Can We Recreate the Voice of a 3,000-Year-Old Mummy? | David M. Howard | TED

37,580 views ・ 2023-06-20

TED


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00:04
I want to talk to you today about how it is I talk to you.
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Critical to human existence
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is that our voices define who we are.
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My voice is me.
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Your voice is you.
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Voice is our main means of communication, evolved over millennia.
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And I want to argue today
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that there are three vocal resiliences for humans.
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We need our voices for all kinds of things.
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We transmit verbal information, ideas, feelings, emotions.
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But more to the point, our identity.
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You answer the phone,
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and very often you recognize somebody
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before they've even said what their name is.
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It's also the way we call for attention if we're in trouble.
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And of course,
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it also provides the lyrics in singing.
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So voice is fundamental to human living.
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In speech,
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in different acoustic situations,
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in the presence of competing sounds
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and in song,
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over millennia.
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And part of what I want to say today reflects on the millennial part of this.
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But first, let's look at the three resiliencies.
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And before we do,
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I want just briefly to think about the role of hearing,
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particularly the role of mankind's creation of devices
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that can play very loud sounds.
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Sounds that are louder than any human voice can produce
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through the application of electronics.
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So over roughly the last 130 years,
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we have the potential
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to break the human communication voice-to-ear train
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because we are damaging hearing over just a century and a bit,
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having evolved over millennia, our communication system.
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So these are my three resiliences.
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The first is resilience to other sounds in the environment.
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The second is allowing us one-to-many communication.
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And the third is to preserve the voice over millennia.
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But I want us to remember,
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there is little resistance to loud human-made sounds.
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And that, I would argue, is an issue that's getting worse.
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We need to act to both understand the problem
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and to protect our hearing.
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Many of us carry devices around which can cause hearing difficulty
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if you play them too loud.
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And hearing issues, of course,
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these are not on an evolutionary time scale.
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These are on a very short time scale.
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So here's the first one,
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other sounds in the environment,
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sounds of nature.
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We have evolved a redundancy in our speech specifically
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that allows us to hear speech in the presence of natural sound.
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So if, for example, there's a thunderstorm
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or there's heavy rain,
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then there is what we call masking in the sound.
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And I'm going to do a little experiment.
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I want to demonstrate that you can understand my voice
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even if we cut the high end off or cut the low end off.
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So the way we're going to do this
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is we're going to listen to the low end first.
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And I'm hoping that my microphone is connected now to a filter
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as I give you a demonstration of just the low end.
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And I hope you can still understand me.
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And now would you switch it so we only hear the high end,
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a so-called high-pass filter?
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And now, I hope you can still understand me,
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even though I sound a bit sibilant.
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I hope you all understood what I was saying.
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Now, that means
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that if you're only able to hear the low end
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because of some high frequency noise that's in the environment,
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we can still communicate as human beings.
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And vice versa.
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If you can only hear the high end because there's rumbles of thunder
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and other things going on,
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we can still communicate.
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It's a wonder of vocal evolution.
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Resilience two.
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Now, I have to admit, I'm cheating.
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I am talking one-to-many,
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and I'm wearing this thing
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and you can hear me because of the loudspeakers.
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But if I was an opera singer on this stage,
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I wouldn't have a microphone,
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I'd have an orchestra between me and you
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and loads of people in the auditorium.
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And yet, you can hear the words of the opera singer without a microphone,
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without loudspeakers.
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And the way they do it
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is they engage that aspect of the human voice,
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which I won't use over a microphone.
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And the way that works is this.
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The voice box or the larynx, the picture in the middle,
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is here in the neck, it's where the Adam's apple is.
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And of course, we have two ears.
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When I do that kind of sound,
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I create a narrow tube,
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as shown by the light blue arrow in the larynx area.
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And that tube matches in dimensions
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the tube here and the tube here.
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So in engineering terms,
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we set up a transmitter and a receiver
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that are tuned to work together.
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And again, that is an evolved way
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in which the larynx has developed to allow us to do it.
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And you don't have to be a trained opera singer.
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If you're in danger,
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you know how to do this
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because it's a natural,
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something that's stored in the brain from evolution,
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which you can switch in in time of real need.
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Let me go to the third one.
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Now, this is the one that's been alluded to,
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was the question that our group asked:
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Can we recreate the sound of a 3,000-year-old mummy?
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It's an interesting question,
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and the answer is that we can
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if we can recreate the tube between the larynx and the lips,
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because that's the tube, the so-called vocal tract,
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the mouth and throat,
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that I'm using now as I speak to you.
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And here is the very image.
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This is a 3D plastic vocal tract.
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And if I put it next to mine, you can see it’s about the right shape.
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And we then put this on an artificial larynx,
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which is the loudspeaker in the picture, that's two in from the top.
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We can then play a sound through the loudspeaker.
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And we get the sound of this vowel.
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(Sound)
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Of course, it's not speech
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because to speak, I have to move my vocal tract,
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I have to move the articulators.
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And this, of course, is solid.
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But in this particular case, Nesyamun,
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the hieroglyphics shown on the right there,
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in English, that hieroglyphic means true of voice.
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And Nesyamun wrote
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that he expected his voice to be heard in the afterlife.
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So this work was not just a technical “Can we make the sound?”
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It also had a message, particularly to Egyptologists,
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who study mummies,
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of something rather special.
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So we are hearing a voice from three millennia ago.
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So as I started, my voice is me.
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Your voice is you.
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Our modern, noisier world is a challenge.
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And it's a challenge from the last 100 to 150 years.
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And it's something that we need to think about.
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We need to think about it in terms of the numbers of humans
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who are getting hearing problems because of the noise around us.
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And if we're going to thrive as humans,
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we need to communicate with each other
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and we need our voices to do that.
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And I've suggested three areas of vocal resilience.
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So please, look after yours.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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