm not sure yet.

我還不確定。

But I'll tell you why this is a complex question to answer,

但我會告訴你 為什麼這是一個複雜的問題，

because meat is the most incredibly delicious food

因為肉是我們習慣的 最美味的食物。

that we've gotten used to.

No disrespect to salads or beans.

我無意貶低沙拉或豆類。

It's been part of our culture, traditions and religion

幾百年來，肉類一直是 我們文化傳統和宗教的一部分，

for hundreds, if not thousands of years.

甚至幾千年來。

We love the product, not so much the process.

我們喜歡這個產品， 但不喜歡這個過程。

So we've learned to ignore the conflict by simply turning a blind eye.

所以，我們學會視而不見， 忽略這個矛盾。

And I think this is the central conflict that a conflicted carnivore deals with.

而我認為這是肉食者 要面對的核心矛盾。

So is there a way out for a conflicted carnivore?

那麼，肉食者有解套的方法嗎？

I believe there is.

我相信是有的。

In fact, I am betting on it.

事實上，我押注於此。

About eight years ago, I quit my job as a cardiologist

大約八年前，我辭去了 心臟科醫生的工作，

and moved my family across the country

帶著家人到全國各地，

to start a team solely focused on working on solving this problem.

創立一個團隊， 專注於解決這個問題。

I cofounded a company called UPSIDE Foods

我共同創立了一家公司， 叫做 UPSIDE Foods，

to work on a crazy idea called cultivated meat.

專注於一個瘋狂的想法：培植肉。

It's based on a simple principle that all the meat we eat

這基於一個簡單的原理：

所有我們吃的肉 都是由動物細胞構成的。

comes from a bunch of animal cells.

So we asked the question,

所以我們問了一個問題，

could we just grow the animal cells directly into meat

我們能不能直接培養 動物細胞，讓它們變成肉，

without having to raise the animal?

而不必飼養動物？

And it turns out

事實證明，

that this idea was rooted in science fiction

這個想法多年來，

深植於科幻小說中。

for many, many decades.

And I want to show you

我想向你展示並說明

and illustrate to you how we can do this with chicken.

我們如何用雞來做到這件事。

So let's start off with a chicken or an egg.

讓我們從一隻雞或一顆蛋開始。

What we do is we take a small sample of cells from the egg or the chicken,

我們所做的是從雞蛋 或雞身上取一小塊細胞樣本，

and we identify the cells that are high-quality

然後挑選出高品質的細胞，

and continue to grow outside the animal into chicken meat.

讓它們在動物體外 繼續生長，變成雞肉。

Once we have the right cells,

一旦我們找到合適的細胞，

we save them for later

我們就會保存起來，

or when we want to make chicken,

等到需要製作雞肉時再拿出來，

we pull them out in a small sample

just like the one that will fit in a vial like this.

只需像這樣的小樣本， 裝在這樣的小瓶子裡。

Inside this vial

在這個小瓶子裡，

you could expect to see millions of cells

你可以看到數百萬個細胞，

just like the ones you're seeing on the slide.

就像你在幻燈片上看到的那些細胞。

Now remember, the life of a chicken

記住，一隻雞的生命

started with a single cell

是從一個細胞開始的，

that grew and multiplied into millions and billions of cells.

這個細胞不斷生長和繁殖， 變成數百萬、數十億個細胞。

So we take these cells and put them in a cultivator.

我們把這些細胞放進培養器裡。

You might ask, what is a cultivator?

你可能會問，什麼是培養器？

A cultivator is nothing but a clean vessel

培養器只是一個乾淨的容器，

that provides a safe and nurturing

提供一個安全、養育和溫暖的環境，

and warm environment for the cells to grow into chicken meat.

讓細胞生長成雞肉。

They can come in a small size, like the size of a water bottle,

它們可以是小型的，像水瓶一樣大，

or they could be as tall as one to two stories,

也可以是高達一到兩層樓的

steel, clean, gleaming tanks like the one you're seeing behind me.

鋼製、乾淨、閃閃發光的罐子， 就像你在我後方看到的那樣。

Once we grow this meat for about two weeks,

我們讓這些肉生長大約兩週，

we are ready to harvest it

然後準備收成，

and shape it into the products that we love.

並將其製成我們喜愛的產品。

Whole cut products or cut products.

整塊產品或切塊產品。

And it's common to mix some of these products

我們通常會將這些產品

with plant-based fibers to add texture.

與植物纖維混合以增加口感。

This can be done with beef, salmon, duck,

這可以使用牛肉、鮭魚、鴨子

or any species that you can imagine.

或你能想到的任何物種。

And once we have the cells we want,

一旦我們有了可用的細胞，

we do not have to go back to the animal.

就不必再回到動物身上。

In fact, the cells we've been using to grow chicken,

事實上，我們一直用來 培養雞肉的細胞，

we've taken them from an egg in 2018,

是 2018 年從一顆蛋中取得的，

and for six years we haven't had to go back to the animal again.

六年來，我們再也沒有回到動物身上。

It's a kinder way to make meat,

這是更友善的生產肉的方法，

but it's also kinder to the environment.

對環境也更友善。

A number of studies are showing, for instance,

例如，許多研究顯示，

培植牛肉，在大規模生產時，

for cultivated beef, when grown at scale,

using renewable energy,

若使用可再生能源，

has a 90 percent lower greenhouse gas emissions,

溫室氣體排放量可減少 90%，

90 percent lower land use and lower pollution.

土地使用量減少 90%， 污染也更少。

It's also cleaner in the absence of animal waste

這方式也更乾淨，沒有動物排泄物

or the need to use antibiotics that increase the risk of infections,

或需要使用會增加感染風險的抗生素，

whether it's E-coli or salmonella.

無論是大腸桿菌還是沙門氏菌。

We can have really clean conditions for manufacturing.

我們可以在非常乾淨的 條件下進行生產。

Now, I think you're certainly thinking that this is science fiction for sure,

現在，我猜你一定在想，

這肯定是科幻小說，

this is crazy,

這很瘋狂，

but eight years ago, when I started UPSIDE Foods,

八年前，當我創立 UPSIDE Foods 時，

a number of people laughed at me and our team.

很多人嘲笑我和我們的團隊。

Let me show you the rapid progress that's happened in the last eight years.

容我向你展示過去八年來的快速進展。

In 2016, we showed the world the first cultivated beef meatball

2016 年，我們推出了 第一顆培植牛肉丸，

and followed that up in 2017

隨後在 2017 年，

by showing the first ever cultivated duck or chicken.

首次展示培植鴨肉或雞肉。

This proved science.

這證明了科學。

This was proof of science for multiple species over a few years.

這是幾年來多個品種的科學證據。

So what's next?

那麼接下來呢？

The most important thing next was to prove safety.

接下來最重要的是證明安全性。

We started working with the top two regulators in the United States,

我們開始與美國的兩大監管機構

the FDA and the USDA,

FDA 和 USDA 合作，

and over multiple years,

經過多年的努力，

and after thorough examinations of our process,

經過徹底檢查我們的流程，

we got the green light to release our products into the market

不到一年前，2023 年 7 月，

less than a year ago, in July 2023.

我們獲得了可將產品上市的許可。

I have to tell you,

我必須告訴你，

the next part of this is the consumer.

接下來是消費者。

You might ask, how does it taste?

你可能會問，它的味道如何？

The faces of these people,

這些人臉上的表情，

hardcore meat eaters and vegetarians alike,

不論是狂熱的肉食者、還是素食者，

will tell you the story that this is delicious.

都在告訴你，這是美味的。

In fact, our favorite quote is from “The Washington Post,”

事實上，我們最喜歡的引言 來自《華盛頓郵報》，

where the James Beard Award-winning writer wrote

該報的詹姆斯·比爾德獎得主作家寫道，

that "this was the most chickeny chicken" he's tasted in a long time.

「這是他長久以來 吃過的最像雞的雞肉」。

Alright, so speaking of delicious,

好吧，說到美味，

our chef here has been busy cooking some of the products

我們的廚師一直在這裡忙著烹飪

一些我想向你展示的產品。

that I want to show to you.

Let me show or illustrate how this could work in your life.

容我展示或說明 這會在你生活中如何運作。

Imagine a week.

想像你的一週。

It starts off with a Sunday,

由週日開始，

and your kids want you to cook breakfast.

你的孩子想要你做早餐。

And their favorite breakfast is a breakfast sausage.

他們最喜歡的早餐是早餐香腸。

Let me show you how that could look.

讓我向你展示這可能的樣子。

Thank you. David.

謝謝。David。

OK, for instance, there's a cultivated chicken breakfast sausage.

例如，這是培植雞肉做的早餐香腸，

It's delicious, it's juicy.

美味多汁。

I want to eat it right now.

我現在就想吃。

But there's more.

但，還有更多。

I want you to think about Wednesday.

請你想像一下星期三。

You're on a work trip

你出差中，

and you want to get a quick power lunch.

想要快速享用一頓能量午餐。

Imagine this.

想像一下。

A protein-packed chicken salad

富含蛋白質的雞肉沙拉，

that has delicious golden brown chicken on it.

上面有美味的金黃雞肉。

And I want to eat this, too.

我也想吃這個。

But there's more.

但,　還有更多。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now it's Friday, end of the week, thank God.

現在是週五，一週結束了，感謝上天。

And you want to go to a really relaxing and romantic dinner with your partner.

你想和伴侶一起享用 一頓放鬆、浪漫的晚餐。

And you want to impress your partner

你想讓伴侶留下深刻印象，

by taking your partner to the restaurant closest to you

所以你帶他去附近的餐廳，

and asking for the best thing on the menu,

點菜單上最好的菜色，

that shows what a great person you are.

展現你這個人有多棒。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And we have that for you too.

我們也為你準備好了。

Thank you, David.

謝謝，David。

So this is a delicious chicken breast,

這是一塊美味的雞胸肉，

tender and juicy

軟嫩多汁，

and cooked in front of you,

在你面前烹調，

sizzling on the plate.

在盤子上滋滋作響。

And your partner takes a bite.

你的伴侶咬一口。

And says,

說道，

"Hmm."

「嗯。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

"The most chickeny chicken I've ever had."

「這是我吃過的最像雞的雞肉。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Alright, so what comes next?

好，那麼接下來呢？

This industry is growing rapidly.

這個產業正在迅速發展。

I'm really thrilled to see there is about 170 companies in this space

看到全球約有 170 家公司 在這個領域，我感到十分振奮。

in every continent except Antarctica.

除了南極洲，各大洲都有。

And multiple research organizations, like the Good Food Institute,

還有好幾個研究機構， 像 Good Food Institute，

working on making this available

正在努力讓這些技術可用，

and building training programs at the universities.

並在大學建立培訓計劃。

We've got multiple countries giving regulatory approvals:

我們有多個國家正在給予監管批准：

the United States, Singapore, Israel and soon to be also Australia.

美國、新加坡、以色列， 澳洲也即將加入。

We've got three billion dollars being put to work.

我們已有三十億美元投入。

And hear this,

聽聽這個消息，

South Korea has just started a free economic zone

韓國剛剛啟動了一個自由經濟區，

to encourage cultivated meat to be commercialized rapidly

鼓勵培植肉類的快速商業化，

and China has added this to their five-year plan.

中國也將這方面納入了五年計劃。

There are a number of companies across the world

全球有許多公司

ready to bring delicious products to the market.

準備將美味的產品推向市場。

And just look at this.

看看這些產品。

They could be whole-cut products,

它們可能是整塊產品，

they could be steaks,

也可能是牛排，

they could be beloved foods like hot dogs, burgers or sushi.

或者是熱狗、漢堡 或壽司等受歡迎的食品。

朋友們，這是一場全球競賽，

Folks, there is a global race

and never in history has an idea of this magnitude moved

歷史上從未有過一個如此重要的想法

from an idea stage to this level of interest

在不到十年的時間裡， 從構想進展到引起如此高的關注。

in a span of less than a decade.

So what comes next?

接下來是什麼？

The next step is proof of scale.

下一步是進行規模驗證。

We have to work and see if the industry can scale

我們必須努力， 看看這個產業是否能夠擴展，

達到規模，足以應對 我們試圖解決的問題。

to meet the size of the problem we're trying to go after.

This means we'll have to build much larger, bigger,

這意味著我們需要建造更大、更高效的

more efficient manufacturing facilities and supply chains.

製造設施和供應鏈。

We've already lowered the cost by 100-fold,

我們已經將成本降低了 100 倍，

but teams across the world are working relentlessly

但全球的團隊還在不懈努力，

to lower the cost even further.

進一步降低成本。

This is an example of our production facility

這是我們在 COVID 期間 在加州建造的生產設施的實例。

that was built in California during COVID,

where we've been producing cultivated meat regularly

我們在這裡定期生產培植肉，

for the last 12 to 18 months,

已經有 12 到 18 個月，

and improving operations and designs

我們也在改進運轉和設計，

to make it a blueprint for much larger production facilities.

以使其成為更大生產設施的藍圖。

And we've released all of this across openly for the world to see.

我們已經公開發布了 這些內容，讓全世界看到。

And I think more and more of this is needed.

我認為需要更多這樣的公開。

So what other challenges exist?

我們還面臨哪些挑戰？

Timelines are hard to predict.

時間線很難預測。

Regulatory approvals are hard to predict,

監管批准也難以預測，

but I believe multiple companies will be available in restaurants

但我相信在未來幾年內，

會有多家公司在各餐廳 提供他們的產品，

serving their products in the next few years,

and then next five to 10 years,

接下來五到十年，

these should be available widely in retail.

這些產品應該能廣泛 在零售市場上出售。

Continuing to lower costs further does not come easily.

繼續進一步降低成本並不容易。

There is also hurdles related to making meat that's not just less bad,

要製造出不僅僅是 較無害的肉類，還有一些障礙。

but I'm really excited about walking the path

然而，我還是滿懷期待， 要生產出更加有益的肉類。

of making meat that is more good.

For example, as a cardiologist,

例如，作為心臟科醫生，

nothing gets me more excited than opening the path of meat

最讓我激動的就是致力開創，

讓肉類更美味、更健康。

to be more tastier and healthier.

Imagine, steak with a nutritional profile of a salmon.

想像一下，一塊牛排， 營養成分像鮭魚。

I think that's the future that I'm very excited about.

我想，這是我非常期待的未來。

But our challenges are not just technological or manufacturing challenges

但我們的挑戰不僅僅是 技術或製造上的挑戰，

or funding challenges.

或資金的挑戰。

There are also social and political challenges.

還有社會和政治的挑戰。

Florida just banned and criminalized cultivated meat production last month.

佛羅里達州上個月剛剛禁止 培植肉的生產，視其為非法。

Alabama is doing it as of October this year

阿拉巴馬州將在今年十月禁止，

and Italy earlier this year.

義大利在今年早些時候也是。

All in an attempt to protect an age-old industry from competition.

他們都是試圖保護 一個歷史悠久的產業免受競爭。

But I truly believe people,

但我真的相信，

businesses and communities in these places will benefit from cultivated meat

這些地方的人們、企業和社區，

將跟全世界其他地方的人一樣， 受益於培植肉。

as well as the rest of the world.

So this is no idealistic fantasy.

這不是理想主義的幻想。

Throughout history,

歷史上，

transformative innovations have always triumphed

具有變革性的創新 總會戰勝根深蒂固的反對意見，

over deep, entrenched opposition, reshaping societies for the better.

重塑社會，變得更好。

This is no different.

這次也不例外。

It is the indomitable spirit of the people in the arena

正是競技場內人們堅韌不拔的精神

that will be foundational to push this innovation through.

將成為推動這一創新的基礎。

But we can't do it alone.

但我們不能單靠自己。

We'll need a lot of people, cheerleaders,

我們需要很多人，啦啦隊員，

politicians crossing party lines, people, businesses,

跨黨派的政客，大眾、企業、

investors and incumbent industry joining this work.

投資者和現有產業加入這項工作。

Because investing in a critical idea like this,

投資於這個重要的想法，

cultivated meat, for the future

培植肉，為了未來，

to keep all the foods we love on the table,

會讓我們的餐桌上 一直有我們喜愛的食物。

as well as opening an enormous economic,

同時開啟一個巨大的經濟、

ethical and environmental opportunity

倫理和環境的機會，

is right in front of us.

就在我們面前。

I leave you with one closing thought.

我留給大家一個結語。

I truly believe that cultivated meat offers this rare opportunity

我真心相信，培植肉提供了 一個少有的機會，

to bring people of every stripe together under the big tent,

讓各式各樣的人 都能在大帳篷下聚在一起，

those who love meat

那些愛吃肉的人

and those who object to the slaughter of animals.

和那些反對屠宰動物的人。

Those who prize innovation

那些珍視創新的人

and those who prize tradition.

和那些珍視傳統的人。

Those who love choice

那些愛好選擇的人

and those who value life.

和那些重視生命的人。

It's our chance,

這是我們的機會，

if you can forgive the joke,

請原諒這個玩笑，

to have our chicken and eat it too.

讓我們既能擁有雞，又能吃到肉。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Thank you very much.

非常感謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）