In the war for information, will quantum computers defeat cryptographers? | Craig Costello

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martínez

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

I'm in the business of safeguarding secrets,

Radim u oblasti zaštite tajni,

and this includes your secrets.

a to podrazumeva vaše tajne.

Cryptographers are the first line of defense

Kriptografi su prva linija odbrane

in an ongoing war that's been raging for centuries:

u ratu koji već vekovima bukti:

a war between code makers

ratu između tvoraca šifri

and code breakers.

i razbijača šifri.

And this is a war on information.

A radi se o ratu za informacije.

The modern battlefield for information is digital.

Savremeno ratište za informacije je digitalno.

And it wages across your phones,

I zbiva se na vašim telefonima,

your computers

kompjuterima

and the internet.

i internetu.

Our job is to create systems that scramble your emails and credit card numbers,

Naš posao je da stvorimo sisteme

koji šifruju vaše mejlove i brojeve kreditnih kartica,

your phone calls and text messages --

vaše telefonske pozive i tekstovne poruke,

and that includes those saucy selfies --

a to uključuje i one pikantne selfije -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

so that all of this information can only be descrambled

kako bi sve ove informacije mogle da budu dešifrovane

by the recipient that it's intended for.

od strane primaoca kome su namenjene.

Now, until very recently,

Sve do nedavno,

we thought we'd won this war for good.

smatrali smo da smo za svagda pobedili u ovom ratu.

Right now, each of your smartphones is using encryption

Trenutno svi vaši pametni telefoni koriste enkripciju

that we thought was unbreakable and that was going to remain that way.

koju smo smatrali nesalomivom verujući da će tako i da ostane.

We were wrong,

Pogrešili smo

because quantum computers are coming,

jer stižu kvantni kompjuteri,

and they're going to change the game completely.

a oni će u potpunosti da izmene pravila igre.

Throughout history, cryptography and code-breaking

Kroz istoriju, kriptografija i razbijanje šifri

has always been this game of cat and mouse.

su oduvek bili igra mačke i miša.

Back in the 1500s,

Tokom 1500-ih,

Queen Mary of the Scots thought she was sending encrypted letters

kraljica Meri od Škotske je mislila da šalje šifrovana pisma

that only her soldiers could decipher.

koja jedino njeni vojnici mogu da dešifruju.

But Queen Elizabeth of England,

Međutim, kraljica Elizabeta od Engleske

she had code breakers that were all over it.

je imala razbijače šifri koji su pomno radili.

They decrypted Mary's letters,

Dešifrovali su Merina pisma,

saw that she was attempting to assassinate Elizabeth

videli da pokušava da ubije Elizabetu

and, subsequently, they chopped Mary's head off.

i stoga su odsekli Merinu glavu.

A few centuries later, in World War II,

Nekoliko vekova kasnije, u Drugom svetskom ratu,

the Nazis communicated using the Engima code,

nacisti su komunicirali upotrebom šifre Enigma,

a much more complicated encryption scheme that they thought was unbreakable.

daleko komplikovanije enkripcijske sheme koju su smatrali nesalomivom.

But then good old Alan Turing,

No, onda je dobri stari Alan Tjuring,

the same guy who invented what we now call the modern computer,

isti tip koji je izumeo ono što sada nazivamo modernim kompjuterom,

he built a machine and used it to break Enigma.

napravio je mašinu i koristio je da dešifruje Enigmu.

He deciphered the German messages

Dešifrovao je nemačke poruke

and helped to bring Hitler and his Third Reich to a halt.

i pomogao u slamanju Hitlera i njegovog Trećeg rajha.

And so the story has gone throughout the centuries.

I tako se odvijala priča vekovima.

Cryptographers improve their encryption,

Kriptografi unaprede enkripciju,

and then code breakers fight back and they find a way to break it.

a onda razbijači šifri uzvrate udarac i pronađu način da je dešifruju.

This war's gone back and forth, and it's been pretty neck and neck.

Ova ratna razmena je bila prilično tesna.

That was until the 1970s,

Sve do 1970-ih

when some cryptographers made a huge breakthrough.

kada su neki kriptografi napravili ogroman pronalazak.

They discovered an extremely powerful way to do encryption

Otkrili su izuzetno moćan način enkripcije

called "public-key cryptography."

nazvan „asimetrična kriptografija”.

Unlike all of the prior methods used throughout history, it doesn't require

Nasuprot svim prethodno korišćenim metodama kroz istoriju, ova ne zahteva

that the two parties that want to send each other confidential information

da dve strane koje žele da pošalju jedna drugoj poverljive informacije

have exchanged the secret key beforehand.

moraju da prethodno razmene tajni ključ.

The magic of public-key cryptography is that it allows us to connect securely

Čarolija asimetrične kriptografije je u tome što nam omogućuje bezbednu vezu

with anyone in the world,

s bilo kim u svetu,

whether we've exchanged data before or not,

bilo da smo prethodno razmenili podatke ili ne.

and to do it so fast that you and I don't even realize it's happening.

A obavlja to toliko brzo da vi i ja ni ne shvatamo da se dešava.

Whether you're texting your mate to catch up for a beer,

Bilo da šaljete poruku prijatelju da izađete na pivo

or you're a bank that's transferring billions of dollars to another bank,

ili ste banka koja prebacuje milijarde dolara drugoj banci,

modern encryption enables us to send data that can be secured

moderna enkripcija nam omogućuje da bezbedno šaljemo podatke

in a matter of milliseconds.

brzinom milisekundi.

The brilliant idea that makes this magic possible,

Briljantna ideja zbok koje je ova magija moguća

it relies on hard mathematical problems.

se zasniva na teškim matematičkim problemima.

Cryptographers are deeply interested in things that calculators can't do.

Kriptografi su suštinski zainteresovani za ono što digitroni ne mogu.

For example, calculators can multiply any two numbers you like,

Na primer, digitroni mogu da množe bilo koja dva broja koja poželite,

no matter how big the size.

bez obzira na veličinu.

But going back the other way --

No, vraćajući se na drugi način -

starting with the product and then asking,

započinjući proizvodom a onda pitanjem:

"Which two numbers multiply to give this one?" --

„Koja dva broja pomnožena daju ovaj broj?” -

that's actually a really hard problem.

zapravo se radi o uistinu teškom problemu.

If I asked you to find which two-digit numbers multiply to give 851,

Ukoliko bih vam zatražio da otkrijete koji dvocifreni brojevi pomnoženi daju 851,

even with a calculator,

čak i sa digitronom,

most people in this room would have a hard time finding the answer

većini ljudi u ovoj prostoriji bi bilo teško da otkriju odgovor

by the time I'm finished with this talk.

do kraja mog govora.

And if I make the numbers a little larger,

A ako malo povećam brojeve,

then there's no calculator on earth that can do this.

onda nema tog digitrona na svetu koji može to da reši.

In fact, even the world's fastest supercomputer

Zapravo, čak bi najbržem superkompjuteru na svetu

would take longer than the life age of the universe

trebalo više od životnog veka univerzuma

to find the two numbers that multiply to give this one.

da otkrije dva broja koja pomnožena daju ovaj broj.

And this problem, called "integer factorization,"

A ovaj problem se naziva „rastavljanjem na faktore”,

is exactly what each of your smartphones and laptops is using right now

a to je baš ono što svaki vaš pametni telefon i laptop trenutno koristi

to keep your data secure.

da bi vaši podaci bili bezbedni.

This is the basis of modern encryption.

Radi se o osnovi savremene enkripcije.

And the fact that all the computing power on the planet combined can't solve it,

A činjenica da ni sve kompjuterske sile na planeti zajedno ne mogu da je reše

that's the reason we cryptographers thought we'd found a way

je razlog zašto smo mi kriptografi smatrali da smo pronašli način

to stay ahead of the code breakers for good.

da za svagda budemo ispred razbijača šifri.

Perhaps we got a little cocky

Možda smo postali malčice drski

because just when we thought the war was won,

jer baš kad smo pomislili da smo dobili rat,

a bunch of 20th-century physicists came to the party,

gomila fizičara iz XX veka se pridružila zabavi

and they revealed that the laws of the universe,

i otkrili su da zakoni univerzuma,

the same laws that modern cryptography was built upon,

isti oni zakoni na kojima počiva savremena kriptografija,

they aren't as we thought they were.

nisu ono što smo mislili da jesu.

We thought that one object couldn't be in two places at the same time.

Mislili smo da jedan objekat ne može da bude na dva mesta istovremeno.

It's not the case.

Nije tako.

We thought nothing can possibly spin clockwise and anticlockwise

Mislili smo da nije moguće da se nešto okreće u pravcu kazaljke na satu i obratno

simultaneously.

istovremeno.

But that's incorrect.

Međutim, to nije tačno.

And we thought that two objects on opposite sides of the universe,

I mislili smo da dva objekta na suprotnim stranama univerzuma,

light years away from each other,

udaljeni svetlosnim godinama jedan od drugog,

they can't possibly influence one another instantaneously.

ne mogu nikako da istovremeno utiču jedan na drugog.

We were wrong again.

Opet nismo bili u pravu.

And isn't that always the way life seems to go?

I zar se ne čini da je tako uvek u životu?

Just when you think you've got everything covered, your ducks in a row,

Baš kad pomislite da ste sve rešili, da je sve potaman,

a bunch of physicists come along

gomila fizičara dođe

and reveal that the fundamental laws of the universe are completely different

i otkriju da su osnovni zakoni univerzuma potpuno drugačiji

to what you thought?

nego što ste mislili?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And it screws everything up.

I to sve zezne.

See, in the teeny tiny subatomic realm,

Vidite, u sićušnoj subatomskoj oblasti,

at the level of electrons and protons,

na nivou elektrona i protona,

the classical laws of physics,

klasični zakoni fizike,

the ones that we all know and love,

koje svi znamo i volimo,

they go out the window.

potpuno otpadaju.

And it's here that the laws of quantum mechanics kick in.

A baš tu nastupaju zakoni kvantne mehanike.

In quantum mechanics,

U kvantnoj mehanici

an electron can be spinning clockwise and anticlockwise at the same time,

elektron može istovremeno da se obrće u pravcu kazaljke na satu i obratno,

and a proton can be in two places at once.

a proton može da bude na dva mesta istovremeno.

It sounds like science fiction,

Zvuči kao naučna fantastika,

but that's only because the crazy quantum nature of our universe,

ali to je tako zbog sumanute kvantne prirode našeg univerzuma

it hides itself from us.

koja se skriva od nas.

And it stayed hidden from us until the 20th century.

I bila je skrivena od nas sve do XX veka.

But now that we've seen it, the whole world is in an arms race

Međutim, sad kad smo je otkrili, čitav svet je u trci

to try to build a quantum computer --

da sagradi kvantni kompjuter -

a computer that can harness the power of this weird and wacky quantum behavior.

kompjuter koji može da upregne ovo čudno i uvrnuto kvantno ponašanje.

These things are so revolutionary

To su toliko revolucionarne stvari

and so powerful

i toliko moćne

that they'll make today's fastest supercomputer

da će zbog njih današnji najbrži superkompjuteri

look useless in comparison.

da izgledaju beskorisno.

In fact, for certain problems that are of great interest to us,

Zapravo, za određene probleme koji su nam od velikog značaja,

today's fastest supercomputer is closer to an abacus

današnji najbrži superkompjuter je bliži računaljci

than to a quantum computer.

nego kvantnom kompjuteru.

That's right, I'm talking about those little wooden things with the beads.

Tako je, govorim o onim drvenim stvarčicama s kuglicama.

Quantum computers can simulate chemical and biological processes

Kvantni kompjuter može da simulira hemijske i biološke procese

that are far beyond the reach of our classical computers.

koji su van domašaja naših klasičnih kompjutera.

And as such, they promise to help us solve some of our planet's biggest problems.

I kao takvi, obećavaju da će da reše neke od najvećih problema naše planete.

They're going to help us combat global hunger;

Pomoći će nam da pobedimo svetsku glad,

to tackle climate change;

da se bavimo klimatksim promenama,

to find cures for diseases and pandemics for which we've so far been unsuccessful;

da pronađemo lek za bolesti i pandemije za kojima smo do sad bezuspešno tragali,

to create superhuman artificial intelligence;

da stvorimo nadljudsku veštačku inteligenciju

and perhaps even more important than all of those things,

i, ono što je možda i važnije od svega ostalog,

they're going to help us understand the very nature of our universe.

pomoći će nam da razumemo samu prirodu univerzuma.

But with this incredible potential

Međutim, s ovim izvanrednim potencijalom

comes an incredible risk.

ide i izvanredan rizik.

Remember those big numbers I talked about earlier?

Sećate se velikih brojeva o kojima sam pre govorio?

I'm not talking about 851.

Ne govorim o 851.

In fact, if anyone in here has been distracted

Zapravo, ukoliko neko ne može da se koncentriše

trying to find those factors,

jer pokušava da otkrije činioce,

I'm going to put you out of your misery and tell you that it's 23 times 37.

rešiću vas muka i reći ću vam da je to 23 puta 37.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I'm talking about the much bigger number that followed it.

Govorimo o mnogo većem broju koji je išao posle.

While today's fastest supercomputer couldn't find those factors

Dok današnji najbrži superkompjuter ne bi mogao da nađe te činioce

in the life age of the universe,

tokom životnog veka univerzuma,

a quantum computer could easily factorize numbers

kvantni kompjuter bi sa lakoćom mogao da rastavi na činioce

way, way bigger than that one.

daleko, daleko veće brojeve.

Quantum computers will break all of the encryption currently used

Kvantni kompjuter će da dešifruje svu enkripciju koju trenutno koristimo

to protect you and I from hackers.

da se zaštitimo od hakera.

And they'll do it easily.

I učiniće to s lakoćom.

Let me put it this way:

Dozvolite da se izrazim ovako:

if quantum computing was a spear,

kad bi kvantni kompjuter bio koplje,

then modern encryption,

onda bi savremena enkripcija,

the same unbreakable system that's protected us for decades,

baš taj nesalomivi sistem koji nas je štitio decenijama,

it would be like a shield made of tissue paper.

bila poput štita od papirne maramice.

Anyone with access to a quantum computer will have the master key

Svako sa pristupom kvantnom kompjuteru će da ima univerzalni ključ

to unlock anything they like in our digital world.

da otključa sve što poželi u našem digitalnom svetu.

They could steal money from banks

Mogli bi da kradu novac iz banki

and control economies.

i da kontrolišu ekonomije.

They could power off hospitals or launch nukes.

Mogli bi da iseku struju u bolnicama ili da ispale nuklearku.

Or they could just sit back and watch all of us on our webcams

Ili bi mogli prosto da sednu i posmatraju sve nas preko naših kamera

without any of us knowing that this is happening.

a da niko od nas ne zna da se to dešava.

Now, the fundamental unit of information on all of the computers we're used to,

Elementarna informaciona jedinica na svim kompjuterima na koje smo navikli,

like this one,

poput ovoga,

it's called a "bit."

naziva se „bit”.

A single bit can be one of two states:

Jedan bit može da bude u jednom od dva stanja:

it can be a zero or it can be a one.

može da bude nula ili jedinica.

When I FaceTime my mum from the other side of the world --

Kada preko Fejs tajma razgovaram s mamom koja je na drugoj strani sveta -

and she's going to kill me for having this slide --

ubiće me zbog ovog slajda -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

we're actually just sending each other long sequences of zeroes and ones

mi zapravo međusobno razmenjujemo duge nizove nula i jedinica

that bounce from computer to computer, from satellite to satellite,

koji poskakuju od kompjutera do kompjutera, od satelita do satelita,

transmitting our data at a rapid pace.

prenoseći naše podatke velikom brzinom.

Bits are certainly very useful.

Bitovi su trenutno veoma korisni.

In fact, anything we currently do with technology

Zapravo, sve što trenutno radimo s tehnologijom

is indebted to the usefulness of bits.

dugujemo praktičnosti bita.

But we're starting to realize

Međutim, počinjemo da uviđamo

that bits are really poor at simulating complex molecules and particles.

da su bitovi zaista loši za simulaciju složenih molekula i čestica.

And this is because, in some sense,

A razlog za to je, na neki način,

subatomic processes can be doing two or more opposing things

što subatomski procesi mogu da obavljaju dve ili više suprotnih stvari istovremeno

at the same time

as they follow these bizarre rules of quantum mechanics.

dok prate bizarna pravila kvantne mehanike.

So, late last century,

U kasnom prošlom veku,

some really brainy physicists had this ingenious idea:

nekim izuzetno pametnim fizičarima je pala na pamet genijalna ideja

to instead build computers that are founded

da prave kompjutere zasnovane

on the principles of quantum mechanics.

na prinicipima kvantne mehanike.

Now, the fundamental unit of information of a quantum computer,

Elementarna informaciona jedinica kvantnog kompjutera

it's called a "qubit."

se naziva „kubit”,

It stands for "quantum bit."

što je u prevodu „kvantni bit”.

Instead of having just two states, like zero or one,

Umesto da ima samo dva stanja, poput nule ili jedinice,

a qubit can be an infinite number of states.

kubit može da ima beskonačan broj stanja.

And this corresponds to it being some combination of both zero and one

A to znači da je kubit nekakva kombinacija i nule i jedinice

at the same time,

istovremeno.

a phenomenon that we call "superposition."

Ovu pojavu nazivamo „superpozicijom”.

And when we have two qubits in superposition,

A kada imamo dva kubita u superpoziciji,

we're actually working across all four combinations

zapravo imamo posla sa sve četiri kombinacije

of zero-zero, zero-one, one-zero and one-one.

nula-nula, nula-jedan, jedan-nula i jedan-jedan.

With three qubits,

Kod tri kubita,

we're working in superposition across eight combinations,

na delu imamo superpoziciju sa osam kobinacija

and so on.

i tako dalje.

Each time we add a single qubit, we double the number of combinations

Svaki put kada dodamo samo jedan kubit, udvostručimo broj kombinacija

that we can work with in superposition

koje deluju u superpoziciji

at the same time.

istovremeno.

And so when we scale up to work with many qubits,

Kada uvećamo razmere upotrebe kubita,

we can work with an exponential number of combinations

možemo da imamo na delu eksponencijalan broj kombinacija

at the same time.

istovremeno.

And this just hints at where the power of quantum computing is coming from.

A ovo samo nagoveštava moć koja počiva u kvantnim kompjuterima.

Now, in modern encryption,

Kod savremene enkripcije,

our secret keys, like the two factors of that larger number,

naše tajne šifre, poput dva proizvoda tog velikog broja,

they're just long sequences of zeroes and ones.

one su tek dugi nizovi nula i jedinica.

To find them,

Da bi ih dešifrovao,

a classical computer must go through every single combination,

klasični kompjuter mora da proveri svaku kombinaciju pojedinačno,

one after the other,

jednu za drugom,

until it finds the one that works and breaks our encryption.

sve dok pronađe onu koja deluje i razbije našu enkripciju.

But on a quantum computer,

Međutim, sa kvantnim kompjuterom

with enough qubits in superposition,

i uz dovoljan broj kubita u superpoziciji,

information can be extracted from all combinations at the same time.

možemo da izdvojimo informacije iz svih kombinacija istovremeno.

In very few steps,

U svega nekoliko koraka,

a quantum computer can brush aside all of the incorrect combinations,

kvantni kompjuter može da odstrani sve netačne kombinacije,

home in on the correct one

da se ustremi na tačne

and then unlock our treasured secrets.

i da potom otključa naše dragocene tajne.

Now, at the crazy quantum level,

Sad, na sumanutom kvantnom nivou,

something truly incredible is happening here.

ovde se nešto uistinu neverovatno dešava.

The conventional wisdom held by many leading physicists --

Konvencionalna mudrost koju poseduju mnogi vodeći fizičari -

and you've got to stay with me on this one --

i morate da ostanete prisebni dok ovo izgovaram -

is that each combination is actually examined by its very own quantum computer

glasi da svaku kombinaciju zapravo proverava njen lični kvantni kompjuter

inside its very own parallel universe.

unutar sopstvenog paralelnog univerzuma.

Each of these combinations, they add up like waves in a pool of water.

Sve ove kombinacije se nadovezuju poput talasa u bazenu.

The combinations that are wrong,

Netačne kombinacije

they cancel each other out.

se međusobno poništavaju.

And the combinations that are right,

A tačne kombinacije

they reinforce and amplify each other.

se međusobno snaže i pojačavaju.

So at the end of the quantum computing program,

Pa na kraju programa kvantnog kompjutera

all that's left is the correct answer,

sve što preostaje je tačan odgovor

that we can then observe here in this universe.

koji možemo da opazimo ovde u ovom univerzumu.

Now, if that doesn't make complete sense to you, don't stress.

Sad, ukoliko vam sve ovo i nema baš smisla, bez brige.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

You're in good company.

U dobrom ste društvu.

Niels Bohr, one of the pioneers of this field,

Nils Bor, jedan od pionira u ovoj oblasti

he once said that anyone who could contemplate quantum mechanics

je jednom rekao da bilo ko ko razmišlja o kvantnoj mehanici,

without being profoundly shocked,

a nije istinski zapanjen njome,

they haven't understood it.

zapravo je ne razume.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But you get an idea of what we're up against,

Međutim, jasno vam je sa čime se suočavamo

and why it's now up to us cryptographers

i zašto smo mi kriptografi sad na redu

to really step it up.

da se bacimo na posao.

And we have to do it fast,

A moramo da budemo brzi

because quantum computers,

jer kvantni kompjuteri

they already exist in labs all over the world.

već postoje u laboratorijama širom sveta.

Fortunately, at this minute,

Srećom, u ovom trenutku,

they only exist at a relatively small scale,

postoje u relativno malim razmerama,

still too small to break our much larger cryptographic keys.

još uvek suviše malim da bi razbili naše veće kriptografske šifre.

But we might not be safe for long.

Međutim, možda nismo još dugo bezbedni.

Some folks believe that secret government agencies

Neki veruju da su tajne vladine agencije

have already built a big enough one,

već napravile jedan dovoljno velik,

and they just haven't told anyone yet.

samo što još nikom nisu rekle.

Some pundits say they're more like 10 years off.

Neki akademici kažu da su verovatno tu za 10 godina.

Some people say it's more like 30.

Neki kažu da je izglednije za 30 godina.

You might think that if quantum computers are 10 years away,

Možda smatrate da, ako su kvantni kompjuteri 10 godina daleko,

surely that's enough time for us cryptographers to figure it out

da mi kartografi zasigurno imamo dovoljno vremena da shvatimo

and to secure the internet in time.

kako da obezbedimo internet na vreme.

But unfortunately, it's not that easy.

Međutim, nažalost nije to baš tako lako.

Even if we ignore the many years that it takes

Čak iako zanemarimo godine koje su potrebne

to standardize and deploy and then roll out new encryption technology,

da se standardizuje, pripremi, a onda pusti u rad nova tehnologija enkripcije,

in some ways we may already be too late.

na neki način, možda smo već zakasnili.

Smart digital criminals and government agencies

Pametni digitalni kriminalci i vladine agencije

may already be storing our most sensitive encrypted data

možda već skladište naše najosetljivije šifrovane podatke

in anticipation for the quantum future ahead.

unapred iščekujući kvantnu budućnost.

The messages of foreign leaders,

Poruke stranih vođa,

of war generals

ratnih generala

or of individuals who question power,

ili pojedinaca koji se suprotstavljaju onima na vlasti,

they're encrypted for now.

za sada su pod enkripcijom.

But as soon as the day comes

Ali čim svane dan

that someone gets their hands on a quantum computer,

kada se neko dočepa kvantnog kompjutera,

they can retroactively break anything from the past.

moći će retroaktivno da otključaju sve iz prošlosti.

In certain government and financial sectors

U određenim vladinim i finansijskim sektorima

or in military organizations,

ili vojnim organizacijama,

sensitive data has got to remain classified for 25 years.

osetljivi podaci moraju da budu poverljivi 25 godina.

So if a quantum computer really will exist in 10 years,

Dakle, ako će kvantni kompjuter zaista da postoji za 10 godina,

then these guys are already 15 years too late

onda su ovi momci već 15 godina zadocnili

to quantum-proof their encryption.

u zaštiti enkripcije.

So while many scientists around the world

Dok se mnogi naučnici širom sveta

are racing to try to build a quantum computer,

utrkuju u pravljenju kvantnog kompjutera,

us cryptographers are urgently looking to reinvent encryption

mi kriptografi hitno tragamo za novom enkripcijom

to protect us long before that day comes.

kako bismo se zaštitili na vreme.

We're looking for new, hard mathematical problems.

Tragamo za novim, teškim matematičkim problemima.

We're looking for problems that, just like factorization,

Tragamo za problemima koji, baš poput faktorizacije,

can be used on our smartphones and on our laptops today.

mogu da se koriste na pametnim telefonima i na našim laptopovima.

But unlike factorization, we need these problems to be so hard

Međutim, nasuprot faktorizaciji, potrebno je da problemi budu toliko teški

that they're even unbreakable with a quantum computer.

kako bi bili nerešivi čak i za kvantni kompjuter.

In recent years, we've been digging around a much wider realm of mathematics

U skorije vreme, pretraživali smo znatno širu oblast matematike

to look for such problems.

tragajući za takvim problemima.

We've been looking at numbers and objects

Razmatrali smo brojeve i objekte

that are far more exotic and far more abstract

koji su daleko egzotičniji i apstraktniji

than the ones that you and I are used to,

od onih na koje smo navikli,

like the ones on our calculators.

poput onih na našem digitronu.

And we believe we've found some geometric problems

I smatramo da smo otkrili neke geometrijske probleme

that just might do the trick.

koji bi mogli da obave posao.

Now, unlike those two- and three-dimensional geometric problems

Nasuprot tim dvo- i trodimenzionalnim geometrijskim problemima

that we used to have to try to solve with pen and graph paper in high school,

koje smo morali da rešavamo olovkom i milimetarskim papirom

u srednjoj školi,

most of these problems are defined in well over 500 dimensions.

većina ovih problema je definisana u preko 500 dimenzija.

So not only are they a little hard to depict and solve on graph paper,

Stoga, ne samo da ih je malčice teško nacrtati i rešiti na milimetarskom papiru,

but we believe they're even out of the reach of a quantum computer.

već verujemo i da su van domašaja kvantnog kompjutera.

So though it's early days,

Dakle, iako je još rano,

it's here that we are putting our hope as we try to secure our digital world

ovde smeštamo naše nade dok pokušavamo da osiguramo naš digitalni svet

moving into its quantum future.

koji se seli u kvantnu budućnost.

Just like all of the other scientists,

Baš kao i svi drugi naučnici,

we cryptographers are tremendously excited

mi kriptografi smo beskrajno uzbuđeni

at the potential of living in a world alongside quantum computers.

zbog mogućnosti da živimo u svetu zajedno sa kvantnim kompjuterima.

They could be such a force for good.

Mogli bi da budu velika sila na strani dobra.

But no matter what technological future we live in,

Međutim, u kakvoj god tehnološkoj budućnosti živeli,

our secrets will always be a part of our humanity.

naše tajne će uvek da budu deo naše čovečnosti.

And that is worth protecting.

A to je vredno zaštite.

Thanks.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)