Why All Dogs Are Good Dogs | Alexandra Horowitz | TED

翻译人员: Xiaoqing NI 校对人员: Bruce Wang

Every dog training book holds out the premise of the perfect puppy

训狗手册往往会列出完美狗狗行为规范

or ten ways to assure a good dog.

或者训狗准则黄金十条

But science tells us that this is all wrong.

但是科学研究表明这是错误观点

Your dog's misbehavior is telling you one thing,

如果你的狗有不好的行为 它其实是在自我表达

and it's not that they're a bad dog.

这并不意味着他们是坏小狗

What it's telling you is how they experience the world

它只是在告诉你

它和你打开世界的方式是不一样的

differently from you.

Understanding this is the key to raising a happy dog.

理解了这一点 我们就掌握了养一只快乐小狗的关键

So I want to make two points to clarify what misbehaviors actually are.

所以我想从两方面说说 要怎么理解狗的不当行为

The first, misbehavior isn't misbehavior.

首先 狗并不是为了捣乱而捣乱

It's communication.

它们是在交流

It's information gathering.

在收集信息

It's surprise, it's excitement,

可能它们很惊喜 很激动

sometimes it's boredom.

也有可能很无聊

It's a glimpse into the stage of life they're in.

这是它们展现狗生状态的一种方式

For instance, it's communication.

比如 它们是在交流

Barking at a guest.

它们会对着客人叫

We call it rude, but it's not rude, they are telling you something,

我们觉得它们不乖 但这并不是不乖 它们只是告诉你

“Someone is here.”

“有人来啦”

And you're encouraging that

而你会一边往门边走

as you go right to the door,

一边用我们的语言也对他们“汪汪叫”

often barking back at them in our own way.

在它们看来 这是一种鼓励

Congratulations, you're in conversation.

恭喜 你和你的狗正式建立了对话

It's information gathering.

也有可能它们是在收集信息

A dog sniffing you closely isn't impolite.

狗狗凑近你不停地闻来闻去 这也并不是不礼貌

Dogs see the world through their noses.

狗是用鼻子来感知世界的

Up close, they are looking at you, finding out about you.

如果它们靠近闻你 它们其实是在“看”你 想要了解你

Their noses have the acuity to tell

它们的嗅觉很敏锐

where you've been, what you've eaten,

能闻出你去过哪儿 吃了什么

even if you've been secretly petting another dog.

甚至有没有偷偷摸别的小狗

It's telling us about the stage of life they're in.

它们的捣乱行为 也能透露出它们处在什么生命阶段

If you have a dog who's between about six months and two years old,

如果你的狗年龄在6个月到2岁之间

you don’t have, as commonly assumed, a puppy.

那一般来说 它就不是狗宝宝了

You, my friend, have a teenager,

你养的是只少年狗

an adolescent in a mature 30-year-old body going through a phase.

它在生理上已经成年了 但在心理上还停留在青春期

Just like the 14-year-old boy’s sometimes erratic behavior --

人类小男孩在14岁时 往往会有些奇怪行为

distant or argumentative --

可能忽冷忽热 也可能争强好胜

this phase in dogs is driven by hormones.

狗狗在青春期 行为也受到荷尔蒙影响

Those that lead to sexual maturity also have other consequences,

荷尔蒙令他们进入性成熟期 同样也会带来别的后果

like increased sensitivity to touch and less self control.

比如对肢体接触更敏感 自控能力变弱

Their brains are literally being rewired,

他们的大脑就像重装了一样

especially in areas that regulate emotions and making judgments.

特别是管理情绪和做出判断的区域

You might see more challenges to your authority.

它们会更频繁地挑战你的权威

They might alternate shying from you and clinging to you.

它们可能一会儿躲着你 一会儿又黏着你

There might be more chewing of things.

也可能老是咬东西

Chewing in particular may be a way to help lower their stress hormone levels.

尤其是咬东西 这会帮助它们降低应激激素水平

So misbehavior isn't best described as misbehavior at all.

所以粗暴地说它们在捣乱是不准确的

The second point is this.

第二方面是

What we read as dog misbehavior is really our misbehavior.

我们养的狗的不当行为 实际上是我们自己的不当行为造成的

It's our fault.

其实是我们的错

If their behavior seems wrong to us,

如果它们的行为在我们看来是捣乱

it highlights that we have not conveyed to the dog what matters to us

实际上是我们没有用它们能够理解的方式

in a way that they can understand.

告诉他们什么能做什么不能做

Dogs are not born understanding the sometimes Byzantine rules

狗不可能天生就懂人类社交的复杂规则

of human social interaction,

or the rules of our home,

或者我们家里的规矩

or what we consider appropriate behavior.

或者正确行为准则

Dogs don't have a clue about the pronouns we give to items.

狗完全不懂我们区分事物的代词

"That's my bed, that's your bed."

比如“这是我的床 那是你的床”

Or the identities we give to objects.

也不懂我们对某个物品的称呼

"That's a shoe, and that's a chew toy."

比如“这是一只鞋 那是狗玩具”

My research has actually shown

我曾经研究发现

that even when we think they know they've done something wrong,

有的时候我们觉得狗知道自己做错事了

giving the guilty look that is familiar to many dog people,

因为它们表情可怜巴巴的 这个场景养狗的人都不会陌生

this look isn't a sign of guilt.

但这个表情其实也并不表示它们很内疚

It's a learned submissive display that they put on when we're angry

它们是用这种习得的方式 在我们生气的时候表示驯服

so we don't punish them.

以免受惩罚

And it's actually pretty good at that.

而这种方式往往十分有效

Often their seeming misbehavior is actually a poorly designed environment

很多时候 他们捣乱的原因 是我们没能妥善布置周围环境

on our part.

You don’t leave kids alone with knives,

你肯定不会让小孩单独用刀

and we shouldn’t leave dogs alone with a cheese plate.

那我们也不应该 让狗跟芝士拼盘单独呆在一起

If you leave a pair of your favorite shoes,

如果你在出门的时候

that smell like you,

把一双你喜欢的鞋子放在客厅里

in the middle of the living room as you leave the house,

这双鞋还有你的气味

you have designed your environment

那么你就制造了一个特殊环境

to include special you-smelling items in it.

在这里有散发着你的气味的物品

Enrichment devices.

这简直是个气味浓缩装置

Your dog will take to it and interact with your shoes

你的狗会非常喜欢这双鞋

然后用你不喜欢的方式跟鞋互动

in a way you might find objectionable.

In other words, it's on us.

换句话说 这是我们的错

Once we begin to see

一旦我们认识到

that this thing we've been calling "misbehavior"

我们所以为的“不当行为”

can be more productively translated into what the dog is actually doing,

其实在狗狗看来有着完全不同的含义

living among dogs changes for us.

对我们来说 养狗这件事就变得不一样了

Misbehavior becomes an opportunity

狗的调皮行为会变成一个机会

to see into what the Austrian scientist Jakob von Uexküll called the umwelt --

一个我们探究另一物种的“主体世界”的机会

这个概念由奥地利科学家 雅各布·冯·于克斯屈尔提出

the worldview or the perspective of another species.

这里可以理解为世界观或主观观点

The profound change in my own life after studying dogs

在研究狗之后 我的生活发生了深刻的变化

was that it completely overthrew how I looked at my own dog.

我推翻了此前对于我自己的狗的看法

Dog chasing a bike?

狗在追自行车？

It's a glimpse into their evolutionary history.

我们也能从中看出狗的演化历史

Descent of ancient wolves

它们血统中残留的狼的基因

with a vestigial urge to chase quickly-moving things which could be prey.

会驱使它们去追逐快速移动的物体 因为这些物体有可能是猎物

Stop the bike and you stop the chase.

停下自行车 它们就不会再追了

Similarly, your dog’s jumping on you and licking your face in greeting?

同样 你的狗跳到你身上 舔你的脸给你打招呼这种行为

This, too, can be traced back to their ancestry.

也可以追溯到它们的祖先

A hunting wolf returns to the pack

一头狼捕猎归来 回到狼群时

to be mobbed by pack mates in greeting

狼群的其他成员会围住它

who would lick him or her around the face.

用舔脸的方式跟它打招呼

In their case, they're trying to prompt the wolf

在它们看来 它们是在让这头捕猎归来的狼

to regurgitate a little bit of the food that they just hunted.

把刚刚吃下的食物反刍出来分享

If you don't want your dog to jump, bend down to their height.

如果你不想让你的狗跳起来 就弯下腰 到它们能够到的高度

If you spat up a little of your sandwich, I think they'd be okay with that too.

如果你能吐点三明治出来 它们应该也会挺高兴的

Deeply smelling into each other's fur,

狗也会互相用力嗅闻皮毛

their close smelling of us or every guest,

离得很近来闻我们或者来访客人

it’s a peek into their perceptual experience

是它们感知经验的一种

as olfactory creatures

作为嗅觉动物 狗的鼻子里有数亿嗅觉细胞

with hundreds of millions more olfactory receptor cells in their nose than we have.

比人类的嗅觉细胞数量要多得多

So take them for a smell walk to exercise those noses,

所以我们可以带它们出去走走 锻炼一下它们的鼻子

where they lead the way and sniff to their heart's content.

让它们决定去哪儿 并且尽情闻个够

A dog's misbehavior is a chance for you to learn about this alien creature

狗的不当行为能够让我们了解这一物种

that we've all become accustomed to seeing,

重新认识我们习以为常 但总是误解的狗的习性

but who is misunderstood.

When we see their communications,

当我们知道它们是在“交流”

we're able to listen.

我们就能够“倾听”

When we see what they perceive,

当我们知道它们的想法

we bring ourselves one step closer to dogness.

我们就能够同它们更近一步

In the end, we'll wind up with better relationship with our pups.

最终 我们就能和我们的狗关系更亲密

And isn't that what we're aiming for?

这不就是我们的目标吗

Thanks.

谢谢

Whitney Pennington Rodgers: I think it's interesting how,

惠特尼·彭宁顿·罗杰斯（WPR）： 我觉得在你刚才的讲话

in your opening talk and really in the book as well,

还有你的书里 有一件事情很有趣

the big focus is how we just don't really understand

那就是我们其实并不了解

what "misbehavior" in dogs is actually telling us.

狗的“不当行为”到底有什么含义

What is your take on why this is something

为什么你觉得这对小狗的父母

that's really challenging for dog parents, if you will,

可能相比“狗主人” 这个称呼更合适

versus dog owners, for dog parents to really grasp?

为什么对于小狗的父母来说这是很难领会的呢？

Alexandra Horowitz: People who have had sequential dog relationships even

亚历珊德拉·霍洛维茨（AH）： 有些人就算养狗很久

are still surprised by this, I think.

也会对此感到惊讶

Because ...

因为

what we see publicly of dogs

我们平时看到的狗

is usually very cooperative interactions with people, right?

在跟人的互动中都表现得很配合 对吗？

The dogs you see on the street or when you go to the park

你在街上 公园里 远足 或者其他时候看到的狗

or when you're hiking or whatever it is,

are dogs who are kind of cooperatively going along with a person

都很配合人类的行动

as though they completely understand what this is about.

好像它们真的懂这些人类行动的意义

And in some ways they do get to that point where,

有时候

它们就算没有完全理解怎么回事

if not fully understanding what's happening all the time,

they are flexible enough behaviorally

也能够灵活机变

to go along with what their human family asks and wants to do.

在行动上遵从 它们的人类家庭的指令或想法

But that doesn't happen instantly, right?

但这肯定不是天生的 对吗

And so we feel giving this appearance of,

所以我们总认为

or even the memory of a past dog who was so cooperative,

或者是记得以前见过的狗都很乖

who felt like they knew your emotions

好像它们真的懂你的感受

and could anticipate what you were going to do,

也能够预测你要做什么

this new dog hasn't learned all that yet,

但一只新来的狗 都还没有学习过这些技能

and we feel as though that should come with them a little bit.

我们却总觉得它们应该天生就会

That should come as part of their genetic makeup.

当然 他们的基因中有这样一部分构成

Their ability to become sensitive to human behavior

让它们能够对人类的行为保持敏感

and learn a lot about humans is part of their genetic makeup,

并且对很多人类行为做出反应

但他们并不理解这些行为的意义

but not the understanding.

And so it's quite a steep curve to go from knowing dog

所以从了解狗到了解狗和人类的关系

to knowing dog and human

以及让狗完全适应人类社会

and being like, cleanly slipping into human society.

我们在思想上需要有很大转变

WPR: Well, one thing I also really appreciate is the parallel you draw.

WPR：还有一件事我很感兴趣 那就是你所说的相似性

And I think we talked about this before,

我想我们之前也谈过

just the parallel you draw between being a human parent and a dog parent.

你说的当小孩的父母 和当小狗的父母的相似性

And I'm a fairly new parent.

我自己是个新手母亲

I have an almost two-year-old human child.

我的孩子快2岁了

And just curious what sort of skills you see that parents can take

我很好奇 你觉得父母在养孩子时

from their experiences in raising a dog.

有什么养狗的经验可以借鉴吗？

AH: It's interesting because people do talk about raising a dog

AH：很有意思的是 很多人确实觉得

as a kind of prelude to having a baby.

养狗是为养孩子做铺垫

But I feel like having a baby prepared me for having a puppy, you know,

但是我倒觉得养孩子是帮我做好养狗的准备

(Laughs)

（笑）

kind of a long period of no sleep at night, you know,

在很长一段时间里 我晚上都睡不好觉

where a child is sort of learning to settle themselves over the night.

因为孩子在学习如何在晚上安定下来

I mean, the puppy is going to do the same thing.

其实小狗也一样

But if you view it the other way,

但是如果从另一个角度看

the more traditional way of the puppy as prelude,

传统上来说 作为养孩子的铺垫阶段

it's having a completely dependent creature, right?

养狗意味着养一个完全依赖自己的生物

Dogs can get around on their own, but by being put into a home --

狗当然可以自己生存 但是如果把它们放进一个人类的家里

I live in an apartment, but -- or a house --

不管是公寓还是别墅

they're dependent on us for all the things.

他们都是完全依赖我们的

And we kind of forget that, right?

但我们总是忘记这点 对吗

Like, we decide when they eat,

比如 我们会决定它们什么时候吃饭

we decide when they can go out and relieve themselves.

什么时候出门放松

We decide when they get to exercise.

什么时候锻炼

We decide, often it's us deciding when we want to socialize

我们也经常因为自己的社交需求

and when we need them to be quiet.

而要求它们保持安静

So their entire life is structured in this human way.

所以它们的狗生 是按人类的生活方式塑造的

This is what happens to a child as well, more slowly over time,

小孩也是一样 对小孩来说这个过程更长

because really a new parent, as you know,

因为我们都知道

has to kind of restructure their own life around the baby.

新手父母需要在一定程度上 为了宝宝改变自己的生活方式

But the point is that the baby will eventually

但是 小孩总能学会配合

be able to sit cooperatively next to you while you do your Zoom

当你在视频会议的时候

and entertain herself, right?

她会乖乖坐在旁边自娱自乐 对吗

But with the puppy,

但是对小狗

we're expecting basically that from a non-human

我们总是希望它们能自己学会配合

and we're also not giving them several years to learn.

却不给他们几年时间来学习

We're assuming that they're going to learn it relatively instantly

我们觉得它们能立刻学会

and always be cooperative, you know, and sort of, get what it's all about.

希望它们永远听话 并且完全理解我们

We really don't.

我们确实太心急了

The child, at least, the satisfaction of having a child,

我们养小孩会有满足感

is that they do get it, right?

因为小孩至少真的懂我们的意思 对吗

You can eventually talk to them using a language and they can understand

你总有一天能用某种语言跟他们交流

and appreciate what you're saying and imparting in that language.

他们也能理解 你用那种语言跟他们说的话

And the dog, even the really high-excelling, word-learning dogs

而就算是最擅长语言学习的小狗

don't understand our language,

也不能理解我们的语言

and yet we're still talking to them as though they do.

但我们还是 像它们能听懂一样跟它们说话

That's fine with me.

我觉得这没问题

I love people talking to dogs and I talk to dogs.

我觉得人跟狗说话很好 我自己也跟狗说话

Just, let’s not pretend that they ... understand what we’re saying.

只是别假装它们真的能听懂

WPR: This is -- great tips.

WPR：这真是很好的建议

And you should know, Alexandra,

而且你要知道 亚历珊德拉

that we are getting lots and lots of questions in from our members.

我们的会员有很多很多问题

And so I want to dive into some of those ...

所以我想要代他们向你提问

So we have a question from TED Member Ann. They ask,

这是一个来自TED会员安的问题 她问

"I'd love to know how to better manage a multi-dog household

我想问问 如果家里有多只狗要如何管理？

across three generations: 13, eight and four years old.”

我的狗跨越老中青三代 分别是13岁 8岁和4岁

AH: Right.

AH：好的

That's a great question

这是个好问题

and congratulations on having such a large dog household.

恭喜你有这么多只狗狗

That's great fun.

你们的生活一定很快乐

I think one thing to realize, too,

我想 我们要认识到一件事

when we have multiple dogs

当我们有很多只狗的时候

is that these dogs are still really individuals, right?

它们同时也是独立的个体 对吗

Everybody knows that if they have their own single dog,

大家都知道 如果你只有一只狗

you feel like your dog is completely special.

你会觉得你的狗是特别的

When you have multiple dogs,

当你有很多只狗的时候

you still have multiple individuals

你拥有的也是多个独立的个体

and they really have to be treated separately, right? ...

你应该留出时间 与它们每一只单独相处 对吗

Probably your 13-year-old has preferences

可能13岁那只狗特别喜欢某事某物

that your eight-year-old doesn't share.

但8岁那只就完全不感兴趣

Some things they'll be able to do together and cooperatively,

有时候它们可以一起做某件事 或者配合得很好

but I would expect as often or more often that they need to have their own time.

但更多时候 它们还是需要自己的独处时间

They maybe need to have their own time with you or whoever the person is

它们每一只都需要和你单独相处

或者是和它们所依赖的 某个家庭成员单独相处

who they're bonded to or attached in the household.

WPR: And we also have a couple of questions about language,

WPR：我们也收到一些关于语言的问题

sort of what you were saying earlier,

其实就是你之前提到的

that dogs will never be able to really speak our language.

狗是永远不会开口说人类的语言的

Just a question around whether or not, how much they’re actually understanding.

只能说它们能否理解 或者多大程度上理解我们说的话

So both TED Member Gordon and TED Member Agatha,

那么TED会员戈登和阿加莎

they have this question

都提出这样一个问题

around whether dogs understand tones and gestures,

狗是否能理解语调和身体姿势？

and Agatha specifically has a question

阿加莎也特别问到

about buttons that dogs can press to communicate in human language,

那种狗狗按下 就能发出特定词汇或句子声音的按钮

whether or not those really improve communication

是否真的有助于人狗交流？

and if dogs really even understand what those buttons mean.

以及狗狗是否 真的理解这些按钮对应的含义？

AH: Yeah so I mean, dogs are definitely understanding

AH：狗肯定知道很多人类的语言

a good amount of what we say, right?

They learn words and some dogs are extremely good at learning words

它们会学习词汇 有一些狗还很擅长词汇学习

and we know Chaser, you know, this famous border collie

我们也知道那只很有名的边牧查瑟

who learned a thousand words.

它学会了1000个单词

John Pilley, who worked with Chaser,

训练它的人约翰·皮利

spent eight hours a day, every day, working with Chaser

每天花8小时训练它

so that she would learn eventually a thousand words,

这样它才能最终学会1000个词

and -- they were toys --

以及依靠玩具能做出的一些动作 并学会相关的动词

and a couple of different verbs or actions which she could take with them.

It was semantically and syntactically, you know,

不管在语义还是句法方面

unprecedented for dogs and really neat, it shows their capacity.

这都是前所未有的创举 很厉害 也显示了狗卓越的能力

But unless you're really specifically and clearly talking to dogs

但是 除非你每天花8小时 选取有限的物品

eight hours a day about very limited items,

用特定的 清晰的方式教它

your dog is not going to pick those things up.

不然你的狗是学不会的

There's no reason to expect they would.

我们也不应该对此有过多期待

That doesn't mean that there's no communication already happening, right?

但这并不表示人和狗之间没有交流 对吗

And I think what the button apparatuses

我认为 那些很火的按钮装置

that have gotten popular and have yet to be completely,

还没有完全得到科学验证

you know, subject to science's scrutiny, by the way,

there's no evidence that those ...

没有证据表明这些按钮

actually represent what the dogs are thinking

真的传达了狗的想法

or are extending their communication ability.

或是提升了它们的交流能力

What they are potentially doing, though,

这种按钮可能是把狗感兴趣的事物

is putting into a kind of language we understand

用人类能理解的语言表达出来

something that the dog is interested in

but is already showing in some other way.

但这些事物也可以用别的方式表达

So if I'm a dog and I want to go outside, I can show you by --

如果我是一只狗 我想要出去玩 我可以这样告诉你

based on, you know, different dogs do it differently, maybe barking,

不同的狗有不同的做法 可能是汪汪叫

coming over to you and trying to get your attention,

走到你身边 尝试引起你的注意

looking at the door,

看着门

walking over to the door, bringing a leash to you.

走到门边 把狗绳递给你

Lots of things like that are communications.

很多种做法都算是交流

If instead, if as a person, I ignore all of those communications,

相对地 作为人类 如果我忽视了所有这些交流

but I also have a button as a dog which I could push,

但我同时有这样一个按钮 狗也会按

which says, "I want to go outside," maybe that will get us to listen.

这个按钮会说“我想出去玩” 那么它可能会帮助我们倾听狗的想法

But I don't think that that's something that the dog is trying to communicate

但是我不觉得这是 狗唯一能使用的交流方式

and can't until they have the button.

The best that it can do, as far as we know now,

到目前为止 它最好的地方在于

is potentially make it easier for us to understand.

让我们更容易理解狗的想法

But I do think that communication is already present.

但我认为狗已经可以跟我们交流了

They are highly, highly skilled communicators

它们非常非常擅长交流

and they understand a lot of what we're talking about,

也懂得很多我们所说的话

but not in the kind of linguistic way that humans think is so important,

但和人类的方式有所不同 人类认为语言很重要

语言让我们今天能在Zoom上自如交谈 但狗狗的方式并不是这样

that enables us to have this Zoom today.

And I think to deny them that is not to deny them the interest in

尽管有着不同 但我们不能否认

他们对交流有兴趣 并且有能力交流

or the ability to communicate.

WPR: TED Member Ginger is curious

WPR： TED会员金捷想知道

about the best and earliest age to start training a dog

狗接受训练的最佳和最早年龄是几岁？

and also connects to this,

除此之外

is curious about your thoughts about electronic training collars

她也想知道 你对于电击项圈和行为训练怎么看

and behavioral training.

AH: Yeah, well to start with the first part there,

AH：好的 我先回答第一个问题

I mean, as I say, I don't explicitly train dogs,

就像我说的 我并不刻意训练狗

which doesn't mean I don't prepare them to be in human society

但我会帮助它们融入人类社会

and to live cooperatively and happily with our family.

让他们顺利 开心地 和我们的家庭成员生活在一起

I do.

我会的

For me, that started with actually socialization of the dog to other dogs,

对我来说 第一步是要让狗和其他狗和人社交

other people, and lots of different types of noises

在养狗之前 我们也要知道 各种声音和新奇事物对它们的影响

and surprising things before we got the dog.

And that means in the first several weeks,

这就意味着 在养狗的最初几周

maybe after about four weeks of their life, from four to nine weeks,

可能从它们4周大开始 或者是4-9周大的时候

they're in what's called a socialization period

它们会处于“社会化时期”

where they really need to be exposed to lots of types of situations

在此期间 它们很需要接触各种生活场景

这些场景 它们在之后的狗生中可能会经历

that they might encounter later.

And if they are then, then they become acclimated to them.

到它们真的身处其中时就会习惯了

And that is a kind of training, right?

这就是一种训练了 对吗

It's not like training to come or training to sit,

这不是训练它们过来或者坐下

but it’s training them that this is their world.

而是训练它们适应自己所处的环境

There are airplanes flying overhead,

比如 有飞机从头顶飞过

there are people coming out of cars.

有人下车

You'll see new dogs and people and there are cats and there are birds.

看见不认识的狗和人 看见猫和鸟

And in that period, they react calmly and with interest and curiosity.

到那时 它们尽管很感兴趣 很好奇 但仍然会很镇定

If you don't expose dogs to lots of different sounds

如果在社会化时期内 你没有让它们接触各种声音

and people and things ... in this socialization period,

各类人和事物

which usually extends till after dogs are adopted from a litter,

这个时期一般会持续到小狗被收养之后

then they might be fearful.

那它们就可能会害怕

They have difficulty dealing with those things.

它们会很难和那些事物共存

They get very anxious, they might become aggressive to those things.

它们会很焦虑 会对这些事物产生攻击性

So that type of training starts as soon as you meet them, basically.

所以 基本上你一见到它们 就要给它们这种训练

And I think that will lead to the best solution.

我想这样做的结果会是最理想的

As to the second part of that, quickly, electronic collars I despise.

而第二个问题 简单来说 我很讨厌电击项圈

There's no reason to use electronic collars

我们绝不应该对狗使用电击项圈

or stimulation with any dog ever,

或其他刺激性工具

as far as I'm concerned.

这是我的想法

What it teaches is that ... they will be randomly punished.

刺激性工具让狗觉得受到了随意的惩罚

You know, they have a very hard time associating that

狗很难把这种惩罚 和它们的行为联系在一起

with the behavior that they just did.

And this harkens back to what I was saying in the talk,

这就又回到了我在一开始讲话中的观点

which is our concept of what a behavior is or what an object is,

我们对于一种行为或一个事物的认知

“this is my shoe,” right,

比如“这是我的鞋”

like, that that somehow is going to be a meaningful

对于狗来说

and important bit of knowledge for a dog

“不要咬鞋”就是 一条很有意义的 很重要的知识

to know that they shouldn't chew it.

Similarly, if they're just walking along in a property

同样 如果它们只是 在你的房子或院子里走动

and then something zaps them on the neck

突然脖子上有电击

because they've hit an invisible fence, say,

因为它们触及了隐形的围栏

they might learn to avoid that whole area of the property,

它们可能学会避开这一整块区域

they might learn to stop walking,

可能学会不要走路

they might learn that the bird they saw right at that moment, coincidentally,

可能学会它们当时偶然看见的那只鸟

is something to be feared.

是个可怕的东西

You know, they don't associate it with the thing we want them to,

它们不会把电击 和我们想要它们记住的事联系起来

which is, "oh, there's a property line around your property,"

比如“房子周围有一道分界线”

or, "oh, you've just barked, so stop barking," right?

或者“你刚刚叫了 别再叫了”

So it's a very poor learning device

所以这是种很不好的学习设备

and it can also be harmful.

并且可能会伤害狗狗

WPR: And we actually even have a question from TED Member Dimitris,

WPR： TED会员迪米特里斯问了一个问题

about whether or not you can teach an old dog new tricks

我们是否可以教老狗新技巧呢？

and really, how old is old?

说真的 狗狗多老才算老？

But maybe, could you share a little bit more

或许你可以跟我们分享一下

about what development looks like after that first year?

一起生活一年之后 狗狗会有什么变化？

We're not seeing a complete plateau, of course, but what do we see?

当然变化不会那么明显 但会有哪些变化呢？

AH: Well, so most dogs, it's different by breed or mix,

AH：尽管品种和杂交程度不同

but most dogs will still be in adolescence till about two years old.

但大多数狗在2岁之前都处于青春期

So you can expect

所以你可以想象

that they will have kind of reached their full size more or less,

它们的体型已经接近成熟

maybe by about a year, maybe will grow a little bit more.

可能1岁时就长到成年大小 也可能还会再长大一点

But they're still kind of teenagers and they're really big,

但它们仍然还是青少年

strong teenagers with a lot of energy.

并且是体魄强健 精力充沛的青少年

And so in that second year of life,

所以在它们2岁时

often they're still sometimes really disobedient,

它们仍然会很调皮

not cooperative and impulsive

不合作 易冲动

and clingy at one moment and then the next moment,

这一秒很粘人

下一秒又完全不想理你

like, don't want to have anything to do with you, right?

So that continues.

这种情况会持续下去

There continue to be socialization opportunities.

它们也需要继续接受社会化训练

I said there was a strong socialization period

我刚才说 它们会有社会化时期

where you want to expose them to things

在此期间 你要让他们适应

that they might encounter later in life

此后它们会遇见的事物

so that they have the best interaction with them.

这样它们就能进行恰当的互动

That still is the case,

当它们长到2岁

just to a lesser degree,

大脑仍在发育

through their second year

所以情况仍然如此

where their brains are still changing, right?

只是训练程度较轻

Just like the adolescent brain of a human,

就像人类青少年的大脑一样

the adolescent brain of a dog is still in development until that time.

青春期的狗 大脑仍然还在发育

After that time, they're adults.

在此之后 它们就成年了

And I think here the analogy to humans is apt, right?

和人类相似的是 它们很善于学习 对吗

They can absolutely learn new things,

它们毫无疑问可以学习新东西

but sometimes they're slower to learn new things.

但有的时候它们学习的速度较慢

Exposure to a new environment might take multiple stages

如果它们表现出害怕或者焦虑

if they're a little bit fearful or a little bit anxious,

没有很快融入并接受新环境的话

rather than just being able to waltz into a new environment

适应环境这个方法就要分阶段进行

and accept it, right,

because that's just the way the world is.

一般来说是这样的

So ... learning happens maybe at a much slower pace,

所以 它们可能学得很慢

but absolutely happens.

但确实是在学

And learning can happen up till the end of their life, you know.

并且它们会终身学习

I think it was in the last few months of our dog Finnegan's life,

我的狗菲尼根活了14岁半

who lived to 14.5,

在它去世前几个月

that he suddenly started really getting interested in puzzle toys,

它突然开始对益智玩具感兴趣

where food is hidden under little compartments

就是那种能把食物藏进小隔层里的玩具

and you sort of have to turn a lever to unlock the compartment

你需要移动一个操控杆 来解锁并打开隔层

and open up the compartment.

And he encountered that at age 14, right?

它是在14岁接触到这种玩具的

He wasn't as quick at it as he would have been as a puppy,

它学习的速度比小时候要慢

but he could learn that without a problem.

但还是顺利学会了

He took up nose work,

它也学会了嗅闻游戏

which is a kind of game of sniffing

这是一种单纯靠嗅觉来找东西的游戏

and finding things by smell alone,

when he was about seven.

这发生在它7岁的时候

And he took it up, you know, with alacrity.

它很轻松就学会了

So absolutely keep stimulating them.

所以我们应该持续激励它们

There is research now happening on the aging canine brain.

现在有一项针对老年狗大脑的研究

And like the aging human brain,

就像老人的大脑一样

it needs a stimulation to continue growth versus atrophy.

我们要持续刺激大脑 大脑才不会萎缩 继续生长

WPR: It sounds like also some of the reasons

WPR：听起来

狗遭到“退货”的原因 也跟这种对于不当行为的误解有关

dogs maybe have been returned has to do with this misunderstanding

about misbehavior or the things you're suggesting here

或者就像你说的

that we just don't really understand why dogs are behaving the way they are

我们并不真的理解 为什么狗狗会有这样的行为

and see it as perhaps an inconvenience or challenge

觉得这给我们带来不便和挑战

instead of an opportunity to interact with your dog differently, right?

而并非把这看做 换个角度和狗狗交流的机会

AH: Yeah, I mean, you say challenge,

AH：是的 你刚才说挑战

it's such a great word to use, right?

这是个很好的词

There's a huge amount that's challenging about asking an animal to come

我们要让一只动物来到家里

听话 整洁 干净地和我们生活在一起

and live cooperatively and neatly and tidily

and with full understanding, in your home.

并且完全理解我们 这是很有挑战性的

And the fact of that shouldn't be so amazing.

而事实也显而易见

But I think it's still often overlooked.

却经常被我们忽视

And yeah, in particular, adolescence, this time when,

特别是在狗的青春期

oh, you thought you taught your dog,

你以为你教会你的狗了

you know, the rules of the house or everything they need to know

教了它们家里的规矩 还有别的需要知道的事情

for a little bit of that cooperative cohabitation to happen

希望能和它们和谐共处

suddenly seem out the window

但当你突然看向窗外

and your dog is just running amok and being disobedient and so forth.

你会发现你的狗正在狂奔 各种捣乱

That is when most dogs are relinquished to shelters.

这就是很多狗被遗弃的原因

The authors of a great book on adolescence called "Wildhood"

有一本很好的书叫《野蛮生长》 是讨论人类和其他动物的青春期的

say like, essentially, you know, in that case,

在书里作者说 一般对狗来说

with the case of dogs, often adolescence is a death sentence

青春期就是死刑宣判

because if the dog misbehaves and the person gives up the dog,

因为如果狗表现不好 而人类遗弃了它

then they might wind up being euthanized through no fault of their own,

那么等待它的可能就是安乐死 而这并非它自己的错

because simply we have too many dogs, right?

只是因为被遗弃的狗太多了

I think it really behooves us as a society to know

我认为 从社会角度来说

a little bit more of this going in, right?

我们确实需要知道真相

I don't want to de-romanticize the pleasure of living with dogs,

我不想降低大家对养狗的期待

but I want people to come in with their eyes open,

但是我希望人们能明白其中的困难

realizing that these challenges are ahead and on the other side of that,

认识到有这些挑战 而与此相对

and even through the challenges, is that satisfying relationship

在应对这些挑战的过程中

他们会收获一段期待已久的 令人满意的关系

that they're looking for.

WPR: TED Member Gloria is curious if dogs perceive color.

WPR：TED会员格洛莉娅想知道 狗是否能识别不同颜色？

AH: Right, absolutely, good question, Gloria,

AH：好的 它们可以 这个问题很好 格洛莉娅

because for a long time it was assumed that they did not.

因为很长时间以来 我们都认为狗不能识别

And that was based on poor science, essentially.

而这基本没有什么科学依据

But they can see in colors, they have two-color vision

但是他们可以看到不同颜色 它们拥有双色视觉

versus our three-color vision.

而我们人类是三色视觉

So we have cones for three different hues

所以我们的视锥细胞能感知三种颜色

and they have cones for two different hues.

它们的视锥细胞能感知两种

So they won't distinguish clearly reds and oranges and yellows.

所以它们不能清晰区分红 橙 黄

And we don't know exactly what they'd look like,

我们也并不知道 在它们看来这些颜色是什么样

probably a little bit like adjoining colors.

可能对它们来说都差不多

So for instance, if you ever go outside when it's dusk

所以 如果你在黄昏时出门

and you notice that, like, the colors seem muted a little bit,

你会发现 各种颜色的饱和度都降低了一点

our guess is that that's more or less what their color vision is like.

我们猜想 这大概就是狗眼中的颜色

But they're perfectly able to see color.

但是它们绝对可以看见不同颜色

They also have great other visual abilities,

狗其它的视觉能力也很出色

like, they see motion much more quickly and readily than we do.

比如 和我们相比 它们能更快捕捉动作

And they see well in low light and they see well at night.

它们暗中视物的能力更强 所以晚上看得很清楚

So their eyes are really adapted to do something a little bit different

所以狗的眼睛适合做的事情

than our three-color vision eyes are.

和我们的三色视觉眼睛是不一样的

WPR: And then TED Member Aria is curious why do our dogs smell our breath?

WPR：TED会员阿丽娅想知道 为什么狗会闻我们呼出的气？

AH: Oh, it's great information about us.

AH：哦 因为这能透露出我们的信息

And in fact ... there are now studies using exhaled breath

实际上 现在也有研究

让狗闻人呼出的气 看它们是否能找出

to ask dogs whether they can determine

which exhale includes cancerous notes

含有癌症气味的那一股

to distinguish subjects who have lung cancer

以此分辨哪个实验对象有肺癌 哪个没有

from those who do not.

But there is a lot of information in your breath,

但是你的呼吸中包含很多个人信息

not just about ...

并不仅仅是

what you've eaten recently,

你最近吃了什么

but also about your health especially, right?

也包括你的健康状况

So you know, in fact, doctors,

所以实际上

医生曾经把气味

human doctors used to use smell

as a diagnostic material much more

作为一个诊断的依据

until about the early 20th century.

这种方法一直持续到20世纪早期

And you know, the smell of a diabetic is especially sweet, for instance.

并且 比如糖尿病患者的呼气是很甜的

And so just by smelling the breath of a patient,

所以只要闻一闻患者的呼气

could potentially get some more information

医生就可能知道更多信息

about whatever was concerning their patient

了解他们的患者的状况

and dogs can smell that.

而狗就能够闻出来

Do they know that's a diabetic? No.

狗知道这是糖尿病的气味吗？不知道

But do they know if something's different than before,

但是它们知道有什么和之前不一样了吗？

you ate something different

你吃了点不同的食物

or maybe you're sick, you maybe have a cold,

或者可能你生病了 可能感冒了

they might be more interested in your breath.

它们就可能会对你的呼气很感兴趣

I always pay attention if my dog is particularly interested

我总是留意我的狗 是否对我早上起床的呼气特别感兴趣

in my even morning breath.

WPR: Interesting, wow.

WPR：真有意思 哇

It's their way of helping out.

它们能用这种方法帮助我们

AH: (Laughs) Yeah. If you listen to them,

AH：（笑）是的 如果你注意倾听它们

they're probably saying something,

它们可能就会传达一些信息

even without the overarching knowledge of what’s behind it.

即便它们并不了解 这些信息背后的基本原理

WPR: Well, sort of along those same lines,

WPR：然后 顺着这个方向

we have an anonymous attendee who also asks

我们有一位匿名观众也问到

why does their dog eat their own poop?

为什么狗会吃自己的大便？

Is this out of curiosity,

是因为好奇吗？

are they doing it to get a reaction or is there something bigger happening?

这只是它们的生理反应 还是反映出什么更大的问题？

AH: There are lots of theories about this.

AH：关于这一现象有很多理论

This is called coprofagia and it's not uncommon.

这叫做食粪癖 也并不罕见

So your dog is not doing something wildly abnormal.

所以你的狗并不是行为异常

Sometimes dogs will eat feces, their own or others',

有时候狗会吃自己的或别的生物的粪便

because there is a nutrient deficiency in their diet.

因为它们的饮食结构缺乏一些营养成分

I mean, it is actually full of nutrients still

粪便其实是富含营养的

because we and dogs pass a lot of nutrients

因为我们和狗都会 排泄出很多来不及消化的营养成分

that we just haven't digested.

So there might be something deficient.

所以狗可能是缺乏某种营养

Some dogs will do it to remove evidence of their own odor.

有的狗这么做是为了掩盖自己的气味

So actually, you know, the way that dogs will pee,

所以 狗会撒尿

and it leaves, in an effect, leaves their odor

以此留下自己的气味

and they might even pee conspicuously

它们甚至会在很显眼的地方撒尿

on a high post or tree trunk or lamppost

在一根很高的杆子上 或者树干 灯柱上

in order to have their odor smelled by other dogs.

这是为了让其它狗闻到它们的气味

Feces, excreta can also be that information.

粪便 排泄物也可能也有这种作用

But if you, for instance,

但是如果一只狗

didn't want to leave your information in a location,

不想把自己的信息留在某个地方

a dog might, for whatever reason --

它就有可能 不管因为什么

there was another dog nearby who you didn’t want to have an encounter with --

可能是因为附近有只狗 而它不想和那只狗碰面

they might consume their feces.

它就可能吃掉自己的粪便

If they'd been previously punished for pooing,

如果它之前曾因为拉屎收到惩罚

maybe they would eat their feces.

可能也会吃掉自己的粪便

But, you know, there are lots of possibilities,

但是 可能性有很多

I can't tell exactly, but I would always, always check with your vet

我也很难告诉你准确答案 但我倾向于和兽医保持联系

and see if there's anything that they might be missing in their diet

确认他们的饮食中 是否缺乏某种营养成分

that maybe they're trying to make up for themselves.

因而需要自己补全

WPR: Well, Alexandra, you have shared so many really fascinating, helpful,

WPR：那么 亚历珊德拉 在今天的谈话中

你和我们分享了很多有趣 有用的知识

just great information with us during this conversation.

And just as we're starting to wrap up here,

我们今天可能先到此为止

is there one thing of the things that you've shared here

最后 在你刚才所说的内容中

that you feel like, if you take nothing else from this conversation,

有没有哪一点让你觉得“其他的忘了都行

that you hope folks will be able to use in their lives

但这一点希望大家都能够运用到日常生活

and their relationships with their dogs?

和与狗狗的交流中去“？

AH: I think the hardest thing for people to realize about their dog,

AH：我认为 人们最难认识到的关于狗的事实就是

who is looking you in the eyes and following your gaze

这些目不转睛看着你 跟随着你的目光

and walking by your side and such a loving companion,

走在你身边 对你充满爱的同伴

is that they exist in this parallel perceptual world of smell,

其实也长期生活在嗅觉世界中

which we don’t spend a lot of time in, or even try to avoid.

而我们在这方面很少花时间 甚至会避免它们使用嗅觉

And every dog who I've seen

而在我见过的狗中 那些能够更多使用嗅觉

who is allowed to live in that world a little bit more,

sniff things they want to sniff,

能闻自己想闻的东西

intentionally go out for smell walks,

会特地出门锻炼嗅觉的狗

is a happier dog.

往往都更开心

And I think the people wind up more satisfied

我想人们如果能够 了解他们的狗在做什么

in understanding what their dogs are doing as well,

也会更满足

so take your dog for a smell walk.

所以带你的狗出去开启嗅觉之旅吧

That's my final word.

这就是我要说的

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