The Future of Machines That Move like Animals | Robert Katzschmann | TED

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2022-11-25 ・ TED


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The Future of Machines That Move like Animals | Robert Katzschmann | TED

64,530 views ・ 2022-11-25

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyeryung Kim κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:04
Modern engineering focuses on rotating motors
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ν˜„λŒ€ 곡학 κΈ°μˆ μ—μ„œλŠ” 주둜 νšŒμ „ λͺ¨ν„°λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
00:07
to power almost any machine.
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기계λ₯Ό μ›€μ§μ΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
It has taken about 200 years
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λŒ€λž΅ 이백 년이 κ±Έλ €μ„œ
00:12
for motors to become what they are today.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨ν„°κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
00:16
And they're still loud and unnatural in their ways.
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그런데 λͺ¨ν„°λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ‹œλ„λŸ½κ³ , μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 방식도 μ–΄μƒ‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
The constant noise of machines
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지속적인 기계 μ†ŒμŒμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•΄μ„œ
00:22
causes problems for living beings everywhere,
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λ°”λ‹€μ—μ„œλ‚˜ μœ‘μ§€μ—μ„œλ‚˜
00:26
both in the ocean and also on land.
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λͺ¨λ“  생물듀이 κ³ ν†΅λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
Humans who are constantly exposed to noise can become stressed, depressed
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μ†ŒμŒμ— μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ…ΈμΆœλ˜λ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€κ°€ 심해지고,
μš°μšΈν•΄μ§€κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ³ , 심지어 이λͺ…이 생기기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
and even develop tinnitus.
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00:38
In contrast,
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이와 λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ
00:39
there are no rotating motors in nature.
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μžμ—°μ—λŠ” νšŒμ „ λͺ¨ν„°λΌλŠ” 게 μ—†μ£ .
00:43
Nature often smoothly, glides, swims or wiggles,
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μžμ—°μ€ λŒ€κ°œ λΆ€λ“œλŸ½κ²Œ λ―Έλ„λŸ¬μ§€κ³ , ν—€μ—„μΉ˜κ³  κΏˆν‹€κ±°λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
without the rattling of rigid parts
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λ”±λ”±ν•œ 뢀뢄듀이 μ„œλ‘œ λΆ€λ”ͺ쳐 덜μ»₯κ±°λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜
00:50
or the loud rubbing of surfaces.
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ν‘œλ©΄μ„ 거칠게 λΉ„λ²ΌλŒ€κ±°λ‚˜ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
I believe we can and should rehaul our approach to how we make machines.
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μ΄μ―€μ—μ„œ 기계λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό 할지 λ‹€μ‹œ 생각해 λ³Ό ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
Instead of using rigid or unnatural materials,
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λ»£λ»£ν•˜κ³  λΆ€μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 재료λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ μ—
01:04
what if we made biomimetic machines?
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생체 λͺ¨λ°© 기계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
01:07
Machines made of soft or living materials
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μœ μ—°ν•˜κ³  μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 재료둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κ³ 
01:10
that are adaptive and safe to use in a variety of everyday tasks?
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일상 μƒν™œ 닀방면에 μ μš©ν•  수 있고 μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 기계 말이죠.
01:16
Can you imagine boats or submarines that propel themselves
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물고기처럼 꼬리λ₯Ό 쒌우둜 ν”λ“€λ©΄μ„œ
01:20
by moving their tails from side to side,
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ•„κ°€λŠ” λ°°λ‚˜ μž μˆ˜ν•¨μ„ 상상해 λ³Έ 적이 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
01:22
just like fish do?
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01:24
So to imitate these natural movements,
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이런 μžμ—°μ˜ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ λͺ¨λ°©ν•˜λ €λ©΄
01:28
we have to replace rotating motors
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νšŒμ „ λͺ¨ν„°λ‚˜ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ νšŒμ „ν•˜λŠ” ν”„λ‘œνŽ λŸ¬λ₯Ό
01:30
and fast, spinning propellers
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01:33
with artificial muscles.
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인곡 근윑으둜 λŒ€μ²΄ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
And I can tell you this, this can be done.
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μž₯λ‹΄μ»¨λŒ€ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Our team of researchers at MIT and ETH Zurich
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우리 맀사좔세츠 κ³΅λŒ€μ™€ 취리히 κ³΅λŒ€ μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ€
01:43
has started to develop less disruptive robots
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ν™˜κ²½μ„ 덜 ν›Όμ†ν•˜λŠ” λ‘œλ΄‡μ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆλŠ”λ°
01:46
by introducing a new, biomimetic way of moving through water.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 생체 λͺ¨λ°© λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜μ€‘μ„ μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
We created a biomimetic robotic fish.
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생체 λͺ¨λ°© λ‘œλ΄‡ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°μ£ .
01:56
Her name is Sophie.
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λ‘œλ΄‡ 이름은 μ†Œν”Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
She's the first demonstration of a fully untethered, soft robot
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μ†Œν”ΌλŠ” 졜초둜 κ΅¬ν˜„λœ μ™„μ „ 무선 μ†Œν”„νŠΈ λ‘œλ΄‡μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
ν”„λ‘œνŽ λŸ¬ 없이 해양을 탐사할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
that can explore the ocean without the need for propellers.
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02:12
Sophie pumps water back and forth within a highly deformable tail.
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μ†Œν”ΌλŠ” 자유자재둜 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 꼬리λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ 물을 μ•žλ’€λ‘œ λ°€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
Her tail movement imitates the natural swimming motion of real fish.
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이 λ™μž‘μ€ μ‹€μ œ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°κ°€ ν—€μ—„μΉ˜λŠ” 방식을 λͺ¨λ°©ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
Sophie's natural design allows her to closely monitor aquatic life.
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μ†Œν”ΌλŠ” μ‹€μ œ 물고기처럼 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ λ””μžμΈλ˜μ–΄μ„œ
ν•΄μ–‘ 생물을 κ°€κΉŒμ΄μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 있죠.
02:36
Now, there's a catch.
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그런데 단점이 μ’€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
Sophie is energy-hungry and loud.
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μ†Œν”ΌλŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 많이 μ“°κ³ , μ‹œλ„λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
Yes, we successfully managed to build a robot that swims like a fish,
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우린 물고기처럼 ν—€μ—„μΉ˜λŠ” λ‘œλ΄‡μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ°λŠ” μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
but...
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ...
02:52
Sophie requires a motor and a pump to properly work.
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μ†Œν”Όκ°€ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μ—¬μ „νžˆ λͺ¨ν„°μ™€ νŽŒν”„κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
Now we are replacing that motor and pump,
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
03:03
which is noisy and not desired in such a way,
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μ‹œλ„λŸ½κ³  κ±°μΆ”μž₯슀러운 λͺ¨ν„°μ™€ νŽŒν”„ λŒ€μ‹ 
03:07
we're replacing it with silent, artificial muscles.
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μ†ŒμŒμ΄ μ—†λŠ” 인곡 κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μ΄μš©ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
These muscles are called HASELs.
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λ°”λ‘œ 헀이즐이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 인곡 κ·Όμœ‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
They directly and efficiently convert electrical energy
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헀이즐은 맀우 λΉ λ₯΄κ³  효과적으둜
μ „κΈ° μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μˆ˜μΆ•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
into muscle contractions.
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03:23
Take a look at this large muscle we made to lift and lower a leg.
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닀리λ₯Ό μ ‘μ—ˆλ‹€ νˆλ‹€ ν•˜λŠ” 이 μ»€λ‹€λž€ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:29
A stack of flexible sheets contracts and relaxes
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μœ μ—°ν•œ 얇은 νŒλ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ€ 것이 μˆ˜μΆ•κ³Ό 이완을 λ°˜λ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
just like a thigh muscle does.
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ν—ˆλ²…μ§€ 근윑이 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 것과 κ°™μ£ .
03:38
Let me tell you how this works.
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이게 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
So we take laminated sheets
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얇은 νŒλ“€μ„ 많이 λͺ¨μ•„μ„œ
03:45
to create pouches.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
We have several of these pouches within a single muscle.
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근윑 ν•˜λ‚˜ 속에 μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 개 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ£ .
03:51
We now take a conductive ink
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그런 λ‹€μŒ 전도성 μž‰ν¬λ‘œ μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆ ν‘œλ©΄μ„ μ½”νŒ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
and spray-coat that ink onto these pouches,
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03:56
and then we inject them with oil.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—” 여기에 기름을 μ£Όμž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
After having done this,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄
04:03
we have a conductive ink that acts like a flexible electrode
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이 전도성 μž‰ν¬λŠ” 신좕성이 μžˆλŠ” μ „κ·Ήμ²˜λŸΌ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”λ°
04:07
that squeezes these liquid-filled pouches
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전압이 걸리면 앑체가 μΆ©μ „λœ μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό μ₯μ–΄μ§­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
when a voltage is applied.
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04:15
Now, just like muscles with real fish,
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이제 μ§„μ§œ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° 근윑과 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ
04:19
we take this kind of filmed muscles
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이 얇은 필름 같은 κ·Όμœ‘λ“€μ„
04:22
and pair them up as antagonistic pairs
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κΈΈν•­ μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λ„λ‘ 짝을 지은 λ‹€μŒ
04:25
and put them into our soft robotic fish design.
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우리 μ†Œν”„νŠΈ λ‘œλ΄‡ 물고기에 μ μš©ν•΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
We 3D-print the hull
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물고기의 λͺΈν†΅κ³Ό μ²™μΆ” 뢀뢄을 3D둜 μΈμ‡„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
and the spine of this fish,
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04:38
using soft and rigid materials.
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λΆ€λ“œλŸ¬μš΄ μž¬λ£Œμ™€ λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ 재료λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œμš”.
04:43
The fish now swims silently
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이제 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°κ°€ 쑰용히 ν—€μ—„μΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
by electrically charging the muscles inside of the fish
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μ „κΈ° μΆ©μ „λœ μ²΄λ‚΄μ˜ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ ν™œμš©ν•΄μ„œ
04:50
in an alternating fashion from one side to the other.
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이 λμ—μ„œ μ € 끝으둜 λ²ˆκ°ˆμ•„ μ™”λ‹€κ°”λ‹€ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
To improve our designs,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 섀계λ₯Ό κ°œμ„ ν•  λ•Œ
04:57
we do not rely on tedious trial and error fabrication.
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μ§„λΆ€ν•œ μ‹œν–‰μ°©μ˜€μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
Instead, our software rapidly simulates
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λŒ€μ‹  우리 μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄κ°€ μ‹ μ†ν•˜κ²Œ λͺ¨μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κ³ 
05:06
and optimizes a design for performance
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μ„±λŠ₯을 높이기 μœ„ν•΄ 섀계λ₯Ό μ΅œμ ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
before we have to build it.
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μ‹€μ œ μ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ°μ— μ•žμ„œμ„œμš”.
05:14
Our approach creates a continuous design space
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 기쑴의 λ””μžμΈμ—
05:19
that interpolates between existing fish designs to create new designs.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 섀계λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λ°˜μ˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ΅œμ ν™” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 섀계 곡간을 νƒμƒ‰ν•˜λ‹€λ³΄λ©΄
05:25
Our optimization then explores this continuous design space
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05:29
to come up with new and faster creatures we have not seen before.
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μ „λž˜ 없이 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것이 νƒ„μƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
Robots one day might even be made of living muscle cells.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 근윑 μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ‘œλ΄‡μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 날도 였겠죠.
05:39
Wouldn't it be great if such a living robot would then heal itself,
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그런 λ‘œλ΄‡μ΄ μ§„μ§œ μΈκ°„μ˜ 근윑처럼
슀슀둜 μΉ˜μœ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 정말 멋지지 μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:44
just like human muscles do?
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05:47
I can tell you this.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 근윑 세포뢀터 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
05:49
Starting from muscle cells,
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05:50
we can already print, grow and stimulate muscles.
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이미 κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μΈμ‡„ν•˜κ³  ν‚€μš°κ³  μžκ·Ήμ„ 쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
We are now beginning to make these muscles larger,
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이제 이 κ·Όμœ‘λ“€μ„ ν™•λŒ€ν•˜κ³ ,
05:59
longer-lasting and controllable.
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수λͺ…을 늘리고, μ œμ–΄ν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬ도 μ‹œμž‘λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
It’s a fascinating challenge to engineer a standalone muscle
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λ©΄μ—­ 체계가 μžˆλŠ” λΆ€μˆ˜ 쑰직에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”,
06:09
without a supporting organism
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λ…λ¦½λœ ν•œ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μ‘°μž‘ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ 맀λ ₯적인 λ„μ „μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
that provides this muscle with an immune system.
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06:15
These living muscles efficiently convert chemical energy that comes from nutrients
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이 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” κ·Όμœ‘μ€
μ˜μ–‘μ†Œμ—μ„œ 얻은 ν™”ν•™ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ 효율적으둜 μˆ˜μΆ•μ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:22
into muscle contractions.
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06:25
Living muscles can eventually become sustainable
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” κ·Όμœ‘μ€ κ²°κ΅­
지속 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ©° 생뢄해성인 기계가 되고
06:28
and biodegradable machines
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06:30
that decrease emissions and pollution
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배좜물과 μ˜€μ—Ό λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ€„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
all while actually truly mimicking nature.
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정말 μ‹€μ œμ μœΌλ‘œ μžμ—°μ„ λͺ¨λ°©ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
06:39
So all of this,
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° 이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이
06:40
what I've told you, is possible
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06:42
with the knowledge that researchers and engineers have today.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ ν˜„μž¬ λ³΄μœ ν•œ μ§€μ‹λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
I believe we have to rethink every machine ever invented
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 기계λ₯Ό κ³ μ•ˆν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
06:51
from a holistic perspective.
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총체적인 μ‹œκ°μœΌλ‘œ μž¬κ³ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
We have to rethink what the machine should do
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기계가 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 일과 ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 일을
06:57
and what it should not do.
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λ‹€μ‹œ 생각해봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
I think we want machines that safely integrate with us,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 있고
07:03
improve our quality of life.
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μ‚Άμ˜ μ§ˆμ„ λ†’μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 그런 기계λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜μ£ .
07:06
All the while, we respect nature,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ©΄μ„œλ„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžμ—°μ„ μ†Œμ€‘νžˆ 닀뀄야 ν•˜κ³ 
07:09
and don't pollute our world with loud noises.
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세상이 μ‹œλ„λŸ¬μš΄ μ†ŒμŒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜€μ—Όλ˜μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
So let's reimagine machines to take on forms
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이제 λ‹€ ν•¨κ»˜
ν•œλ²ˆλ„ 생각해보지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 기계λ₯Ό μž¬μ°½μ‘°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
07:19
we have never thought of before
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그리고 ν•œλ²ˆλ„ κ°€λ³Έ 적 μ—†λŠ” λ―Έμ§€μ˜ μž₯μ†Œλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
07:22
and discover places we have never been to before.
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07:25
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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