Can We Recreate the Voice of a 3,000-Year-Old Mummy? | David M. Howard | TED

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2023-06-20 ใƒป TED


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Can We Recreate the Voice of a 3,000-Year-Old Mummy? | David M. Howard | TED

37,557 views ใƒป 2023-06-20

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: riddler edward ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
I want to talk to you today about how it is I talk to you.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:11
Critical to human existence
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00:13
is that our voices define who we are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
My voice is me.
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์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €์ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
Your voice is you.
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00:23
Voice is our main means of communication, evolved over millennia.
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๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๋…„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
And I want to argue today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:31
that there are three vocal resiliences for humans.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
We need our voices for all kinds of things.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
We transmit verbal information, ideas, feelings, emotions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ •๋ณด, ์ƒ๊ฐ, ๋Š๋‚Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
But more to the point, our identity.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด, ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
You answer the phone,
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์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ๋ฉด
00:52
and very often you recognize somebody
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
before they've even said what their name is.
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00:58
It's also the way we call for attention if we're in trouble.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:03
And of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋…ธ๋ž˜์— ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
it also provides the lyrics in singing.
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01:10
So voice is fundamental to human living.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
In speech,
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
01:18
in different acoustic situations,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Œํ–ฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
01:20
in the presence of competing sounds
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01:21
and in song,
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01:23
over millennia.
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๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
And part of what I want to say today reflects on the millennial part of this.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
But first, let's look at the three resiliencies.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
01:36
And before we do,
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
01:40
I want just briefly to think about the role of hearing,
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์ฒญ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ,
01:43
particularly the role of mankind's creation of devices
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:48
that can play very loud sounds.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
Sounds that are louder than any human voice can produce
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
์ „์ž ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
through the application of electronics.
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02:01
So over roughly the last 130 years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 130๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๋™์•ˆ,
02:05
we have the potential
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๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ ์ฒญ๋ ฅ์„ ์†์ƒํ•ด ์™”๊ธฐ์—
02:07
to break the human communication voice-to-ear train
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02:12
because we are damaging hearing over just a century and a bit,
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๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ผ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ •๋„ ๋งŒ์—
๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ท€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ• 
02:18
having evolved over millennia, our communication system.
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
So these are my three resiliences.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
The first is resilience to other sounds in the environment.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
The second is allowing us one-to-many communication.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ผ ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
And the third is to preserve the voice over millennia.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์กด๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
But I want us to remember,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€,
02:45
there is little resistance to loud human-made sounds.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
And that, I would argue, is an issue that's getting worse.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋” ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
We need to act to both understand the problem
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:58
and to protect our hearing.
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ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Many of us carry devices around which can cause hearing difficulty
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๋ฉด
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
if you play them too loud.
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03:10
And hearing issues, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:12
these are not on an evolutionary time scale.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
These are on a very short time scale.
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03:19
So here's the first one,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ,
03:20
other sounds in the environment,
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03:22
sounds of nature.
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์ฆ‰, ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
We have evolved a redundancy in our speech specifically
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ค‘๋ณต์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ
ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
that allows us to hear speech in the presence of natural sound.
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03:34
So if, for example, there's a thunderstorm
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ฒœ๋‘ฅ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:37
or there's heavy rain,
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ํญ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ ์ด๋ฉด,
์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งˆ์Šคํ‚น์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
then there is what we call masking in the sound.
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03:43
And I'm going to do a little experiment.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
03:45
I want to demonstrate that you can understand my voice
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ๋†’์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ ค๋„
๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
even if we cut the high end off or cut the low end off.
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03:55
So the way we're going to do this
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
is we're going to listen to the low end first.
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๋จผ์ € ๋‚ฎ์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
And I'm hoping that my microphone is connected now to a filter
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์ด์ œ ์ œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์„œ
04:05
as I give you a demonstration of just the low end.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
04:10
And I hope you can still understand me.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ œ ๋ง์„ ์•Œ์•„๋“ค์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
And now would you switch it so we only hear the high end,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:16
a so-called high-pass filter?
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ํ•˜์ดํŒจ์Šค ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ผœ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:20
And now, I hope you can still understand me,
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์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‡ณ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋“ค์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:23
even though I sound a bit sibilant.
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04:27
I hope you all understood what I was saying.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
Now, that means
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ์†Œ์Œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:33
that if you're only able to hear the low end
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04:36
because of some high frequency noise that's in the environment,
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„,
04:40
we can still communicate as human beings.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
And vice versa.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ๋„ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์ฃ .
04:45
If you can only hear the high end because there's rumbles of thunder
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์ฒœ๋‘ฅ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋†’์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
04:48
and other things going on,
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04:49
we can still communicate.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
It's a wonder of vocal evolution.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
Resilience two.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
Now, I have to admit, I'm cheating.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋จผ์ € ๋งํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
05:02
I am talking one-to-many,
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์ €๋Š” ์ผ ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:04
and I'm wearing this thing
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05:06
and you can hear me because of the loudspeakers.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
But if I was an opera singer on this stage,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ธ๋ฐ
05:13
I wouldn't have a microphone,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ ์—†์ด ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์„ฐ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ € ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•…๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:14
I'd have an orchestra between me and you
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05:17
and loads of people in the auditorium.
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๊ฐ์„์— ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
05:20
And yet, you can hear the words of the opera singer without a microphone,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์„
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค ์—†์ด ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
without loudspeakers.
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05:28
And the way they do it
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฑด
05:30
is they engage that aspect of the human voice,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
which I won't use over a microphone.
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05:36
And the way that works is this.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
The voice box or the larynx, the picture in the middle,
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์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Œ€ ์ฆ‰, ํ›„๋‘๋Š”
05:43
is here in the neck, it's where the Adam's apple is.
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๋ชฉ์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์ –์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And of course, we have two ears.
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๋˜, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์ฃ .
05:48
When I do that kind of sound,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๋•Œ๋Š”
05:51
I create a narrow tube,
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ํ›„๋‘ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํญ์ด ์ข์€ ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
as shown by the light blue arrow in the larynx area.
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05:58
And that tube matches in dimensions
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์ด ๊ด€์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ
06:04
the tube here and the tube here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๊ด€, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
So in engineering terms,
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๊ณตํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
06:10
we set up a transmitter and a receiver
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์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์„œ
06:14
that are tuned to work together.
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์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
And again, that is an evolved way
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ, ํ›„๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:20
in which the larynx has developed to allow us to do it.
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์•ž์—์„œ ๋งํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
And you don't have to be a trained opera singer.
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์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
If you're in danger,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด,
06:32
you know how to do this
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์ €๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:34
because it's a natural,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ,
06:36
something that's stored in the brain from evolution,
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์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‡Œ์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด,
06:40
which you can switch in in time of real need.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
Let me go to the third one.
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์ด์ œ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ์•”์‹œํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ,
06:47
Now, this is the one that's been alluded to,
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06:49
was the question that our group asked:
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Can we recreate the sound of a 3,000-year-old mummy?
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3000๋…„ ๋œ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:57
It's an interesting question,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ,
06:58
and the answer is that we can
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๋‹ต์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
if we can recreate the tube between the larynx and the lips,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ž…์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ›„๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
07:04
because that's the tube, the so-called vocal tract,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ธธ, ์ž…๊ณผ ๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ,
07:07
the mouth and throat,
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07:09
that I'm using now as I speak to you.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
And here is the very image.
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07:14
This is a 3D plastic vocal tract.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ธธ์˜ ์ž…์ฒด ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ชจํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
And if I put it next to mine, you can see itโ€™s about the right shape.
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ œ ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€๋ฉด, ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
And we then put this on an artificial larynx,
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ธ๊ณต ํ›„๋‘์— ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
which is the loudspeaker in the picture, that's two in from the top.
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์‚ฌ์ง„ ์œ„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
We can then play a sound through the loudspeaker.
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์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:32
And we get the sound of this vowel.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
(Sound)
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(์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
07:37
Of course, it's not speech
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ง์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
because to speak, I have to move my vocal tract,
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๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์Œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋„ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
I have to move the articulators.
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07:44
And this, of course, is solid.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กญ์ฃ .
07:46
But in this particular case, Nesyamun,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋„ค์‹œ์•„๋ฌธ์€,
07:50
the hieroglyphics shown on the right there,
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ƒํ˜• ๋ฌธ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:53
in English, that hieroglyphic means true of voice.
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์˜์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
And Nesyamun wrote
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๋„ค์‹œ์•„๋ฌธ์ด ์ ์€ ๊ธ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
08:00
that he expected his voice to be heard in the afterlife.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋„ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
So this work was not just a technical โ€œCan we make the sound?โ€
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€
'์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?' ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
It also had a message, particularly to Egyptologists,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋„ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒ
08:16
who study mummies,
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08:18
of something rather special.
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์ข€ ๋” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
So we are hearing a voice from three millennia ago.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 3์ฒœ ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
So as I started, my voice is me.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
Your voice is you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๊ณ ์š”.
08:34
Our modern, noisier world is a challenge.
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๋” ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ง„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And it's a challenge from the last 100 to 150 years.
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์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„์—์„œ 150๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ,
08:43
And it's something that we need to think about.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
We need to think about it in terms of the numbers of humans
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์†Œ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด
08:51
who are getting hearing problems because of the noise around us.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
And if we're going to thrive as humans,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
08:58
we need to communicate with each other
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
and we need our voices to do that.
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09:05
And I've suggested three areas of vocal resilience.
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
So please, look after yours.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:15
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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